長久以來，政治學慣於將企業畫歸為私領域活動，鮮於對企業組織及權力進行系統性分析。然而，正是這樣的忽視，使我們難以掌握後全球化時代，面對企業權力的崛起，國家政經結構將何去何從。 緣此，本研究回歸歷史，將長期遭政治學忽視的「企業」，重新置放於現代國家形成的歷史過程中，分析企業與政府，如何在競逐有限資金的過程中，建立起合作關係與制度，進而形成現代民族資本主義國家。並藉由先進/後發、東方/西方四個案例）尼德蘭聯省共和國、英國、日本、中國）的交互比較，進一步探問：為何有些國家由企業主導，形成「企業國家」，如尼德蘭、英國？又為何有些國家最終形成由政府主導的「國家企業」，如日本、中國？ 經過四個案例分析後，本研究提出了一個新的國家建構過程：先是財務需求促成強制權力及資本權力的法人化，形成「政府」與「企業」組織；而後，由於政府與企業在融資上的競合，促成了政府與企業透過財務機制）持股、債務、董事連結），進一步連結成為「國家法人」。而這個由政府與企業組成的國家法人，因成立動機起始於財務需求，因此首先被建立起來的是金融制度。接著，受國際政治及市場競爭壓力，軍事外交部門開始組織化。再者，為獨佔境內資金，政府與企業聯手建立國內政治/市場的統一/壟斷制度。而後，為消弭因不公平分配所導致的叛亂）抗稅、罷工），出現了公共/公司福利制度。現代國家的政經制度：財政金融、軍事外交、社會福利，於焉建立。且正由於國家法人組建的基礎在於財務，因此導致國家走向「企業國家」或「國家企業」的分殊關鍵，即在於政府與企業兩大法人的相對融資能力（financing capacity）。

On the road to success, companies need to fulfil their stakeholders’ expectations. On the road to business excellence, companies need to exceed these expectations. Oliver Wight Inc. has established a certification called Class A Business, which shows that a company is exceeding stakeholders’ expectations and that it performs in the upper quartile in its respective industry. The Class A Business certification is awarded, once a company fulfils a certification checklist with Class A Business criteria. To get to this point, a company can design their road to business excellence by following a specific set of nine Class A Behaviors. This study focuses on four of these behaviors, divided in three parts, and how they are implemented at a pharmaceutical packaging department at Roche in Kaiseraugst, Switzerland. In addition, through employee feedback potential areas of improvement are identified. For a company to understand how it is running, it has to understand its underlying processes. Once the processes are in place, a process-oriented way of thinking can change a company to make decisions based on process’ needs rather than on individual preferences. Business processes and their potential for continuous improvement were the first part of the study. The second part of the study investigated the communication of different functions in the packaging process and how the flow of information could be improved. In the third part, the usage of operational metrics in the packaging department is researched by a user feedback survey. An innovative way to visualize meeting conversations was developed in this study to make meetings more tangible for the reader. This is a newly developed and never before described method for business research colorfully showing interactions in meetings. The results are very intriguing. Simple thought business elements seem to pose larger hurdles than would be expected sometimes.

The purpose of this work is to contribute for the management of a small dairy producers network of cooperation throughout a structure of governance definition, which mitigates transaction costs in the dairy products market in the northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State. According to theoretical aspect, this research utilized the Transaction Costs Economy, and the New Institutional Economy. Sixteen cooperative companies, and an association of producers formed the network less than a year ago. One of its main goals is to make investments in a transaction costs. The methodology was the case study with only one unit of analysis. To main suggestion from this study was that the network could make use of different structures of governance for each phase described in its planning, beginning by market s shape, evolving to the hybrid shape, until it reaches the hierarch or integration shape according to performed investments in specific assets for the milk processing in natura. Complementary to the indication of structures of governance we presented other strategies to the network s logistics, such as: applying of Supply Chain Management to choose commercial partners as well as to reach the Modern Industrial Organization to accomplish a unique image, to find competitive strategies for the products of the AGEL. / O escopo do trabalho é contribuir para o gerenciamento de uma rede de cooperação de pequenos produtores de leite, pela definição de uma estrutura de governança mitigadora dos custos de transação, para atuação no mercado de produtos lácteos no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Do ponto de vista teórico a pesquisa utilizou a Economia dos Custos de Transação e a Nova Economia Institucional. A rede é formada a menos de um ano, por dezesseis cooperativas e uma associação de produtores e pretende realizar investimentos em um ambiente envolvido em substanciais custos de transação. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso com uma única unidade de análise. A principal sugestão do estudo, foi que a rede fizesse uso de estruturas de governança diferentes para cada etapa almejada no seu planejamento, iniciando pela forma de mercado, passando a forma hibrida, até atingir a forma de hierarquia ou integração, à medida que forem efetuados investimentos em ativos específicos para o processamento do leite in natura. Complementarmente a indicação das estruturas de governança, foram apresentados outros aportes para operacionalização da rede, com aplicação de conceitos de Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos para escolha de parceiros comerciais e da Moderna Organização Industrial para definição de uma imagem diferenciada, na busca por estratégias competitivas, para os produtos da AGEL.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5707.pdf: 1487335 bytes, checksum: f111cb080340f149278d60d5d5e59366 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-11 / In the activity of supplying sugar cane to the mills in Brazil, there are governance structures differentiated between plants and also for the same plant. These structures range from the highest level of hierarchy vertical integration, in which the plant produces its own fields in the raw material for its supply to the less of hierarchy spot market, in which the plant gets the sugar cane from outside farmers without contracts or commitments with the following crops. Between these two extreme governance structures have been identified other supply arrangements called hybrids. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the factors that influence the choice of governance structures present in the supply of sugar cane in a given group of mills in the West region of São Paulo/BR State. The specific objectives are to: a) show what determines the representativeness of each governance structure in the mills selected in the West region of the state of São Paulo; b) identify the existence of plural forms; c) analyze the factors that justify the option in the mills for plural or singular forms of governance in the same type of transaction in the region West of the state of São Paulo; and d) compare the supply strategies of the plants of western São Paulo. This analysis was performed under the focus of the New Institutional Economics literature, especially dealing with the characteristics of transactions Transaction Cost Economics. The research is characterized, as the social group as explanatory research. To this end, it was applied an interview to the decision makers for supplying of raw material in the mills that represent a group of ten unities located in the west of São Paulo by competing for suppliers and land . It was observed that the characteristics of the transactions locational and temporal specificity, uncertainty and frequency are not determinative for the choice of governance structures, as recommended by the literature of transaction costs. These same characteristics make plants adopt formal mechanisms, provided for in contracts, and informal control transactions. The characteristics of transactions in supply of sugarcane exclude one of the governance structures observed in the literature the spot market but do not determine the uniqueness of others. The results also indicate that the plurality of transactions that serve the same purpose is common in the units studied and is related to the history of these plants, the need to eliminate some uncertainty in the supply and the balance between risks and disadvantages of singular forms. The singular forms, observed in only one case, appeared only as a function of need for financial restructuring of the company. Finally, it was noted that there is a significant diversity of arrangements for the supply of sugarcane in western São Paulo, hampering the framework of the structures observed in this research that was presented in the literature so far. / Na atividade de suprimento de cana-de-açúcar para a usina, no Brasil, há estruturas de governança diferenciadas entre as usinas e também para uma mesma usina. Essas estruturas variam desde a de maior nível de hierarquia a integração vertical, na qual a usina produz em campos próprios a matéria-prima para seu abastecimento até a de ausência de hierarquia o mercado spot, no qual a usina recebe a cana-de-açúcar de fornecedores externos sem contratos ou compromissos com as safras seguintes. Entre essas duas formas foram identificadas outras formas de abastecimento denominadas de arranjos híbridos. O objetivo geral desta tese é o de identificar os fatores que influenciam a escolha pelas estruturas de governança presentes no suprimento de cana-de-açúcar em um grupo de usinas da região Oeste paulista. Os objetivos específicos desta tese são: a) mostrar o que determina a representatividade de cada estrutura de governança nas usinas pesquisadas na região do Oeste do estado de São Paulo; b) identificar a existência de formas plurais; c) analisar os fatores que justificam a opção da usina por formas plurais ou formas singulares de governança em um mesmo tipo de transação na região Oeste do estado de São Paulo; e d) comparar as estratégias de fornecimento das usinas do oeste paulista. Esta análise foi realizada sob o foco da literatura da Nova Economia Institucional, em especial a que trata das características das transações Economia dos Custos de Transação. A pesquisa caracteriza-se, quanto ao agrupamento social, como pesquisa explicativa. Para tal, foi elaborado um roteiro de entrevista aplicado aos responsáveis pela decisão de suprimento de matéria-prima nas usinas, que compõem um grupo de dez unidades localizadas no Oeste paulista e que concorrem por fornecedores e terras. Observou-se que as características das transações especificidades temporal e locacional, incerteza e frequência não são determinantes para a escolha das estruturas de governança, como preconiza a literatura dos custos de transação. Essas mesmas características fazem com que as usinas adotem mecanismos formais, previstos em contratos, e informais de controle das transações. As características das transações de abastecimento de cana-de-açúcar excluem uma das estruturas de governança observadas na literatura o mercado spot , mas não determinam a exclusividade das outras. Os resultados indicam também que a pluralidade nas transações que atendem a um mesmo fim é comum nas unidades estudadas e está relacionada à história dessas usinas, à necessidade de se eliminar algumas incertezas no abastecimento e ao balanceamento entre riscos e desvantagens das formas singulares. As formas singulares, observadas em apenas um dos casos, surgiram apenas como função da necessidade de saneamento financeiro da empresa. Por fim, notou-se que há uma significativa diversidade dos arranjos no abastecimento de cana-de-açúcar no Oeste paulista, o que dificultou o enquadramento das estruturas observadas nesta pesquisa ao que foi apresentado pela literatura até o momento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2483.pdf: 1306873 bytes, checksum: 9d3acec31689e9bdfb97255853cb9ec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The development of flexible-fuel engines and the necessity of an alternative source of energy to the oil (Petroleum) have leaded the ethanol distribution process into a new configuration. These changes brought forth new opportunities to the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol fuel industry and new directions to the development of ethanol marketing channels in the national and international levels. In face of these macro-environmental changes, which increment the ethanol participation in the internal market, it is necessary to understand the structure of the marketing channels and how transactions between channel s members occur. In this context, the current research main goal is to characterize how the ethanol marketing channels are structured and how transactions (in the licit market) between members of this channel occur. The research was conducted as a multiple case study by collecting data from personal interviews with 14 companies representatives of the marketing channels of ethanol (sugarcane ethanol industries, marketing groups, distributors and retail stations) from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data analysis was conduct under the marketing channels and cost transactions economy theories. The main contributions of this research are the characterization of these marketing channels, by identifying each member s functions according to the main marketing flows for which they are responsible, how specific are the transactions and how they occur considering the governance structures between ethanol plants and fuel distributors, between fuel distributors and retail stations, and identifying the types of power involved in the process of distribution/commercialization of the ethanol fuel. / O advento dos carros bicombustíveis e a necessidade de uma fonte de energia alternativa ao petróleo acarretaram uma nova configuração no processo de distribuição do etanol. Essas mudanças trouxeram oportunidades para as indústrias sucroalcooleiras e abriram diferentes horizontes para o desenvolvimento de canais de distribuição desse combustível, seja no âmbito nacional, seja no internacional. Diante dessas mudanças macroambientais, que levaram ao aumento da participação do etanol no mercado interno, percebeu-se a necessidade de conhecer a estrutura de seus canais de distribuição e as formas de transação que ocorrem entre seus membros. Nesse contexto, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral descrever como estão estruturados os canais de distribuição de etanol e como se dão as transações, no mercado formal, entre os membros desse canal na conjuntura atual de maior participação do produto no mercado interno. Para isso foram utilizados os conhecimentos de canais de distribuição e economia dos custos de transação como aporte teórico. Na parte empírica, foram elaborados estudos de casos múltiplos, a partir de entrevistas pessoais realizadas em 14 empresas do Estado de São Paulo que compõem os canais de distribuição de etanol (usinas, grupos de comercialização, distribuidoras e postos revendedores). Como resultados: foram descritas as principais características desses canais de distribuição identificando as funções de cada membro que os compõe de acordo com os principais fluxos de marketing pelos quais se responsabilizam; como se dão as dimensões das transações e as estruturas de governança entre as usinas e as distribuidoras e as distribuidoras e os postos revendedores; e identificando quais as formas de poder envolvidas no processo de distribuição/comercialização do etanol carburante.

本研究主要是探討公司治理結構與資訊透明度之間的關聯性，並進一步檢視公司治理結構與資訊透明度對於權益資金成本及分析師盈餘預測之影響。 在本研究的實證分析結果中，發現企業的資訊透明度確實會受到公司治理結構因素的影響。在股權結構方面，當控制股東所持有的現金流量權比率增加時，由於外部股東的持股相對減少，在監督成本大於效益的情況下，對於公司資訊的需求會降低，因此，管理當局會降低資訊的揭露水準，導致資訊透明度下降。在董事會組成方面，本研究的發現支持財富侵佔假說的論點，當控制股東所掌握的董監事席次比率與現金流量權比率之偏離程度愈大時，會提高控制股東剝奪外部股東財富的動機，使得控制股東傾向利用控制力以影響被投資公司的資訊揭露政策，造成被投資公司的資訊透明度下降。除此之外，研究結果也支持監督假說的預期，即獨立董監事的設置，能有效發揮監督管理當局與制衡控制股東的功能，有助於提昇公司的資訊透明度。 在公司治理(公司治理結構與資訊透明度)對於權益資金成本的影響，本研究的實證結果發現企業之公司治理的良窳確實會影響外部投資人對於企業風險的評價，進而影響投資人所要求的必要報酬率(即企業的權益資金成本)。在公司治理結構方面，當控制股東的持股比率增加時，其與外部股東的目標會趨於一致，發生代理問題的風險會降低，投資人承擔較低的代理風險。因此，控制股東持股比率增加所傳達予投資人是一項有利的訊息，以致於投資人願意降低必要的投資報酬率，使得公司的權益資金成本降低。董監事持股質押的行為對於投資人而言，可能是一項風險的訊號，理性的投資人預期未來可能被董監事剝奪財富的風險，以致於要求的投資報酬率會提高，企業的權益資金成本會增加。 在公司治理(公司治理結構與資訊透明度)對於分析師預測的影響，本研究的實證結果發現企業之公司治理的良窳會影響企業資訊環境的品質，進而影響分析師預測誤差與離散性。在公司治理結構方面，當控制股東所掌握之投票權比率與現金流量權比率之偏離程度愈大時，會加深控制股東與外部股東之間的代理問題，降低財務報導的可靠性，因而導致分析師對於公司未來績效與前景的瞭解程度相對較低，分析師之間對於公司未來的盈餘並無一致的看法，即預測的離散性會增加，但是並不影響預測的誤差；當控制股東所掌握之董監事席次比率與現金流量權比率的偏離程度愈大時，會加深控制股東與外部股東之間的利益不一致，使得控制股東有誘因剝奪外部股東的權益，操縱公司的會計資訊，使得會計資訊的可靠性降低，以致於分析師預測未來盈餘所面臨的不確定性會愈大，預測誤差與離散性也會愈高。 關鍵詞：公司治理結構；資訊透明度；權益資金成本；分析師預測；控制股東；獨立董監事 / This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance structure and transparency, which in turn examines the effect of corporate governance structure and transparency on the cost of equity capital and the analyst’s earnings forecasts including forecast error and forecast dispersion. On the relationship between corporate governance structure and transparency, research findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the transparency is lower with higher cash flow rights owned by controlled stockholder. Second, the transparency is lower with higher divergence between the control rights, which are numbers of directors and supervisors, and cash flow rights controlled by controlled stockholder. Finally, the transparency is higher with higher percentage of independent directors and supervisors. On the effect of corporate governance structure and transparency on cost of equity capital, research findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the cost of equity capital is lower with higher cash flow rights owned by controlled stockholder. Second, the cost of equity capital is higher with higher percentage of cash flow rights pledged by directors and supervisors. On the effect of corporate governance structure and transparency on analyst’s forecasts, research findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the forecast dispersion is higher with higher divergence between voting rights and cash flow rights controlled by controlled stockholder. Second, the forecast error and dispersion are higher with higher divergence between the control rights, which are numbers of directors and supervisors, and cash flow rights controlled by controlled stockholder. Keywords: Corporate governance structure；Transparency；Cost of equity capital；Analyst’s forecasts；Controlled stockholder；Independent directors and supervisors.

論文提要 論文名稱：新制度經濟學對當代行政改革之啟示 頁數：335 校（院）所組別：國立政治大學公共行政系碩士班 提要別：八十七學年第二學期碩士學位論文提要 研究生：謝俊義 提要內容： 指導教授：孫本初博士 自一九九三年美國高爾副總統的『國家績效評估報告』（Al Gore Report of the National Performance Review）明確呼籲建立「師法企業的政府」（business-like entreneurial government），於是政府再造（reinventing government）的風潮引起全球大規模的行政改革運動，儼然成為當代世界各國政府謀求提昇政府效率的救世主；在學術界對這些名詞的爭辯，逐漸以新公共管理(New Public Management,NPM)一詞來整合。在這一波的行政改革運動是以經濟市場理論作為政治與行政關係的區分模型，究其本質乃是受到公共選擇理論、主要代理人理論以及交易成本經濟學假定的強烈影響。新制度主義在近幾年受到社會科學家廣泛的重視，在國際關係、比較公共政策、健保政策、歐洲共同體的決策與整合、公共行政等社會科學領域中廣泛的被應用，本論文主要是將「新制度主義帶進入行政改革」（Bringing New Institutionalism back in Administrative Reform）的分析之中。 本論文的研究目的即欲以新制度主義的經濟學途徑來分析市場導向的行政改革，試圖釐清下列幾個主題： 1.區分新制度主義各個途徑的差異，並藉此釐清新制度經濟學的理論意涵。 2.以市場與層級節制間的關係來探討效率導向的行政改革。 3.從對官僚體制的挑戰、消費者主權、制度性的績效與誘因策略以及制度的選擇等四個構面來分析行政改革的制度效率面。 4.本文欲以制度的變遷、公部門的集體行動、行政改革制度的多元弔詭、制度的設計以及認知的轉向等制度分析面向，解析效率為導向的行政改革運動所可能存在的問題。 5.透過以上的分析提出新制度主義經濟學對行政改革的啟示及優缺點，並進而對新制度主義的未來提出建議。 本論文認為要重建公共行政的價值應立基於公共行政對社會服務的價值與回應性，而非解構官僚體系（debureaucratization）或授權（deregulation），如何使得政府運作更有價值，組織具有創造力、回應力與責任，這是現代化政府的要務。以新制度經濟學來探討組織理論的關係，如果忽略了關鍵性的組織機制如權力、認同與協調，在解釋組織與市場間的關係是不夠完全；因此，必須以組織目標、結合組織認同、物質報酬以及監督來激勵員工的需求，對於制度角色的認知不能僅是化約為「硬性市場界限」(hard market constraints)與「軟性官僚界限」(soft bureaucratic constraints)的兩極化發展，而是採取多元化制度的發展。此外，筆者在研究過程中發現新制度主義到目前為止亦僅是各學科對於舊制度論的反省與修正，對於這個領域還存有許多分歧，嚴謹地說，並不算是學科的典範，如果這個領域要欲在社會科學的社群中能尋求認同與突破，必須在方法論與理論基礎上能有所共識，以及建立學術的對話機制。 目 錄 第壹章 緒 論-------------------------------------------------------------1-1 第一節 研究動機與目的------------------------------------------------1-1 第二節 研究方法與範圍------------------------------------------------1-6 第三節 相關名詞背景闡述---------------------------------------------1-11 第四節 研究流程與架構------------------------------------------------1-19 第貳章 相關文獻檢閱---------------------------------------------------2-1 第一節 新制度主義的興起---------------------------------------------2-1 第二節 新制度經濟學---------------------------------------------------2-20 第三節 新制度經濟學與新公共管理---------------------------------2-37 第四節 市場與層級節制------------------------------------------------2-55 第參章 制度的效率面---------------------------------------------------3-1 第一節 官僚體系的挑戰--------------------------------------------------3-1 第二節 消費者（顧客）主權--------------------------------------------3-19 第三節 制度性績效與誘因策略-----------------------------------------3-33 第四節 制度的策略性選擇-----------------------------------------------3-49 第肆章 制度的分析-------------------------------------------------------4-1 第一節 從組織重組到政府再造-----------------------------------------4-1 第二節 公部門的集體行動-----------------------------------------------4-22 第三節 行政改革制度的多元弔詭--------------------------------------4-41 第四節 制度的設計--------------------------------------------------------4-60 第五節 認知的轉向--------------------------------------------------------4-79 第伍章 綜合研究發現與建議--------------------------------------------5-1 第一節 新制度經濟學對行政改革之啟示-----------------------------5-1 第二節 新制度主義的批判與策進--------------------------------------5-17 參考書目---------------------------------------------------------------------註1 中文參考書目--------------------------------------------------------------註1 英文參考書目--------------------------------------------------------------註5 圖表目錄 壹、圖目錄 圖1-1：研究架構圖------------------------------------------------------------1-19 圖1-2：研究流程---- ----------------------------------------------------------1-20 圖2-1：交易成本架------------------------------------------------------------2-29 圖4-1：財貨的分類------------------------------------------------------------4-27 貳、表目錄 表1-1：國內新制度主義相關博碩士論文檢閱---------------------------1-8 表2-1：新舊制度論之差------------------------------------------------------2-3 表2-2：新制度主義各個途徑異同處---------------------------------------2-5 表2-3：新制度主義相關學派表徵------------------------------------------2-6 表2-4：新制度經濟學的多重面---------------------------------------------2-33 表2-5：對傳統公共行政學說的四項批判---------------------------------2-42 表2-6：新公共管理的學理基------------------------------------------------2-45 表2-7：新公共管理的四項模型---------------------------------------------2-49 表2-8：公共行政的研究途---------------------------------------------------2-52 表2-9：市場、層級節制與網路的特徵------------------------------------2-55 表2-10：組織的模式：市場、層級節制與區----------------------------2-70 表3-1：公私關係與服務傳遞的公民與顧客導向模型------------------3-23 表3-2：組織結構設計的方---------------------------------------------------3-58 表3-3：B.Guy Peters的四種治理模------------------------------------------3-58 表3-3：公部門改革的目的與手段------------------------------------------3-62 表3-4：策略與結果------------------------------------------------------------3-63 表4-1：二十世紀迄今美國總統設立行政改革委員會及計畫一覽---4-9 表4-2：我國政府遷台後行政改革的歷史演進---------------------------4-13 表4-3：維持長期共同集合資源制度設計的原則------------------------4-33 表4-4：承諾的兩種觀點：組織行為與理性選擇------------------------4-39 表4-5：轉換公部門的五項基因---------------------------------------------4-71 表4-6：制度設計的種類與方法---------------------------------------------4-76 表5-1：理性選擇學派與社會詮釋觀點的差異---------------------------5-23 表5-2：新制度主義的核心---------------------------------------------------5-27 表5-3：三種新制度主義型式的比較---------------------------------------5-29

This dissertation explores governance of national sports organizations (NSOs) in the Czech Republic and thus reflects contemporary course of events in the Czech sport. The aim of the dissertation is to explore governance of Czech NSOs with special focus on governance structure and transparency. Particularly, the dissertation examines compliance of Czech NSOs with codes of good governance and determines relations between governance structure, transparency and effectiveness of Czech NSOs. Mixed method approach was used in equal status sequential design (QUANT -> QUAL) Firstly, content analysis of websites of 67 Czech NSOs was conducted. The analysis allowed to determine the level of transparency and also provided variables for quantitative part of the study. Purposive sampling was used to choose nine NSOs where subsequent interviews with a CEO or a head of the board were done. And finally, quantitative data survey was conducted in 67 NSOs using phone interviews and e-mail survey. The quantitative data were processed using MS Excel and SPSS and, hypotheses were tested using standard statistical tests. The results are presented in three chapters. First, applicability of five elementary approaches to effectiveness is presented and combination of goal attainment and system resource approach is implemented. Second, governance structure of NSOs is analysed revealing substantially higher variability of governance models in comparison with theoretical presumptions. Moreover, a new framework of governance structure classification was developed. Third, transparency was identified as the most notable principal. Results reveal very low level of the transparency within Czech NSOs and explore the sources and impact of low transparency. For instance, more transparent NSOs are more effective using system resource approach. Overall, the dissertation provides a new deep insight into Czech NSOs governance and brings numerous recommendations for Czech NSOs.

隨著半導體製程技術的快速演進，以及電子產品往系統單晶片（SoC）趨勢發展，晶片設計生產力與製程技術間的落差日益擴大。設計重複使用（design reuse）逐漸成為縮短兩者差距之重要方法；若能靈活應用公司內部的設計重複使用或大量引用外來矽智財（SIP）完成晶片設計，將有效加速產品設計時程、縮短上市時間、節省設計成本並降低風險。 然而受限於資源、研發能力及SoC設計流程整合之複雜性，各公司無法自行開發所有需要的SIP，使得採用外部SIP並將其整合至設計專案中成為必要手段，並導致近幾年商品化SIP的交易市場開始蓬勃發展；但其中所牽涉之商業模式、授權方式與相關技術標準等議題卻相當複雜。 SIP交易之一大障礙來自於缺乏交易過程中所有必須的基礎建設與相關服務。為解決此問題，目前已出現一些中介機構，提供SIP供應商、SoC設計者必要的法律契約、IP保護、交易媒合及結清等服務，使其在交易流通與應用上能更加便利。我國亦於2003年開始推動國家矽導計畫，希望透過其IP Mall子計畫，建立完善的SIP匯集交易與推廣服務機制。 本研究從交易成本和統治結構觀點分析SIP的交易市場發展與衍生問題，並由交易流程中找出典型的商業模式與授權實務，繼而深入探討推廣SIP重複使用與促進交易流通之中介機構，為因應交易常見的問題與挑戰，在規劃交易運作制度、法律與整體交易體系之實際做法；就其擔任提供SIP交易相關活動支援的角色，提出實務上的制度規劃建議。 研究對象為台灣國家矽導計畫中所建立的IP Mall，分別是由創意電子和智原科技兩家公司擔負基礎建設工作，並選擇國外VCX及SIPAC兩家機構做為對照。透過次級文獻蒐集、專家訪談等方法得到主要發現如下： 1.極高的交易成本導致SIP交易困難。 2.SIP交易需配合以三邊統治為基礎之中介機構方能有效執行。 3.藉由建立SIP交易的機制及標準，將可大幅降低「交易成本以及資訊不對稱」所造成雙方損失。 4.兩家IP Mall在功能服務說明、SIP匯集、品質驗證、履約保證與風險管理之制度規劃有待加強。 5.台灣IP Mall的執行做法可朝Turnkey導向之營運模式發展。 6.台灣IP Mall的規劃及運作缺乏整體規劃、使用誘因和成效評估。 關鍵字：交易成本、統治結構、設計重複使用、矽智財、系統單晶片、矽導計畫、智財匯集服務（矽智財匯集平台／矽智財交易中心） / The rapid advance of semiconductor fabrication technologies and the trend towards system-on-chip (SoC) based electronic devices development has caused the worsening gap between silicon capacity and design productivity. “Design reuse” becomes a key strategy for SoC design gap improvement. Combining a selection of reusable silicon IP (SIP) and new designs significantly shortens the time required to create complex SoC products and reduces costs & risks. However, due to constrained resources, the lack of experience with technologies and the complexity in SoC design flow integration, companies do need to source SIPs from outside suppliers instead of developing all kinds of functionalities internally. In recent years there has been a rapid development in the commercial SIP market. Nevertheless, the issues involved in the business model, licensing practices, and related technical standards are also quite complicated. A key barrier to trading SIP may be the lack of all necessary infrastructure and related services within the transaction flow. To overcome this, there are emerging intermediary organizations to facilitate SIP transactions and applications by providing necessary legal contracting, IP protection, trading matching, settlement and service for SIP providers and SoC Integrators. Taiwan also launched National Si-Soft Project from 2003 with an attempt to establish an appropriate SIP trading, promotion and service mechanism under its IP Mall sub-project. From the view of transaction costs and governance structure, this study analyzes the development and derivative problems of SIP trading market and generalizes common business models and licensing practices during the SIP transaction process. Moreover, according to the general problems and challenges from SIP trading, the study thoroughly discusses practices of intermediaries in the planning of transaction operating mechanism, legal matters and overall trading environment. Finally, this study offers some suggestions in practical system planning based on the role of providing SIP trading support. The study takes Taiwan’s IP Malls as subjects, which were implemented by Global Unichip Corporation and Faraday Corporation respectively. We also choose overseas organizations like VCX from Scotland and SIPAC from Korea as a comparison. Based on the literature review and individual interview, we found the following facts: 1.Huge transaction costs result in SIP trading difficulties. 2.Intermediary organizations based on trilateral governance are essential to implementing SIP trading effectively. 3.Through the establishment of SIP trading systems and standards, the loss of both Buyers and Sellers results from transaction costs and information asymmetric can be reduced significantly. 4.Both Taiwan’s IP Malls need to enhance their system planning in the service & function introduction, SIP collection, SIP quality assurance, verification, guaranty of contract and risk management. 5.Taiwan’s IP Malls could take the turnkey-oriented business model based on their original design. 6.The planning and operation of Taiwan’s IP Malls lacks a holistic view, attractions for usage and performance evaluations. Key words: transaction cost, governance structure, design reuse, SIP (Silicon Intellectual Property), SoC (System-on-Chip), Si-Soft project, IP Mall