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In order to establish a working understanding of borders, the critical conversation must be conscious of how the border is being used politically, theoretically, and socially. This thesis focuses on the border as forcibly ensuring the performance of identity as individuals, within the context of borderlands, become embodiments of the border, and their performance of identity is created by the influence of external borders that become internalized. The internalized border can be read both as infection, a problematic divide needing to be removed, as well as an opportunity for bridging, crossing that divide. I bring together Charles Bowden (Blue Desert), Monique Mojica (Princess Pocahontas and the Blue Spots), Leslie Marmon Silko (Ceremony, Almanac of the Dead), and Guillermo Verdecchia (Fronteras Americanas) in order to develop a comprehensive analysis of the border and border identity development. In these texts, individuals are forced to negotiate their sense of self according to pre-existing cultural and social expectations on either side of the border, performing identity according to how they want to be socially perceived. The result can often be read as a fragmentation of identity, a discrepancy between how the individual feels and how they are read. I examine how identity performance occurs within the context of the border, brought on by violence and exemplified through the division between the spirit world and the material world, the manipulation of costuming and uniforms, and the body. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship Master’s Award).

O Domínio Macururé, localizado na porção norte da Faixa de Dobramentos Sergipana, é caracterizado por apresentar um grande volume de granitos (s.l.) de idade Neoproterozóica. O Maciço Glória Norte (MGN), que ocorre na porção centronorte do Domínio Macururé, representa uma das mais importantes intrusões que se colocaram após o pico de deformação e metamorfismo no orógeno (630 Ma). Nesse estudo identificou-se a presença de duas fácies petrográficas nesse maciço: quartzomonzonítica porfirítica, quartzo-monzonítica, além de diques leucocráticos. Os enclaves de diversos tipos, são uma feição recorrente em toda a extensão do maciço, assim como texturas evidenciam a existência do processo de misturas entre magmas. Os estudos microscópicos permitiram a identificação de várias texturas de instabilidade, e uma sequência de cristalização marcada pelo aumento de fluídos ao longo da evolução do magma. Os dados geoquímicos revelam uma afinidade com as rochas da série shoshonítica e seus enclaves exibem afinidade ultrapotássica com conteúdos de MgO e K2O sempre maiores que 3%. Nos diagramas ETR percebeuse um enriquecimento de ETR leves em relação aos pesados, além de fortes anomalias negativas de Ta, Nb, Ti, P, Sr e Eu, principalmente nos enclaves. As temperaturas médias calculadas pelo geotermômetro de Zr revelam que o início da cristalização no MGN se deu entre 810°C e 784°C e teve seu fim entre 730°C e 700°C. A idade obtida através do método U/Pb SHRIMP (588 + 5,2 Ma) posiciona o magmatismo que deu origem ao MGN, no Período Ediacarano, marcando a ocorrência de um magmatismo a 588 Ma, que não foi afetado por eventos tectônicos. / The Domain Macururé located in the northern portion of Sergipano Fold Thrust Belt, is characterized by having a large volume of granites (s.l.) of Neoproterozoic age. The Gloria Norte Massif (GNM), which occurs in the north-central portion of the Domain Macururé, represents a major intrusion that arose after the peak of deformation and metamorphism in the orogen (+ 630 Ma). In this study we identified the presence of two petrographic facies in that massif: quartz-monzonitic porphyritic, quartz-monzonitic and leucocratic dykes. The enclaves, varied tipology, are a recurrent feature in the whole extent of the massif, as well as mixtures of texture of mixing and mingling. Microscopic studies allowed the identification of various textures of the mixing and a sequence of crystallization marked by increased fluids during the evolution of the magma. Geochemical data reveal an affinity with shoshonitic series rocks, and their enclaves exhibit ultrapotassic affinity, wich always show MgO and K2O contents greater than 3%. In the diagrams ETR perceives an enrichment of LREE relative to HREE, and strong negative anomalies of Ta, Nb, Ti, P, Sr, and Eu, mostly in enclaves. The average temperature calculated by Zr geothermometer showed that the onset of MGN crystallization occurred between 810°C and 784°C, and its end was between 730°C and 700°C. The ages obtained by U/Pb SHRIMP (588 + 5.2 Ma) positions the magmatism that gave rise to the MGN, in the Ediacaran and this age mark the occurrence of a magmatism (588 Ma), which was not significantly affected by tectonic events.

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Beginning in the 16th century, the Isthmus of Panama was identified as a region of strategic importance. Although mountainous and prone to adverse weather, it provided the most direct route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. During this period the Isthmus served as the primary route for the shipments of silver and gold extracted from the mines of Peru. The bullion was transported via coastal armadas from Peru to Panamá la Vieja, where it was loaded onto pack mules and hauled across the Isthmus to Nombre de Dios until 1597, and after that to Portobelo. Once the bullion arrived at the Caribbean port cities it was transferred to the ships of the Armada de la Guardia de la Carrera de Indias and shipped across the Atlantic to the royal coffers of Spain. Because of the Isthmus’s role in the transportation of valuable commodities, it quickly became a region prone to attacks by pirates and privateers looking to profit from the plunder of Spanish assets. Thus the Spanish crown began a campaign to defend the Isthmus early on and repeatedly adapted its defensive strategy in order to meet the ever-changing tactics of the pirates and privateers. This thesis investigates the history of the Isthmus of Panama and the ways in which Spain defended this strategically significant locale during the 16th century. It incorporates an historical analysis of the tactics planned, ordered, and executed by the crown; an overview of the most relevant structural remains of the fortifications built during this period; and a synopsis of previous archaeological investigations, as well as the prospects of future archaeological research. The thesis begins with a brief history of the three main cities located on the Isthmus as well as a general description of the geography and climate in order to better explain the challenges faced by the inhabitants, soldiers, and attackers in this region. It then discusses the strategic importance of the Isthmus as it was perceived in the 16th century. Since defense would not have been necessary had it not been for the presence of pirates and privateers, the history of attacks on the Isthmus is discussed, and a general overview of piracy in the Spanish Main during the period under analysis is presented. Lastly, the archaeological work previously undertaken in the region is examined and summarized, and recommendations for further research are provided in an effort to provide a basis for future study of the ships and infrastructure used during this era for the defense of the Isthmus of Panama.

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This thesis explores literary code-switching, i.e. multilingual aspects within a single speech, as a key polyphonic structural element in the selected works. First, it analyzes Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera (1987) as a work, where the author seeks to establish a literary tradition that would reflect the life in borderlands and the given community through a new language. Secondly, the language of photography and multilingual speech patterns in W. G. Sebald's The Emigrants (1992) are considered as vital elements of the authenticity play. The following chapter deals with Franz Kafka's short stories, where gestures form an essential part of, if not the whole stories, and determine the fragmentary nature of such writing. Finally, the importance of language of power, the discourse of social realism altogether with their emergence into private and intimate discussions through repetitions and variations is commented upon in Václav Havel's play The Garden Party (1963).