Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-08-24T21:26:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Juliana Felipe.pdf: 1690107 bytes, checksum: acc62c8a0a235bc2db3a57f46f11ddf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T21:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Juliana Felipe.pdf: 1690107 bytes, checksum: acc62c8a0a235bc2db3a57f46f11ddf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / The vehicular pollution may interfere with the practice of physical exercise and the quality of life of people in the urban environment. The People's Park in Presidente Prudente - SP, despite being a place with good infrastructure that provides physical exercise, is also a major hub of vehicular traffic. With regular practice of physical exercises we present benefits to the population as physical, social and affective health. In this way, this work aims to analyze the influence of the possible implications of vehicular pollution on individuals practicing regular physical exercises in the People's Park in the city of Presidente Prudente-SP. The questions that led to the accomplishment of this work are that the pollution can cause respiratory problems in the practitioners of physical exercise, and also, taking into account that we have the climate as an important variable and the best time to do physical exercise in the place presented. The hypothesis adopted is that the practitioner of physical exercise in the open environment with the presence of environmental pollution on some implication of their well being. The methodology used was the bibliographical research in selected literature and applied research with practitioners of physical activities in the People's Park, information was collected through interviews, systematic observation, an evasion pump to capture carbon monoxide present in the air of the place The determination of air pollutants will be performed through the automatic monitoring network, together with the daily values of temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, direction and wind speed and Coex for the measurement of carbon monoxide in exhaled air of participants before and after physical exercise on data collection days. During the course of the chapters, the importance of the vegetation present in the urban green parks was related to the physical exercise, therefore presented the air pollution in specific vehicular pollution and its effects on the environment and human health, following, demonstrated and contextualized the demographic characteristics Of the city and of the people's park, and above all that the place studied has great importance for city and regional development, valuing the environment and the accomplishment of physical exercise and well-being measured to the population. The results showed individuals with hemodynamic factors (PAS, PAD, FC, FR) within the normal established standard, more active presented in the IPAQ, being able to relate that the participants were stimulated and motivated by the extensive vegetation in the studied place. / A poluição veicular pode interferir na prática de exercícios físicos e na qualidade de vida das pessoas no ambiente urbano. O Parque do Povo, em Presidente Prudente - SP, apesar de ser um local com boa infraestrutura que proporciona a prática de exercícios físicos, é também um grande concentrador de tráfego de veículos. A prática regular de exercícios físicos pode apresentar benefícios para população como saúde física, social e afetiva. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência das possíveis implicações da poluição veicular em indivíduos praticantes de exercícios físicos regulares no Parque do Povo, na cidade de Presidente Prudente - SP. A hipótese adotada foi que a prática de exercício físico regular em parques urbanos pode interferir na qualidade respiratória do praticante, mesmo em ambientes abertos. Contudo, praticantes de exercícios físicos regulares podem responder melhor à poluição em virtude de suas capacidades fisiológicas melhor adaptadas. O estudo traz implicações e enfoques multidisciplinares, que se complementam dentro da perspectiva da saúde ambiental. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho baseou-se na investigação qualitativa, utilizando-se das pesquisas de levantamento bibliográfico, documental, e de campo, cuja técnica contou com observação direta intensiva. O cálculo amostral foi baseado no estudo de Miot (2011), totalizando um número de 36 indivíduos. Os critérios de inclusão foram participantes possuírem idade entre 18 e 40 anos, praticarem exercícios físicos pelo menos três vezes na semana por, no mínimo, 50 minutos no Parque do Povo, não apresentar histórico de doenças pulmonares crônicas e/ou episódios recentes de infeções nas vias áreas superiores. O estudo foi do tipo primário, de caráter longitudinal não controlado e prospectivo. Foi realizada a mensuração do monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (COex), bem como aplicação de dois questionários: um de sintomas respiratórios (avaliou queixas respiratórias) e outro do IPAC (avaliou nível de atividade física) - Escala de Borg. Todas as análises estatísticas foram feitas por meio do software Action Stat. O presente estudo mostrou que os participantes da pesquisa se tornaram mais ativos, sendo possivelmente estimulados e motivados pelo ambiente com grande presença de vegetação e a boa infraestrutura do local e pelas orientações realizadas durante a pesquisa. Quanto às características antropométricas, sinais vitais e percepção subjetiva do esforço físico, foi possível observar que não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois períodos de coleta. Foi possível ainda constatar que houve um aumento dos participantes muito ativos na segunda fase da pesquisa. Foi verificado, ainda, que houve menor índice de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (COex) na segunda fase (jul./2016), indicando que houve melhora na resposta fisiológica dos praticantes muito ativos. Importante ressaltar que houve um aumento nas queixas respiratórias na segunda fase da pesquisa – tosse, alergias e secreções nasais – que pode ter sido causadas pela associação da poluição atmosférica com a baixa umidade relativa do ar caracterizada no momento da segunda fase.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-21T14:57:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena de Moura Regis.pdf: 1857358 bytes, checksum: b2b1a6968c0d5e192c5e0cbb7ae24fff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T14:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena de Moura Regis.pdf: 1857358 bytes, checksum: b2b1a6968c0d5e192c5e0cbb7ae24fff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-13 / Comprehending the environmental perception allows the understanding of how happens the relationbetween human being and environment, and from this knowledge we obtain subsidies to create conservation policies, and for the decision taking about management strategies of public green areas, like urban parks. It is from this perspective, that this study have identified the environmental perception and use of urban parks by regulars of Jardim da Conquista Park (JCP), besides having identified the environmental perception of the frequenters of Jardim da Conquista Park about the JCP. In order to do it, 204 Park goers have been interviewed, of these, 127(62,25%) were women and 77 (37,75%) were men. And the research was divided in two phases, the first called: “Environmental Perception of Urban Parks”; and the second called: “Environmental Perception of Jardim da Conquista Park”. In the first phase, it was identified how the interviewed goers of Jardim da Conquista Park realize and use urban parks. For this, it was adopted the factor analysis statistical technique, that have indicated four categories representig the environmental perception of the interviewed about use and functions of urban parks. The identified categories are: 1.Social Function of Urban Parks; 2.Environmental Services of Urban Parks; 3.Infrastructure and use of Urban Parks; and 4.Conservation of Urban Nature. Such aspects have allowed the researcher to identify the important criteria to goers, when choosing which park model they wish to visit. Hence, the categories have been crossed with some variables used to feature the interviewed profile, those are: genre; age; marital status; and having children or not. Relating the respondent profile, with identified categories, have enabled to conclude that different observed groups, realize and use urban parks in similar ways. In the second phase, it was identified how the interviewed goers of Jardim da Conquista Park realize and use the JCP. In this regard, were observed variables that addressed aspects about the infrastructure, services, and available equipaments in the Park. Besides analyzing one open question, that have allowed to identify how the interviewed realizes and uses the JCP, through the content analysis technique. The quantitative data analysis, in this phase of the research, have demonstrated that the interviewed evaluate positively the Jardim da Conquista Park in relation to the observed aspects, indicating that these individuals realize and use the JCP, as a leisure and recreation space, that offers good equipments for the achievement of these and other activities. The qualitative data analysis, have also demonstrated (through the categories: welfare; evaluation/maintenance; and use, assigned to the JPC, from the analysis of the interviewed´s discourse), that the studied population positively relates to this place. However, the studied population have also indicated aspects to be improved in the JCP, those are: the drinking fountains availability; fitness equipaments availability; parking slots, and others. Despite it, in this phase of the study, we conclude that the interviewed realize and use the JCP, as a cozy and nice place, where it is possible to interact with other people and also practice leisure and recreation activites, in addition to characterize the JCP as a familiar environment. / Compreender a percepção ambiental permite o entendimento de como se dá a relação do ser humano com o ambiente, e a partir dessa compreensão se obtém subsídios para formulação de políticas de conservação e para a tomada de decisão em estratégias de gestão de áreas verdes públicas, como os parques urbanos. É sob esse enfoque, que o presente estudo identificou a percepção ambiental e uso de parques urbanos por frequentadores do Parque Jardim da Conquista (PJC), além de ter identificado a percepção ambiental de frequentadores do Parque Jardim da Conquista em relação ao PJC. Para isso, foram entrevistados 204 frequentadores do Parque, desses, 127 (62,25%) eram mulheres e 77 (37,75%) eram homens. E a pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases, a primeira denominada: “Percepção Ambiental de Parques Urbanos”; e a segunda denominada: “Percepção Ambiental do Parque Jardim da Conquista”. Na primeira fase, identificou-se como os frequentadores entrevistados do Parque Jardim da Conquista percebem e utilizam parques urbanos. Para isso, adotou-se a técnica estatística análise fatorial, que indicou quatro categorias representando a percepção ambiental dos entrevistados em relação aos usos e funções de parques urbanos. As categorias identificadas foram: 1. Função Social dos Parques Urbanos; 2. Serviços Ambientais dos Parques Urbanos; 3. Infraestrutura e Utilização dos Parques Urbanos; e 4. Conservação da Natureza Urbana. Tais aspectos permitiram que o pesquisador identificasse os critérios importantes, para os entrevistados no momento em que escolhem qual modelo de parque desejam acessar. Nesse sentido, as categorias foram cruzadas com algumas variáveis usadas para caracterizar o perfil dos entrevistados, são elas: gênero; idade; situação conjugal; e se possuem filhos ou não. Relacionar o perfil dos entrevistados com os fatores identificados, permitiu concluir que os diferentes grupos observados percebem e utilizam os parques urbanos de maneiras semelhantes. Na segunda fase, identificou-se como os frequentadores entrevistados do Parque Jardim da Conquista percebem e utilizam o PJC. Para isso foram observadas variáveis que abordaram aspectos sobre a infraestrutura, serviços e equipamentos disponíveis no Parque. Além de analisar uma pergunta aberta, que permitiu identificar como os entrevistados percebem e utilizam o PJC, por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A análise dos dados quantitativos dessa fase da pesquisa, demonstrou que os entrevistados avaliam positivamente o Parque Jardim da Conquista em relação aos aspectos observados, assim indicando que esses indivíduos percebem e utilizam o PJC, como um espaço de lazer e recreação, que oferece bons equipamentos para a realização dessas e de outras atividades. A análise dos dados qualitativos também demonstrou (por meio das categorias: bem estar; avaliação/manutenção; e utilização, atribuídas ao PJC a partir da análise do discurso dos entrevistados), que a população estudada se relaciona positivamente com esse ambiente. No entanto, a população estudada também apontou aspectos a serem melhorados no PJC, são eles: a disponibilidade de bebedouros; equipamentos de ginástica; estacionamento, entre outros. Contudo, nessa fase do estudo, conclui-se que os entrevistados percebem e utilizam o PJC, como um local aconchegante e agradável, onde é possível interagir com outras pessoas e praticar atividades de lazer e recreação, além de caracterizarem o PJC como um ambiente familiar.

Today almost half the world’s population live in cities, and urbanization rates continue to increase. This puts a lot of strain on green areas in urban environments where sustainability can often be a problem. To be able to provide green areas in growing cities, that becomes more densely populated, city planners need to develop new strategies when constructing new green areas and improving already existing ones. Green areas are important since they provide important ecosystem services in urban environments, for example reducing air pollution. This study evaluates the potential to develop and improve green areas in downtown Örnsköldsvik. First by conducting interviews with city planners, secondly by conducting a field study of Viktoriaesplanaden, and thirdly through a survey. The results of this study indicates that green areas needs to be allowed to take more space in cities, especially near street-related infrastructure. More specifically already green areas needs to be developed and new green areas needs to be considered early on in the planning process when a city grows and becomes more densely populated. One key factor in this process is to educate planners and builders regarding the value of green areas in the modern urban environment.

Malmö stad ökar snabbt i population och planerar därför att fortsätta den pågående tätbebyggelsen innanför Yttre Ringvägen för att tillgodose boende och arbetstillfällen. Planeringen skapar en osäker framtid för grönytor i Malmö som redan idag har ett av Sveriges lägsta grönyta per capita. Att ha tillgång till kvalitativa grönområden omfattas bland annat av Globala målen. Stadsrum av grönska är många människors vanligaste interaktioner med naturen och är därför viktiga för människans naturkontakt. Studien undersöker arbetet med och åsikter kring att införliva mer vild stadsnatur för syftet att förbättra kvaliteten på Malmös natur i form av biologisk mångfald för att vild stadsnatur ska bidra till en ökad naturkontakt i staden. Arbetet med och åsikter om vild stadsnatur undersöktes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med invånare och stadsutvecklare i Malmö. Studien presenterar fyra teman som uppkommit vid intervjuerna om vild stadsnatur samt om möjligheten att knyta an till naturen i staden: naturkontakt, miljörättvisa, risk samt människans ambivalens gentemot naturen. Resultaten visar att konflikterna kring hur en stadsnatur får se ut samt huruvida en vild stadsnatur är farlig eller inte präglar diskussionen kring hur vi kan skapa en hållbar stadsutveckling om naturen inte får ta plats. Vidare visar diskussionen att man borde utöka arbetet inom stadsplanering med att främja naturkontakt för att den kan leda till miljövänligt beteende som främjar en hållbar stadsutveckling. Kunskapsförmedling om fördelar med vild stadsnatur bör även kommuniceras vidare till invånare för att öka en förståelse och acceptans till vild stadsnatur. / The city of Malmö is rapidly increasing in population and therefore plans to continue the ongoing dense development within the Yttre Ringvägen to accommodate housing and work opportunities. This development creates an uncertain future for green areas in Malmö, which already today has one of Sweden's lowest green areas per capita. Having access to qualitative green areas is covered by the Global Goals, among other things. Urban spaces of greenery are many people's most frequent interactions with nature and are therefore important for people's nature connectedness. The study examines the work with, and opinions about, incorporating more wild urban nature for the purpose of improving the quality of Malmö's nature in the form of biological diversity so that wild urban nature will contribute to increased nature connectedness in the city. The work with and opinions about wild urban nature were investigated through semi-structured interviews with residents and urban developers in Malmö. The study presents four themes that arose during the interviews about wild urban nature and the possibility of connecting with nature in the city: nature connectedness, environmental justice, risk and human ambivalence towards nature. The results show that the conflicts around what an urban nature is allowed to look like and whether a wild urban nature is dangerous or not characterize the discussion about how we can create sustainable urban development if nature is not allowed to take its place. Furthermore, the discussion shows that one should expand the work in urban planning to promote nature connectedness because it can lead to environmentally friendly behavior that promotes sustainable urban development. Knowledge transfer about the benefits of wild urban nature should also be communicated to residents to increase understanding and acceptance of wild urban nature.

I världen idag pågår en urbanisering, vilket innebär att fler människor flyttar in till städerna. Det innebär att fler bostäder måste byggas för att uppfylla de nya behoven, och detta görs ofta genom förtätning av redan exploaterade områden. Vid förtätning av bostadsområden ökar ofta andelen hårdgjorda ytor. En hårdgjord yta är en icke permeabel yta där dagvatten inte kan infiltrera ner i marken utan istället bildar ytavrinning. Vattnet som avrinner färdas mot lågpunkter i terrängen vilka riskerar att översvämmas. Klimatförändringar väntas leda till häftigare väder, bland annat i form av skyfall. Kraftigare regn i kombination med större andel hårdgjorda ytor väntas öka risken för pluviala översvämningar. För att undvika pluviala översvämningar krävs strategier för att hantera städers dagvatten. Det existerande ledningsnätet är högt belastat och kombineras med hållbara dagvattenlösningar för att minska avrinningen. Grönytor ses ofta som goda infiltrationsytor, men en osäkerhet råder kring hur effektiva olika typer av grönytor är. Det är därför av intresse att undersöka hur goda infiltrationsytor urbana grönområden är och hur stor betydelse de har vid skyfall för att minimera pluviala översvämningar. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka infiltrationskapaciteten för grönytor på ett antal olika platser i Stockholm. Syftet är vidare att undersöka hur resultaten från fältförsöken kan användas i det hydrauliska modelleringsprogrammet MIKE 21 för att återspegla det verkliga infiltrationsförloppet och därmed få en god bild av hur stora översvämningsriskerna är för olika områden. Totalt utfördes 13 separata mätningar i två grönområden i Stockholm. Vid 11 av mätningarna användes en dubbelringsinfiltrometer och vid två av mätningarna användes en enkelringsinfiltrometer. Mätningarna utfördes under 0,5-2 timmar beroende på vattentillgång. Infiltrationsförsöken visade att det finns en stor variation i infiltrationskapacitet, även inom mycket små områden. De visade också att det finns en tendens till högre infiltrationskapacitet för mindre kompakterade grönytor. Kornstorleksfördelningen och vattenhalten skiljde sig inte nämnvärt mellan de två områdena och dessa två parametrar kunde inte kopplas till någon skillnad i infiltrationskapacitet för de två undersökta områdena. Resultaten från simuleringarna i MIKE 21 visade att vilka värden som anges för infiltrationskapaciteten är av större betydelse än på vilket sätt dessa anges. Resultaten visade också att parametrar såsom vattenhalt och porositet hade en inverkan på infiltrationsförloppet men infiltrationszonens mäktighet hade liten inverkan på resultaten. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att det finns en stor variation i infiltrationskapacitet för grönytor och den osäkerheten påverkar resultaten vid modellering av översvämningsrisker i MIKE 21. / The ongoing urbanization in the world today means that more people are moving into the cities and therefore more housing is required. When building in cities there is a tendency for an increase in impermeable surfaces. An impermeable surface is defined as a surface where no water can infiltrate into the subsurface soil and instead there is an increase in surface runoff. The water flows through the terrain towards low-lying areas, which are at risk for flooding. Climate changes are expected to result in more extreme weather such as extreme rain. An increase in extreme rain in combination with more impermeable surfaces will increase the risk for pluvial flooding. To avoid pluvial flooding different strategies is required to cope with the urban stormwater. The traditional stormwater systems are usually put under high stress and sustainable stormwater management needs to be implemented to decrease the surface runoff in urban areas. Green areas are often thought to be good infiltration surfaces but there is a big uncertainty in regards to exactly how effective different green areas is for infiltration purposes. There is an interest to investigate how good the infiltration capacity is for urban green areas to map and to mitigate pluvial flooding. The aim for this master thesis is to investigate the infiltration capacity through field measurements for two different green areas in the city of Stockholm, Sweden. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate how the results from the field measurements can be implemented in the hydraulic modelling software MIKE 21 to represent the real infiltration pattern in order to map the risk for pluvial flooding for different areas. A total of 13 measurements were conducted in two green areas around Stockholm, using a double ring infiltrometer. For two of the measurements a single ring infiltrometer was used. The measurements were conducted during 0.5-2 h depending on the water accessibility. The field measurements showed that there is a large variability in infiltration capacity, even within very small areas. The measurement showed that there was a tendency for higher infiltration rates for less compacted soil. The grain size distribution showed little impact on the infiltration rate, and so did the water content. The simulations in MIKE 21 showed that the magnitude of the infiltration rate is of greater importance than the way it is implemented in MIKE 21. The results also showed that parameters such as water content and porosity had an effect on the infiltrated volume, but the depth of the infiltration zone had little impact on the results. In conclusion, there is a large variability in infiltration capacity for green areas and this uncertainty does affect the results when modelling the risk for pluvial flooding in MIKE 21.

Samhället står inför stora utmaningar relaterade till klimatförändringar såsom förlust av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster, urbanisering och försämrad och ojämlik folkhälsa. För att motarbeta dessa utmaningar kan grönområden användas som en strategi för att uppnå hållbar utveckling.   Grönområden ger positiva effekter på den fysiska samt den psykiska hälsan och den har även en viktig betydelse för samhället. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur Gävle kommun arbetar med grönstrukturplanering och hur grönområden kan användas som en strategi för att uppnå en hållbar stadsdel. Såväl var målet med studien att ta fram utvecklingsstrategier inom grönstrukturplanering i Gävle kommun för att skapa mer underlag till de befintliga riktlinjerna och vägledningarna för grönplanering. Studieområdet i studien är Näringen som är ett industriområde i Gävle, som i dagsläget har stora miljöutmaningar och brist på grönytor. Gävle kommun satsar på att Näringen ska bli en av Europas mest hållbara stadsdelar 2040 utifrån de 19 hållbarhetsmålen som kommunen arbetar efter i projektet. Studien har även analyserat Norrtälje och Göteborgs grönstrukturplanering för att undersöka hur andra kommuner arbetar med grönstrukturplanering och relevanta riktlinjer. Metoderna som har använts för studien inkluderar en SWOT-analys, intervju och en dokumentanalys. I SWOT-analysen studerades styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot för den nya stadsdelen Näringen. Dokumentanalysen studerade relevanta styrdokument som behandlade kommunernas riktlinjer för grönstrukturplanering och nyttan med en grönplan. Intervjun utfördes med en planarkitekt och kommunekolog från Gävle kommun som gav underlag till stora delar av arbetet. Grönplanen uppfattas som ett viktigt dokument för kommunernas arbete med grönstrukturplanering.  I resultatet kan det konstateras att Gävle kommun har bristfälligt med styrdokument som innefattar konkreta åtgärder. Detta kan vara för att processen inte än har kommit i gång. Norrtäljes och Göteborgs riktlinjer kan bidra till god grund för framtida arbete med framtagande av en grönplan i Gävle kommun. De olika styrdokumenten skiljde i synnerhet lite i jämförelse med varandra och inkluderade konkreta åtgärder. Det finns i stor omfattning mycket Gävle kommun måste arbeta med för att Näringen ska bli en av Europas mest hållbara stadsdelar 2040. / Society faces major challenges related to climate change, such as the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, urbanization and deteriorating and unequal public health. To counter these challenges, green areas can be used as a strategy to achieve sustainable development. Green areas have positive effects on physical and mental health, and it also has an important significance for society. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Gävle municipality works with green structure planning and how green areas can be used as a strategy to achieve a sustainable district. The goal of the study was to develop development strategies in green structure planning in Gävle municipality to create more basis for existing guidelines and guidelines for green planning. The focus area in the study is Näringen, which is an industrial area in Gävle, which currently has major environmental challenges and a lack of green spaces. The municipality of Gävle is investing in Näringen becoming one of Europe's most sustainable districts in 2040 based on the 19 sustainability goals that the municipality is working towards in the project. The study has also analyzed Norrtälje and Gothenburg's green structure planning to investigate how other municipalities work with green structure planning and relevant guidelines. The methods used for the study include a SWOT analysis, interview, and a document analysis. The SWOT analysis studied strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the new district of Näringen. The document analysis studied relevant governing documents that dealt with the municipality’s guidelines for green structure planning the benefits of a green plan. The interview was conducted with a planning architect and municipal ecologist from Gävle municipality who provided a basis for large parts of the work. The green plan is perceived as an important document for the municipalities' work with green structure planning.  In the results, it can be stated that Gävle municipality has a significant lack of green structure planning that includes concrete measures. Norrtälje and Gothenburg's guidelines can contribute to a good basis for future work with the development of a green plan in Gävle municipality. In particular, the various governing documents differed slightly in comparison with each other and included concrete measures. There is to a significant extent a lot Gävle municipality must work with for Näringen to become one of Europe's most sustainable districts by 2040.

Urbana grönområden med hälsofrämjande ljudmiljöer riskerar att försvinna eftersom det finns en trend att bygga tätare städer, vilket kan ge ökade bullerföroreningar. I svenska kommuner är ambitionen att skydda och behålla sådana ljudmiljöer. För denna undersökningen besöktes fyra områden i Malmö för att utvärdera deras ljudmiljöer. Metoderna som användes var ljudnivåmätningar, ljudlandskapsekologiska metoder (ljudupptagningar, spektrogram, akustiska index) och applicering av åtta parkkaraktärer översatta i ljudlandskapsterminologi. Användningen av de åtta karaktärerna i ljudlandskapterminologi kan vara ett effektivt sätt att utvärdera ljudmiljöer, men har troligen svårt att konkurrera med redan etablerade upplevelse- och hälsoeffektbaserade studietyper. Ljudlandskapsekologi kan utgöra en ny metod för vissa delar av utvärdering av ljudmiljöer, eftersom den har effektiva metoder för datainsamling, analys, och kartläggning, men kräver troligen ett utökat perspektiv i de bedömningsgrunder som finns i europeisk och svensk bullerlagstiftning. Ljudlandskap bör betraktas som resurser med ekologiska och sociala värden. / Urban green areas and their sound environments are linked to many health benefits. These areas are threatened to disappear with densifying cities and increasing noise pollution. In Swedish municipalities the aim is to preserve such areas. For this study four areas were visited in Malmö to evaluate their sound environments. The methods included sound measurements, soundscape ecology methods (sound recordings, spectrograms, acoustic indices) and the use of eight characteristics of green areas together with soundscape terminology. Using the eight characteristics together with soundscape terminology might be an effective way of evaluating sound environments, but will probably not compete with other perception-based and health impact assessment methods. On the other hand, soundscape ecology methods could play an important role in some parts of the quality assessment of sound environments, because of highly effective data collection, analysis and mapping, but requires an extension of the quality values in Swedish and European noise policy. Soundscapes should be viewed as resources with ecological and social values.

I den urbaniseringstrend som pågår och ansträngda situation som den moderna   människan orsakat, behöver naturen skapa sig ny motståndskraft i tidsepoken          antropocen. Om ekonomi och människor ska kunna fortsätta utvecklas behöver hela samhället bli bättre på att förhålla sig inom jordens planetära gränser. I takt med att förtätningar i städer sker riskerar grönområden försvinna eller transformeras till hårdgjorda ytor. Samhället måste ta ett större krafttag eftersom grönstrukturer och ekosystemtjänster bidrar med flera viktiga uppgifter. Förutom att grönområden har betydelse i uppfyllandet av olika klimat- och miljömål inom Agenda 2030, behöver beslutsfattare också utbildas från ett bredare biosfäriskt perspektiv. Om miljöarbetet bromsas upp av en bristfällig stadsplanering på lokal nivå, kan en lösning vara att ta fram olika förbättringsförslag för en grönare stadsplanering. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur gröna skolgårdar kan bidra till social-ekolgisk resiliens i urbana miljöer, skapa välbefinnande och pedagogiska förtjänster för barn, samt belysa viktiga faktorer som myndigheter, kommuner och stadsplanerare bör beakta vid transformering av en befintlig svensk urban skolgård. Målet med studien har varit att presentera ett gestaltningsförslag, med en typisk svensk urban skolgård som utgångspunkt, utformat mer som ett sammanflätat social-ekologiskt system. Som verktyg för detta ändamål användes ett interaktivt metodupplägg, där kunskap mellan miljövetare och arkitekt integrerades. Genom en fallstudie utförd på Adolf Fredriks musikklassers skolgård i centrala Stockholm visar studien på möjligheten till att skapa nya planeringsstrategier för att barn ska få ett mer kvalitativt utrymme i den urbana miljön. Genom ett litteraturunderlag från tidigare forskning pekar resultat på att ett ökat fokus på ekosystembaserad förvaltning av skolgårdar och ett pedagogiskt lärande utomhus har god potential för att öka välbefinnande hos barn i urbana miljöer. Studiens resultat belyser hur bevarande av arter, ekosystem och dess ekosystemtjänster kan få förbättrat utrymme till att på skolgårdar frodas mer i samklang med barnen. Studien visar även att interaktiv forskning, mellan arkitekt och miljövetare, har möjlighet att konkretisera resultat som kan fungera vägledande med en metodik som även kan appliceras för att göra våra universitetsområden miljövänligare och mer resilienta. Om studiens resultat får tillräckliga spridningseffekter med att gå från ritbord till verklig handling, lämnas öppet för framtida studier att utforska. Om barn ska inspireras till ett större miljöengagemang i samhället, är en bra start att börja transformera Sveriges urbana skolgårdsytor mer som urbana grönområden. / In the ongoing urbanization trend and the strained situation caused by modern man, nature needs to create new resilience in the Anthropocene era. If economy and   people are to be able to continue to develop, the earths planetary boundaries need to be taken in consideration by its inhabitants. As urban densification occurs, green areas risk disappearing or being transformed into hard surfaces. Society must therefore take a greater step because green structures and ecosystem services contribute to several important tasks. In addition to the fact that green areas are important in the fulfillment of various climate and environmental goals within Agenda 2030, decisionmakers also need to be educated from the biospheric perspective. If environmental work is slowed down by inadequate urban planning at the local level, a solution may be to develop improvement proposals for a greener urban planning. The purpose of the report is to investigate how green schoolyards can contribute to social-ecological resilience in urban environments, create well-being and educational benefits for children, and highlight factors that authorities, municipalities and urban planners should consider when transforming an existing Swedish urban schoolyard. The goal of the study has been to present a design proposal, with a typical Swedish urban school yard as a starting point, designed more like an intertwined social-ecological system. As a tool for this purpose, an interactive methodology was used, where knowledge between an environmental scientist and architect was integrated. Through a case study carried out at Adolf Fredrik's music class schoolyard in central Stockholm, the study shows the possibility of creating new planning strategies for children to have a more qualitative space in the urban environment. Through a literature from previous research, results indicate that an increased focus on ecosystem-based management of schoolyards and pedagogical learning outdoors has good potential for increasing the well-being of children in urban environments. The study's results highlight how the conservation of species, ecosystems and their ecosystem services can be improved in order to thrive in schoolyards more in harmony with the children. The study also shows that interactive research, between architect and environmental scientist, can concretize results that can serve as guidelines a methodology that can also be applied to make our university campuses more environmentally friendly and more resilient. Whether the study's findings have sufficient spillover effects to move from the drawing board to real action is left open for future studies to explore. If children are to be inspired to a greater environmental commitment in society, a good start is to transform Sweden's urban schoolyard areas more like urban green areas.

O metabolismo entre homem e natureza tem sido diretamente impactado em nossa sociedade para fomentar o desenvolvimento capitalista e a racionalidade econômica atual. Nesse contexto, as áreas verdes no meio urbano, cada vez mais, têm dado lugar a novas paisagens que refletem a lógica acumulativa do sistema, sem que se leve em conta o impacto que tais mudanças podem causar no ambiente. Além de muitos benefícios para a saúde humana, tais áreas promovem melhoria da qualidade de vida para a população no que diz respeito ao lazer, ao embelezamento paisagístico e ao microclima. No município de São Paulo, a desvalorização do verde pode ser notada pelo decréscimo das áreas remanescentes, em especial da arborização urbana, e pela manutenção realizada pela gestão pública de forma ineficiente. Dadas a dimensão ainda expressiva da arborização e a falta de recursos (entre outros problemas), a gestão participativa, por meio da população e de tecnologias sociais como agentes de apoio ao Estado para a gestão dessas áreas, pode ser uma saída e uma ferramenta de apoio à proposta de Novo Metabolismo. Esta baseia-se no conceito de saber ambiental, proveniente da Educação Ambiental, para a preparação dos munícipes / Metabolism between Man and Nature has been directly impacted in our society to foster capitalist development and current economic rationality. In this context, the green areas surrounded by urban environment, more and more, has been given rise to new landscapes that reflect a cumulative logic of the system, without thinking about the impact that such changes can cause to the environment. In addition to many benefits to human health, such areas promote improvement of the quality of life for a population in terms of leisure, landscape beautification and microclimate. In the municipality of São Paulo, the devaluation of the green can be noticed by the decrease of the remaining areas, especially urban afforestation, and by the inefficient maintenance management carried out by the public administration. Given the still significant size of afforestation and the lack of resources (among other problems), the participative management, through population and social technologies as agents of State support for the management of these areas, it can be a way out and a support tool to the New Metabolism proposal. This is based on the concept of environmental wisdom, coming from the environmental education, for preparation of citizens

A finalidade das áreas verdes é oferecer, à população dos grandes centros urbanos, oportunidades de lazer, recreação, bem-estar, aumentando, assim, sua qualidade de vida e seu contato com a natureza. O aumento do índice de áreas verdes nas cidades, expresso pela metragem quadrada de espaços livres de uso público em relação à sua população absoluta, induz a diversas manifestações sociais e culturais e amplia a integração da comunidade, inibindo o uso de tempo e energia com atividades danosas à sociedade, inclusive a violência. A recuperação e reabilitação das áreas degradadas pela mineração tornaram-se obrigatoriedade legal, a partir de 1988, com o advento da atual Constituição Brasileira. A existência de diversos sítios degradados nas áreas urbanas dos municípios, resultantes da extração mineral, constituindo espaços livres abandonados e a necessidade de cumprimento da legislação, incentiva a ocupação de tais locais por áreas verdes. A redestinação destes locais degradados pela mineração, em áreas verdes públicas, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes em aumentar o índice de áreas verdes das grandes cidades e ampliar suas opções de lazer. Com o objetivo de aliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas, com as funções primordiais da criação de áreas verdes, foram analisados três casos de áreas verdes públicas paulistas, que outrora foram mineradas para a extração de materiais aproveitados na construção civil e utilizaram o mesmo método de lavra. Os locais escolhidos para estudo foram o Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, o Parque do Varvito e a Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, localizados, respectivamente, nos Municípios de Ribeirão Preto, Itu e Campinas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de estudo de caso. A parte teórica do trabalho consistiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos regionais e locais sobre as áreas de estudo. A parte prática consistiu no levantamento de dados em campo sobre a situação atual de cada uma das áreas verdes estudadas, através de visitas técnicas para coleta dos dados primários, por meio da comunicação e da observação direta sistemática. A manutenção do Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali foi considerada altamente positiva. O local cumpre as funções primordiais de uma área verde, além de contribuir para o aumento do índice de áreas verdes do Município de Ribeirão Preto. O Parque do Varvito apresenta algumas benfeitorias mal conservadas, porém cumpre suas funções culturais e paisagísticas, elevando, também, o índice de áreas verdes do Município. A Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães encontra-se abandonada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas e, embora eleve o índice de áreas verdes do Município, não atinge os objetivos básicos de uma área verde municipal. Os sítios urbanos degradados pela mineração são potenciais opções de aumento do índice de áreas verdes num determinado Município. Contudo, somente atingirão tais funções, contemplando bemestar, lazer e recreação à população, quando a conservação e a manutenção forem bem conduzidas pelas políticas governamentais de gestão e fiscalizadas pela comunidade. / The purpose of a green area or public park is to offer the population of large urban centers an area where they can enjoy leisure and recreation, thus increasing their quality of life and contact with nature. The ratio of green in a city, expressed by the area of public space such as parks divided by the population, is linked to numerous social and cultural manifestations and increases community integration, inhibiting the use of time and energy with activities that can be considered harmful to society, including violence. The recovery and rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining are required by law since 1988, after the promulgation of the Brazilian Constitution. The fact that there is a great number of sites in cities’ urban areas that have been degraded as a result of mineral extraction and later become public areas covered by vegetation, has led to making public parks a common alternative when recovering an area, especially because of legal requirements. It is one of the most efficient alternatives when it comes to increasing green areas and leisure spots. It was with the objective of joining compliance with the current legislation on rehabilitation of degraded areas with the basic functions of increasing the number of green areas, that three such areas were analyzed; all in the State of São Paulo and all formerly mined for construction material using the same extraction procedures. The areas chosen for the study were the Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, the Parque do Varvito and the Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, located respectively in the Municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Itu and Campinas. The survey method used was the case study. The theoretical aspect of the study consisted in finding local and regional bibliographical data on the areas. The practical aspect consisted in gathering field data on the current situation of each one studied, by means of conducting technical visits for primary data collection through direct and systematic observation. Maintenance of the Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali was considered very positive. The location achieves the primary purposes of a green area, and also makes a contribution to the ratio of green in the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The Parque do Varvito presents a few positive aspects as far as what it offers, but maintenance has been fairly poor. It does, nonetheless, carry out its cultural and landscaping functions, also helping the ratio of green. The Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães has been abandoned by the Municipal Authorities and contributes only to the green area in Campinas, not achieving the primary goals of a Municipal green area. The recovery of a degraded mining is an option for increasing the area of green in a given Municipality; it will, however, only fulfill the purposes of urban green areas, i.e. to increase overall well-being of the population by offering leisure and recreation, when it is duly preserved and maintained with help from government policies and the community.