A lo largo de la historia del cine, la representación de los personajes femeninos ha sido expuesto a base de estereotipos y roles que lo estigmatizan. Walt Disney Animation Studios ha hecho remakes de sus películas clásicas donde se evidencian diferencias en los elementos narrativos. El presente trabajo analiza la evolución en la construcción de los personajes femeninos de tres películas de Disney en sus versiones originales y sus versiones live action desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello se realizará un estudio cualitativo de paradigma interpretativo donde se empleará la técnica del análisis de contenido de cada película. Se citarán fuentes de autores expertos en la teoría de género y se contrastará la información para exponer las posturas en relación al análisis de las películas seleccionadas / Throughout the history of cinema, the representation of female characters has been exposed based on stereotypes and roles that stigmatize it. Walt Disney Animation Studios has made remakes of its classics where differences in the narrative elements are evident. The present work analyzes the evolution in the construction of the female characters of three Disney films in their original versions and their live action versions based on gender theory. For that purpose, a qualitative study of the interpretive paradigm will be carried out, using the technique of content analysis for each film. Sources from authors who are experts in gender theory will be cited and the information will be compared to present the positions in relation to the analysis of the selected films. / Trabajo de investigación

Studien syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur genus gestaltas i digitala applikationer som används av barn i förskolans verksamhet. I tidigare forskning finns en kunskapslucka i relation till detta ämne, vilket i kombination med förskolans jämställdhets- och genusuppdrag samt digitaliseringsuppdrag motiverar föreliggande studie. Med stöd av dokumentär forskningsmetod genomfördes kvalitativa innehållsanalyser av fem digitala applikationer, vilka mötte upp med formulerade urvalskriterier. De digitala applikationerna innefattade totalt 14 karaktärer, vilka analyserades abduktivt med stöd av Hirdmans  genussystemteori och Nikolajevas motsatsschema. Studien visar att pojk-/manskaraktärer i hög grad reproducerar genusnormer och dikotomin mellan könen samt att flick-/kvinnokaraktärer i högre grad utmanar genusnormer och denna dikotomi. Studiens slutats är att digitala applikationer som används av barn i förskolans verksamhet, genom dessa gestaltningar av genus, reproducerar och befäster den hierarki som Hirdman menar gör mannen till normbärare.

Univerzita Karlova Pedagogická fakulta Katedra psychologie DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Genderové vztahy mezi dívkami a chlapci ve smíšených třídních kolektivech na 1.stupni ZŠ Gender relations between boys and girls in mixed class groups in the first grade at elementary school Zdeňka Jindrová Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Irena Smetáčková, Ph.D. Studijní program: Učitelství pro základní školy M7503 Studijní obor: 7503T047 Učitelství pro 1.stupeň ZŠ (OKM1STV06) Rok odevzdání: 2020 ABSTRACT My diploma thesis deals with the relations between boys and girls in two mixed class groups of a state primary school in the city "n" and two mixed class groups of a private primary school in the city "b". The work is divided into theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part I describe the basic definitions concerning the keywords of this work. I pay particular attention to the approach of individual pupils to gender issues and gender relations between pupils. I am interested in how good the relationships between girls and boys in mixed groups are. My work is based on professional literature, available Internet resources and the assigned questionnaires of relationships in the classroom. In the empirical part of the work I explain the methods and phases of my research. Questionnaires also serve as a decisive factor, if there is...

Syftet med studien är att belysa lärares medvetenhet om och syn på val av barnlitteratur till klassrummet för förskoleklass och årskurserna 1–3, med en teoretisk grund i ett normkritiskt köns- och genusperspektiv. Vi analyserar representation av kön i klassrummets barnlitteratur och framställning av kön i två böcker som läraren väljer under intervjutillfället. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer samt två kvantitativa innehållsanalyser av barnlitteraturer. Det teoretiska ramverket för studien är socialkonstruktivismen, genusteori samt feministisk könskonstruktionism. Resultatet visar att lärarna i viss utsträckning väljer att låta elever läsa och lyssna på normbrytande litteratur, men valet görs utifrån olika uppfattningar om vad det normkritiska köns- och genusperspektivet innebär. Tre av klassrummen visar en större representation av manliga huvudkaraktärer och ett av klassrummen visar en större representation av kvinnliga huvudkaraktärer i klassrumsbiblioteket. Samtliga lärare visar till viss del en medvetenhet om den ojämna representationen mellan kvinnliga och manliga huvudkaraktärer. Resultatet av den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen ur ett normkritiskt köns- och genusperspektiv visar att de böcker som lärarna valde innehåller både normbrytande och stereotypa huvudpersoner. Böckerna med en huvudperson innehåller normbrytande huvudkaraktärer medan böckerna med flera huvudpersoner innehåller både normbrytande och stereotypa huvudpersoner. / The purpose of the study is to shed light on teachers' awareness of and views on the choice of children's literature for the classroom for preschool class and grades 1–3, with a theoretical basis in a norm-critical gender perspective. The representation of gender in the children's literature available in the classroom and the representation of gender in two books that the teacher chooses during the interview will be analyzed. The empirical material consists of qualitative semi-structured interviews and two quantitative content analyzes of children's literature. The theoretical framework for the study is social constructivism, gender theory and feminist gender constructionism. The results show that the teachers to some extent choose to let students read and listen to norm-breaking literature, but the choice is made based on different perceptions of what norm-critical gender perspective entails. Three of the classrooms show a larger representation of male main characters and one of the classrooms shows a larger representation of female main characters in the classroom library. All teachers show to some extent an awareness of the uneven representation between female and male main characters. The results from the quantitative content analysis from a norm-critical gender perspective show that the books that the teachers chose include both norm-breaking and stereotypical main characters. The books with one main character include norm-breaking main characters, while the books with several main characters include both.

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo / The primary aim of this study is to examine gender stereotypes and their profound impact on the socialisation of females and males. Further, it analyses the extent to which these stereotypes inform the relations and interactions between males and females and their general deportment. Nervous Conditions (1988) by Tsitsi Dangarembga and The Joys of Motherhood (1994) by Buchi Emecheta are the selected primary fictional texts to be textually examined and analysed. The study focuses on women oppression, discrimination, misogyny, sexism, marginalisation and subjugation that flow from gender socialisation. Furthermore, gender socialisation cultivates in the male a macho sense of self-importance, privilege, entitlement, invincibility and substantive power. Lastly, the study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge about the topical debate on women emancipation and gender equity transforming patriarchal societies.

Även om Sverige rankas bland topp tio av världens mest jämställda länder så dominerar män bland chefspositionerna. Studier visar att individer oavsett kön föredrar män som chefer framför kvinnor. Denna kvalitativa intervjustudie syftar till att skapa fördjupad förståelse i hur det är att vara kvinna och chef genom att uppmärksamma upplevda motstånd, utmaningar och svårigheter vilka relaterar till stereotypa uppfattningar om kvinnliga egenskaper. Utifrån de primära teoretiska utgångspunkterna “att göra kön”, “tokenism” och “rollkongruens” har datamaterial insamlat via intervjuer med sex kvinnor i chefsrollen analyserats. Studiens resultat visar att kvinnor i chefsposition stöter på utmaningar och motstånd vilka kan kopplas till stereotypa uppfattningar om den kvinnliga könsrollen. Ett av studiens viktigaste fynd som kan vara en förklaring till detta är att könsstereotypa strukturer är djupt rotade varför de ofta går obemärkt förbi och reproduceras via social interaktion. / Even though Sweden is ranked among the top ten of the world's most equal countries, men dominate among the managerial positions. Studies show that individuals regardless of gender prefer men as managers over women. This qualitative study based on interviews aims to create an in-depth understanding of what it is like to be a woman and a manager by paying attention to perceived resistance, challenges and difficulties which relate to stereotypical perceptions of female characteristics. Based on “doing gender”, “tokenism” and “role congruity theory” as primary theoretical perspectives, data-material collected through interviews with six women in the managerial role has been analyzed. The results of the study show that women in managerial positions encounter challenges and resistance which can be linked to stereotypical perceptions of the female gender role. An important finding that may be an explanation is that gender stereotyped structures are established, which is why they go unnoticed and are reproduced in social interaction.

Solicitud de embargo por publicación en revista indexada. / El siguiente artículo de investigación analiza de qué manera los estereotipos de rol de género son defendidos por los publicistas como éticos mediante los argumentos que ellos brindan como justificación del empleo de estos en el discurso publicitario peruano. Esta investigación surge como consecuencia de que en la publicidad aún se perciben estereotipos de rol de género considerados como dañinos para la sociedad, por lo que van en contra de la ética. Finalmente, la metodología estará basada en un estudio cualitativo con la técnica de entrevistas a profundidad a diversos publicistas de distintas áreas de publicidad encargadas de producir este tipo de comunicación. / This paper analyzes how gender role stereotypes are defended by advertisers as ethical through the arguments they provide as justification for their use in Peruvian advertising discourse. This research arises as a consequence of the fact that in advertising gender role stereotypes are still perceived as harmful to society and therefore go against ethics. Finally, the methodology will be based on a qualitative study with the technique of in-depth interviews with various advertisers from different advertising areas in charge of producing this type of communication. / Trabajo de investigación

В данной работе мы рассматриваем различный характер критики гендерных стереотипов в женской викторианской литературе на материале романов «Мельница на Флоссе» Джордж Элиот и «Жены и дочери» Элизабет Гаскелл. В первой части работы мы рассматриваем жанр романа воспитания, вопросы его генезиса и эволюции, а также подробно описываем женский роман воспитания как одну из его разновидностей. Кроме того, в теоретической главе мы также выявляем особенности репрезентации гендера в литературе (в частности, мы обращаем особое внимание на феномены женского письма и женского чтения) и рассматриваем гендер как социокультурное явление в викторианском обществе. Заключительные параграфы первой части освещают историко-культурный и социальный контекст творчества Дж. Элиот и Э. Гаскелл. Вторая часть нашей работы посвящена непосредственному анализу романов «Жены и дочери» и «Мельница на Флоссе». В ней последовательно рассматриваются такие аспекты текстов, как объектная и субъектная организация, нарративная структура и стилевые особенности. Большое внимание уделяется выделению собственно женской парадигмы становления в романах. Жанровый анализ произведений включает также выявление черт «двойного» романа воспитания в данных текстах. Две параллельные линии становления героя и героини составляют структурную основу данной разновидности жанра и играют важную роль в определении специфики критики гендерных стереотипов, так как в «двойных» романах воспитания можно увидеть четкое сопоставление мужской и женской парадигм становления и выявить различия между ними. Сравнительный анализ двух романов с привлечением изученного теоретического материала позволяет заключить, что ключом к пониманию специфики критики гендерных стереотипов в данных произведениях является роль общества как неотъемлемлемого фактора формирования личности и как контролирующей инстанции, которая предписывает нормы поведения для мужчин и женщин. / In this paper, we examine the different approaches to gender stereotypes criticism in Victorian novel on “The Mill on the Floss” by George Eliot and “Wives and Daughters” by Elizabeth Gaskell. The first part of the work is devoted to the genre of formation novel, the problems of its genesis and evolution, and also describe the female educational novel as one of its varieties. Additionally, the theoretical chapter also covers gender representation in literature (namely, we pay special attention to the phenomena of women’s writing and women’s reading) and consider gender as a sociocultural phenomenon in Victorian society. The concluding paragraphs of the first part cover the historical, cultural and social context of J. Eliot’s and E. Gaskell’s novel. The second part of our work provides an analysis of the novels "”Wives and Daughters"” and “Mill on the Floss”. It consistently deals with such aspects of a literary work as image and narrative structure, and features of style. Much attention is paid to the female characters development in the given novels. Genre analysis of works also includes revealing the features of the “double” educational novel in these texts. Two parallel lines of the male and female characters development form the structural basis of this genre and play an important role in rendering gender stereotypes criticism, as in the “double” educational novels one can see a clear juxtaposition of the male and female paradigms of self-fulfillment and reveal the differences between them. A comparative analysis of the two novels with the use of the studied theoretical material allows us to conclude that the key to understanding the nature of gender stereotypes in these works is the role of society as an integral factor in the formation of personality and as a controlling authority that prescribes norms of behavior for men and women.

Диссертация посвящена анализу языковых особенностей рекламных текстов для женской аудитории в аспекте их использования для передачи гендерных стереотипов. В качестве материала исследования выбраны слоганы, заголовки и подзаголовки потребительской рекламы. Был произведен многоуровневый языковой анализ современных текстов женской рекламы на русском и английском языках, опубликованных в персонифицированных по гендерному признаку журналах. Отмечаются трансформационные процессы и новые тенденции потребительской рекламы, комментируется их влияние на выбор языковых средств. / The research is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic means of advertising texts for women in terms of their use of gender stereotypes. Slogans, headings and subheadings of consumer advertising were selected as the research material. The research provides a multilevel linguistic analysis of modern Russian and English advertising texts for women which were published in gender-oriented magazines. The transformational processes and new trends in consumer advertising are noted as well as their influence on the choice of language means.

刻板印象威脅效果是指當個人在面臨與其能力有關的負向刻板印象時，會有測驗表現不佳的現象，由於國內尚未有刻板印象威脅的相關研究出現，過去相關的刻板印象威脅研究對自我設限策略也少有探究，對於使用自我設限策略後是否讓自己表現不佳的風險更高亦少探討。因此，本研究除了探究個人在威脅情境中的「測驗表現」外，他（她）在情境中的「自我設限策略」之因應行為、及其自我設限策略的使用對測驗表現的影響亦是本研究關注的議題。 本研究為3(刻板印象威脅：威脅組女性、無威脅組女性、威脅組男性)×4(自我設限線索：宣稱組、行為組、宣稱行為組、以及不告知組)的實驗設計。其中，在刻板印象威脅部分，威脅組受試被告知「男性在此測驗中的表現比較好」，無威脅組受試被告知「男、女性的數學表現無差異」。在設限線索部分，宣稱組受試被告知「宣稱性自我設限對測驗表現有負向影響」，行為組受試被告知「行為性自我設限線索對測驗表現有負向影響」，宣稱行為組受試被告知「宣稱性與行為性自我設限皆對測驗表現有負向影響」。主要依變項有三：數學測驗分數、練習題的答題數目（行為性自我設限之指標）、宣稱性自我設限問卷分數（宣稱性自我設限之指標）。研究對象採用國立政治大學的大學女生158名與男生75名。 研究結果發現，不論設限線索的有效與否，處於威脅情境中的女性受試幾乎都比較傾向使用「宣稱性自我設限策略」以進行因應，其測驗表現也較差。另外，在威脅情境中，自尊越低的女性受試越傾向使用「宣稱性自我設限策略」。但不同「刻板印象威脅」組別的受試在測驗表現上無差異，亦即刻板印象威脅效果的現象並未在本研究獲得驗證，而各組在「行為性自我設限」的使用上亦無顯著差異。最後，研究者針對上述結果進行討論，並對本研究的限制與對未來研究的建議提出說明。