To reach an Ecological Sustainable Development, Sweden has established environmental quality objectives. Green spaces are attractive for exploitation and in Sweden the access to large jointly green spaces has decreased, which has impact on humans recreation and the biodiversity. The economic aspect has great impact on the planning process which gives indications that the environmental objective may collide with other sector goals within the municipality. The thesis overall aim is to see how the management by objectives for the green spaces implements and how the green spaces is handled in the planning process in a specific case. The thesis builds on a content analysis, strategic interviews and a case study. The implementation of the interim target: Program and strategies for green spaces does not function according to the intention with the environmental objectives. Strong economical incitements and a political will that is locked in the logic of competitiveness, makes the sustainable ecological management impossible in practise. The management by objectives for the green spaces falls in the shadow of other sector goals. The ecological aspects have low priority, which leads to a decision process that strives for ecological sustainability, yet are an vision for the future according to the case study.

Esta dissertação de mestrado versa sobre os Espaços Públicos Abertos e o conceito de Infra-Estrutura Verde para a cidade de Sorocaba, localizada a 100 km da metrópole de São Paulo, na região sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo. Lida com as questões dos recursos naturais do suporte biofísico da região, a configuração de seus Espaços Públicos Abertos, a morfologia urbana, as áreas a serem preservadas, o planejamento ambiental para uma cidade grande que polarizou na última década recursos financeiros expressivos e populações em uma região que comparada ao restante do Estado de São Paulo, com taxas de urbanização e de riqueza baixas. Cita como exemplo o Parque Vitória Régia, localizado numa área de várzea do Rio Sorocaba, para a utilização do conceito de Infra-Estrutura Verde utilizando o planejamento, o projeto e ações de implementação que podem ser aplicados em varias escalas, como conceito e como processo. / This paper is about the Open Public Spaces and Green Infrastructure concept for the city of Sorocaba, located about 60 miles from the São Paulo City, in the southwest part of São Paulo State. Natural resources, the fisiography of the region, the public open spaces evolution, urban morphology, the green areas to be preserved, flooding areas, the landscape planning possible, are studied about a great city (more than 500 mil inhabitants) which drew an expressive amount of financial resources and other population to this particular region, still one of those less developed and less rich of Sao Paulo State. Talks about The Vitoria Régia Park, a citys public space installed in an open area of Sorocaba River, which received an intervation to stop its environemental pollution, and to use the approach of Green Infrastructure, using the project, planning and management which can be used as a concept and as a process to preserve the open lands still full of life.

Despite the directions of regulatory agencies, that prompt a sufficient provision of green spaces in the urban context, research claims that the access to parks depends on the Socio-Economic-Status (SES) of the inhabitants of the city. Therefore, the uneven access to the green areas, known as Environmental Inequality, has been recognised as an Environmental Injustice. In this study, a qualitative approach was employed to assess the presence of the Environmental Inequality between two neighbourhoods with different SES in the city of Rome; consequently, the interest was to investigate how does the inequality occur given a satisfying quantity of green space. Ten citizens were selected to participate in semi-structured interviews with the aim to understand their attitudes and perspectives towards the local green parks and to verify if the inhabitants perceived any inequality. The results indicate the presence of the Environmental Inequality based on the SES of the inhabitants of the two neighbourhoods, in consequence of qualitative factors such as maintenance and lack of facilities. A perceived Inequality was also found within the participants of both the neighbourhoods supporting the results about the presence of the inequality. The present study contributes to the discussion about the qualitative obstacles that may influence access to the urban parks and that may determine an environmental injustice. Further research should extend the samplings to more than two neighbourhoods in order to confirm that these results apply to the rest of the wide territory of Rome, as these results cannot be generalized with a sample size of ten.

Uppsatsen syftar till att, med Linköpings kommun som exempel, undersöka utmaningar som svensk stadsplanering står inför när det gäller att tillgodose bostadsnära natur samtidigt som det planeras för befolkningstillväxt och förtätning. Uppsatsen redogör för vilken betydelse den bostadsnära naturen tillmäts av både statliga myndigheter och kommunen, hur kommunen planerar, vilken relation de boende i staden har till den bostadsnära naturen samt hur de upplever kommunens strategi. Resultatet från textanalyser och en enkätundersökning visar på att statliga myndigheter och kommunen anser det vara viktigt att planera för bostadsnära natur. Myndigheter, liksom medborgarna, har en bred syn på vad bostadsnära natur är, men en snävare bild framkommer när myndigheterna presenterar konkreta strategier för kommunerna, vilket i sin tur leder till att kommunen definierar den bostadsnära naturen snävt. Utifrån kommunens kriterier anser sig hälften av medborgarna sakna tillgång till bostadsnära natur. Men utifrån medborgarnas egen definition tillgodoses nästan alla av bostadsnära natur. / This thesis aims, with the municipality of Linköping as an example, to study challenges the Swedish city planning is facing when planning for residential nature while at the same time planning for population growth. We describe the significance of residential nature from the perspective of state authorities and municipality, how the municipality plans, what relation-ship citizens have to the nature and how they experience the municipality’s strategy. Result from text analyses and a survey show that state authorities and the municipality consider it important to plan for nature. Authorities, likewise the citizens, use a broad definition. But a narrower picture is presented when the state agencies produce concrete strategies, which gen-erates the municipality to define it narrow. On basis of the municipality's criteria one-half of the citizens lack access to nature. At the same time, on the basis of their own definition, only 10% of the citizens lack residential nature.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur samarbetet sett ut mellan olika aktörer, när det gäller att skapa en stadsdelpark. Detta ur ett brottsförebyggande- och trygghetsskapande perspektiv. Även att undersöka hur det brottsförebyggande- och trygghetsskapande perspektivet balanseras med det estetiska. Material från semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelaktörer samt dokument som rör processen har legat till grund för en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Den teoretiska ramen vi har använt är rutinaktivitetsteorin, situationell brottsprevention samt CPTED. Resultatet visade att samarbetet mellan parterna inte var närvarande i urspungsplaneringen. Vidare belyser alla inblandade att detta kan ses som en lärdom till framtida projekt, då det möjligen hade mynnat ut i ett annat utförande av parken i vissa avseenden. Komplexiteten i att balansera brottsförebyggande och estetiska åtgärder synliggörs, och man kan se är att de åtgärder som nu sätts in är för att åtgärda problem som uppstått. Vilket möjligen kunde förebyggts om det beaktats i planeringen. / The purpose of our study has been to examine, from a crime prevention- and safety perspective, the cooperation between key-actors in creating an urban park. Material from semi-structured interviews with key- actors as well as documents relating to the process have been the basis for a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework we have used is routine activity theory, situational crime prevention and CPTED. The result showed that cooperation between the parties was not present in the initial planning. Furthermore, everyone involved emphasizes that it could be a lesson for future projects, which possibly could have resulted in another embodiment of the park in some respects. The complexity of balancing crime prevention and aesthetic measures is highlighted, and the action that is now being taken are to address problems that have arisen. Which could possibly have been prevented if it had been considered in the planning.

This master's dissertation aimed to comprehensively investigate the influence of green spaces and path connectivity on walking behavior in the context of Uppsala, Sweden. The research questions that guided this study were twofold: (1) To what extent does the presence of green spaces influence the amount of walking occurring within a city? and (2) Can path connectivity significantly affect the amount of walking taking place in a city? Two primary hypotheses were formulated: first, that areas characterized by greater path connectivity would attract more transport walkers, and second, that areas with a higher abundance of green spaces would attract more leisurely walkers. The research adopted a rigorous quantitative approach, employing a multi-faceted methodology that encompassed both spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and field observations to capture real-world behavior. The initial phase of the study involved a meticulous examination of walkability attributes, focusing on the spatial characteristics of green spaces and path connectivity within Uppsala. This spatial analysis provided valuable insights into the potential relationships between these attributes and walking behavior. Subsequently, extensive field observations were conducted to gather empirical data that enabled statistical validation of the associations between the identified spatial factors and actual walking behaviors. Employing robust statistical analysis techniques, the collected data were analyzed to uncover patterns and draw meaningful conclusions. The results revealed a significant interaction between path connectivity and walking behavior, indicating that the extent and quality of path networks have a discernible impact on the walking patterns observed within the city. However, no significant interaction was found between the quantity of green spaces and walking behavior. Nonetheless, when considering the absolute number of walkers, a notable association emerged between both walkability attributes and the total count of walkers within the observed areas. The implications derived from this study indicate that the influence of walkability attributes on walking behavior is multifaceted and not entirely straightforward. While GIS analysis proved to be a valuable tool for evaluating walkability behaviors at a macro level, it became apparent that other microscale factors, including individual perceptions of the built environment, play a substantial role in shaping walking behaviors. Therefore, future studies should consider these microscale aspects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between walkability attributes and walking behavior. Nevertheless, in general, areas exhibiting greater path connectivity and abundant green spaces showcased higher numbers of walkers in comparison to areas with fewer of these attributes. Thus, the research questions were affirmatively answered, demonstrating that both green spaces and path connectivity have a positive influence on the overall amount of walking within a city. This comprehensive study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the subject, shedding light on the intricate dynamics between urban design, green spaces, path connectivity, and walking behavior. The findings serve as a valuable resource for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in creating sustainable, walkable environments that promote active lifestyles and enhance the overall quality of life for residents in urban settings.

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The increase in social challenges especially with regards to safety and security experienced in rural communities, as well as the lack of efficient lively places and public green spaces, is predominantly increasing in importance for government and planning policies. This problem is substantiated by the large number of deaths (especially the deaths of children) drowning in rivers flowing through or nearby rural communities because of the lack of any other safe, public facilities and well-managed and maintained green spaces. The research question therefore focuses on whether the planning of lively places and green spaces in rural communities can address some of these social issues, and contribute to the strengthening of communities and creation of lively public places. Government is struggling to deal with social issues (especially that of safety and security) within rural communities and a number of strategies were discussed and drawn up. (For example, the Rural Safety Summit which took place on 10 October 1998 aimed at achieving consensus regarding issues of rural insecurity; as well as crime prevention strategies as defined by the SAPS White Paper on Safety and Security (1998).) However, very little (if any) in-depth research on the possibility of upgrading public spaces into lively green places as a solution, has been done. This study can serve as a link between literature and practical rural issues, as well as contribute to green space and lively place development, incorporating international approaches and pilot studies, and illustrating best practices in terms of lively place and green space development, linking it to the local rural reality. In creating public and lively green places for rural communities, issues of safety, inequality, sociability and community coherence are addressed. Through the correct corresponding planning initiatives consequently drawn up, overall quality of life of those living in rural communities can be improved, decreasing the social challenges experienced. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Andrade Lacreda.pdf: 16482554 bytes, checksum: 5ded53486df57af6a743f89f5c695b07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-09 / This dissertation is the result of a study that sought to understand the purposes of public administration on the state and municipal levels to deploy, in the late 1980s, the Ecological Park Monsignor Emilio Jos? Salim in the city of Campinas - SP. Designed by Burle Marx office, the implementation of the Ecological Park aimed to revitalize an old farm, restore native forests in areas occupied by coffee plantations and restore the main house, relevant example of the Coffee period architecture. Sports courts, coffee shops, gazebo, restaurant, soccer fields and walking areas were also in the project scope. In addition , the park played an important role in development and land values in the eastern region of Campinas.Although the park is considered a heritage to be preserved - at the state level due to its architectural value (representative set of coffee architecture) and at the municipal level for its value as an innovative urban park design - its current use does not match its potential as a public space. The survey also aimed to outline a diagnosis that shows the potential and the weaknesses of this urban space. / Esta disserta??o ? resultado de uma pesquisa que buscou compreender os prop?sitos da administra??o p?blica, nas inst?ncias estadual e municipal, ao implantar, no final da d?cada de 1980, o Parque Ecol?gico Monsenhor Em?lio Jos? Salim, na cidade de Campinas - SP. Projetado pelo escrit?rio Burle Marx, a implanta??o do Parque Ecol?gico tinha por objetivo a revitaliza??o de uma antiga fazenda, a recomposi??o da mata nativa, em ?reas ocupadas pelos cafezais e a restaura??o do casar?o, exemplar relevante da arquitetura do per?odo do caf?. Quadras esportivas, lanchonetes, mirante, restaurante, campos de futebol e ?reas de passeio tamb?m estavam no escopo do projeto. Al?m disso, o parque teve importante papel no desenvolvimento e valoriza??o fundi?ria na regi?o leste de Campinas. Embora o parque j? tenha passado por dois processos de tombamento no n?vel estadual, pelo valor do seu conjunto arquitet?nico, representativo da arquitetura cafeeira e, no n?vel municipal, por seu valor como parque urbano de concep??o inovadora - encontra-se atualmente com uma utiliza??o muito aqu?m do seu potencial como espa?o p?blico. A pesquisa tamb?m teve por objetivo tra?ar um diagn?stico que apresente os potenciais e as fragilidades deste equipamento urbano.

From the discussion of the society-nature theme, the aspects related to the complex relationship between vegetation and urban landscape are discussed. It is understood that the function of vegetation in this context extrapolates aesthetics, since it can constitute a functional infrastructure and positively influence the environmental, social and economic quality. The bibliographic review shows that urban indicators and indices as a subsidy for public policies and for planning are widely used, noticing however, a weakness regarding to indicators and indices related to urban vegetation. From this consideration, the purpose of the thesis was to develop a vegetation analysis instrument in the urban landscape to provide for decision makers a support for planning and management, based on the ecosystem view of the city. The methodology consists on a set of ten indicators that pondered results in the Socioecological and Urban Landscape Index. The proposed indicators are based on the measurement of urban vegetation from spatial categories determined by their specific functions, relating them to the degrees of landscape artificialization, to the diversity of species and to the spatial distribution of the resident population. The vector spatial data and the alphanumeric database of the IBGE Statistical Grid, the geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques, as well as the chosen software show themselves effective for the research purpose. Based on the analysis of data collected from public agencies, field works and interpretation of satellite images, the proposed methodology was tested in spatial clippings corresponding to Aracaju / SE and Maceió / AL central areas, making it possible to compare data, as well as adjustments in methodology. The indicators and index results, the spatial cut-offs analyzed were below to the level considered suitable, and the imbalances found refer especially to the high landscape artificiality and the soil waterproofing, the low amount of vegetation in some spatial categories. It also highlights the lack of attention to local specificities in relation to natural ecosystems, the fragmentation, distribution and unbalanced diversity of vegetation. The survey results also pointed out that the indicators and the socioecological and urban landscape index proposed are appropriated and that the methodology can be applied in different scales and urban contexts. In spite of its importance for future analysis trends, the proposal shows itself as a system that can be fed back to the systemic evaluation of urban green planning and management practices.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / A partir de la discusión de la temática sociedad y naturaleza, se abordan los aspectos referentes a la compleja relación entre vegetación y paisaje urbano. Se entiende que la función de la vegetación en este contexto extrapola la estética, ya que puede constituirse en una infraestructura funcional e influir positivamente en la calidad ambiental, social y económica. La revisión bibliográfica apunta que indicadores e índices urbanos como subsidio para políticas públicas y para la planificación son ampliamente utilizados, observándose, sin embargo, una fragilidad en lo que se refiere específicamente a indicadores e índices relacionados a la vegetación urbana. A partir de esta consideración, el propósito de la tesis fue desarrollar un instrumento de análisis de la vegetación en el paisaje urbano para proveer a los tomadores de decisión un soporte para la planificación y la gestión, con base en la visión ecosistémica de la ciudad. La metodología consiste en un conjunto de diez indicadores que ponderados resultan en el Índice Socioeconómico y de Paisaje Urbano. Los indicadores propuestos se basan en la medición de la vegetación urbana a partir de categorías espaciales determinadas por sus funciones específicas, relacionándolas con los grados de artificialización del paisaje, con la diversidad de las especies y con la distribución espacial de la población residente. Los datos espaciales vectoriales y la base de datos alfanumérica de la cuadrícula estadística de IBGE, las técnicas de geoprocesamiento y la percepción remota, así como el software elegido, se mostraron eficaces para la finalidad de la investigación. La metodología propuesta fue probada en recortes espaciales correspondientes a las áreas centrales de Aracaju / SE y Maceió / AL, posibilitando la comparación de datos, a partir del análisis de los datos recolectados junto a los organismos públicos, trabajos de campo e interpretación de las imágenes de satélite, así como los ajustes en la metodología. Los resultados de los indicadores y del índice, de los recortes espaciales analizados quedaron por debajo del nivel considerado adecuado, siendo que los desequilibrios encontrados se refieren especialmente a la alta artificialidad del paisaje e impermeabilización del suelo, la baja cantidad de vegetación en algunas categorías espaciales. También se destaca la falta de atención a las especificidades locales en relación a los ecosistemas naturales, la fragmentación y la distribución y diversidad desequilibrada de la vegetación. Los resultados de la investigación también apuntaron que los indicadores y el Índice socioeconómico y de paisaje urbano propuestos son adecuados y que la metodología puede ser aplicada en diferentes escalas y contextos urbanos. En cuanto a su importancia para el análisis de tendencias futuras, la propuesta se muestra como un sistema susceptible de ser retroalimentado para una evaluación sistémica de las prácticas de planificación y de la gestión del verde urbano. / A partir da discussão da temática sociedade-natureza, aborda-se os aspectos referentes à complexa relação entre vegetação e paisagem urbana. Entende-se que a função da vegetação neste contexto extrapola a estética, uma vez que pode constituir-se em uma infraestrutura funcional e influir positivamente na qualidade ambiental, social e econômica. A revisão bibliográfica aponta que indicadores e índices urbanos como subsídio para políticas públicas e para o planejamento são amplamente utilizados, observando-se no entanto, uma fragilidade no que se refere especificamente a indicadores e índices relacionados à vegetação urbana. A partir desta consideração, o propósito da tese foi desenvolver um instrumento de análise da vegetação na paisagem urbana para prover aos tomadores de decisão um suporte para o planejamento e a gestão, com base na visão ecossistêmica da cidade. A metodologia consiste em um conjunto de dez indicadores que ponderados resultam no Índice Socioecológico e Paisagístico Urbano. Os indicadores propostos baseiam-se na mensuração da vegetação urbana a partir de categorias espaciais determinadas pelas suas funções específicas, relacionando-as com os graus de artificialização da paisagem, com a diversidade das espécies e com a distribuição espacial da população residente. Os dados espaciais vetoriais e o banco de dados alfanuméricos da Grade Estatística do IBGE, as técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, bem como os softwares escolhidos se mostraram eficazes para a finalidade da pesquisa. E a partir da análise dos dados coletados junto aos órgãos públicos, trabalhos de campo e interpretação das imagens de satélite, a metodologia proposta foi testada em recortes espaciais correspondente as áreas centrais de Aracaju/SE e Maceió/AL, possibilitando a comparação de dados, bem como os ajustes na metodologia. Os resultados dos indicadores e do índice, dos recortes espaciais analisados ficaram abaixo do patamar considerado adequado, sendo que os desequilíbrios encontrados referem-se especialmente a alta artificialização da paisagem, impermeabilização do solo e a baixa quantidade de vegetação em algumas categorias espaciais. Também destacase o não atendimento as especificidades locais em relação aos ecossistemas naturais, a fragmentação e a distribuição e diversidade desequilibrada da vegetação. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que os indicadores e o Índice socioecológico e paisagístico urbano propostos são adequados e que a metodologia pode ser aplicada em diferentes escalas e contextos urbanos. Em que pese a sua importância para análise de tendências futuras, a proposta mostra-se como um sistema passível de ser retroalimentado para avaliação sistêmica das práticas de planejamento e da gestão do verde urbano. / São Cristóvão, SE