Introduction: In Western countries, about one pregnant woman in five experiences a considerable fear of childbirth (FOC). Consequently FOC is an important topic for midwives, being pregnant women’s main care givers. Also, although many aspects of FOC have been studied, almost no studies have into detail applied a theoretical frame of reference for studying pregnant women’s expectations for their upcoming labour and delivery. Therefore, the theory of self-efficacy, here regarding pregnant women’s belief in own capability to cope with labour and delivery, has been applied with the aim to better understand the phenomenon of FOC. Aim: The overall aims of the thesis were to describe midwives´ perceptions and views on FOC and to expand the current knowledge about expectations for the forthcoming birth in nulliparous women in the context of FOC. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Conclusions: Swedish midwives regard severe FOC as a serious problem that influences pregnant women’s view on the forthcoming labour and delivery. Midwives at antenatal care clinics, compared to colleagues working at labour wards, experience a greater need for training in care of pregnant women with severe FOC. Self-efficacy is a useful construct and the self-efficacy theory an applicable way of thinking in analysing fear of childbirth. The self-efficacy concept might be appropriate in midwives’ care for women with severe FOC.

Den ökade psykiska ohälsan bland tonårstjejer ses som ett problem och tanken om denna utveckling kunde förebyggas med fysisk aktivitet uppstod. Detta eftersom den fysiska aktiviteten har visat sig ha positiva effekter på den psykiska hälsan. Den minskade fysiska aktiviteten hos unga tjejer väckte intresset för hur tjejernas uppfattningar påverkar deras fysiska aktivitet. Hypotesen om att uppfattningar påverkar handlandet formades och tre teman som tros påverka tjejernas uppfattningar om fysisk aktivitet, genus, kultur och media inkluderades. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka uppfattningar 15-åriga tjejer har om fysisk aktivitet och hur dessa skiljer sig utifrån deras grad av fysisk aktivitet. Som metod användes fokusgruppintervjuer där deltagarna delades in i tre grupper utifrån deras fysiska aktivitet. Två till fem tjejer ingick i varje grupp. I resultatet framkom att uppfattningarna skiljde sig mellan grupperna. Tjejerna med högst fysisk aktivitet, grupp 1, uppfattade den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar med fokus på prestation. Grupp 2, medelaktiva tjejer, uppfattade också den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar men med fokus på hälsa. De minst aktiva tjejerna, grupp 3, uppfattade inte den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar och uttryckte inte heller något intresse för den fysiska aktiviteten. Slutsatsen blev att tjejernas uppfattningar skiljer sig utifrån deras fysiska aktivitet. För att öka tjejernas fysiska aktivitet bör arbetet därför inriktas på tjejernas uppfattningar om fysisk aktivitet. Genom att förändra tjejernas uppfattningar skulle således den fysiska aktiviteten kunna öka och den psykiska ohälsan troligtvis minska.

¡@The Port of Kaohsiung is an international commercial port, situated in the geographic center of Southeast Asia, linking China as a key hub. It links Japan and Korea to the north, and the Emerging ASEAN Market ¡V 10 nations in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations down south. There is no doubt that Port of Kaohsiung is now playing the key role as a worldwide Transshipment Center. Though there are many logistic related firms surrounded by the Port of Kaohsiung, most of them are running Container Storage and Freight Distribution business only. Lacking big logistic center of cold chain, marine products cannot be processed efficiently after unloading from refrigerators on ships. These seafood, needed to be packaging and exporting after processing, must be unloaded at general cargo berths and then moved to the frozen warehouses outside the harbor. ¡@This research applies a qualitative method of focus group interview. Through the comments given by VIP, professionals, and other members of focus groups in the selected firms, this research was hence capable of analyzing the problem and policy of creating a logistic center of seafood cold chain in the Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone. ¡@Kaohsiung is a main fishing port with numerous large ocean vessels and plenty marine products, it cannot be too far to assume that the creation of the logistic center for the cold chain would have huge contribution to attract customer, reduce operation cost, and enrich the competitive niches of related industry. As a result, the center will ultimately help to develop the ocean fishing business and to increase the trading volume of Kaohsiung. ¡@Finally, the conclusion of this research is expected to be applied in practice, all the issues found and suggestions made are for the references of both public and private sectors to help establishing the logistic center for cold chain as the ultimate goal of the research.

As the number of users grows, more and more companies and brands use Facebook to shape their own images. What they want is ¡§Word of Mouth (WOM). However, each user has his/her own characteristics, and it might affect the WOM activities on Facebook. This research try to (1) explore the traits of WOM on Facebook, (2) find users¡¦ motivations of WOM behaviors on Facebook, (3) figure out what kind of characteristics might influence the WOM activities on Facebook, and (4) find some situational factors that have impacts on WOM activities on Facebook. The results show that (1) users who have high needs of uniqueness likes to share WOM to out-group members, (2) users prefer to share non-business messages and the messages which are related to their own benefits, (3) users with different characteristics have different motivations of WOM activities on Facebook. Keywords: Word of Mouth, Facebook, Characteristics, Situational Factors, Focus-group Interview, On-line Survey, social network site.

State identification has been a more and more important issue in Taiwan since 1990.¡@This study applies focus group interview for the analysis of state identification.¡@Interviewers will progressive interpret the state identification of themselves through interaction in a small group by focus group interview. Accordingly, the facts on affecting Taiwanese in state identification can be exposed, and outwards of state identification of Taiwanese can be further explored. ¡@¡@According to the findings of the study, party identification can drive state identification for Taiwanese, especially for those who have strong emotion in party identification. And their position of state identification is usually consistent with that of their identified party. Meanwhile, as for a Taiwanese who has weak emotion in party identification, age, provincial, background, and growing experience are the main factors that affect state identification. Moreover, concerning the symbol of the state, Taiwanese have different preferences and selections in parties and the name of the state. However, once the symbol of the state appears in an international occasion, national identification can drive a Taiwanese to generate a certain degree of emotion that connects with the symbol of the state. ¡@¡@Finally, this study further discovers that Taiwanese confuse the concept of national identification with that of state identification. The concept of national identification has always been used to discuss issues about Taiwan, and therefore Taiwanese are unaware of using national identification to discuss state identification.

No description available.

The purpose of the study is to learn more about the ways preschool teachers´ identify outdoor activities linked to the curriculum. There is also an interest to understand the preschool teacher role in the outdoor environment and children’s learning processes. The intention is to gain a deeper understanding of the preschool teachers’ work with the curriculum during outdoor activities. Two questions responds in the study: In what way do the preschool teachers’ perceive their role in outdoor activities? * What ways are the environment described as significant to learning? In order to respond to these questions a qualitative group-interview was conducted. Focusing on the importance of the preschool-curriculum during outdoor activities. A phenomenographical approach were used, to analyze the material. The study shows that a well-considered preschool yard can stimulate children's curiosity and contribute to spontaneous learning opportunities. A crucial factor is how well the teacher knows the curriculum and how it can be applied during the outreach. The result gives examples on the significance of the preschool teacher´s approach to children. Further, on ways these approaches affect the children and their learning process. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka betydelsen av läroplanen i utomhuspeda- gogiken med utgångspunkt i hur pedagoger uppfattar detta. Det finns ett un- derliggande intresse av att förstå pedagogens roll och hur den kan påverka bar- nens lärprocesser vid lek under utevistelsen. Avsikten är att få en djupare för- ståelse för pedagogens arbete med läroplanen under utomhusverksamheten. Forskningsfrågorna är: * På vilka sätt definierar pedagogerna sin roll i utevistelsen? * På vilka sätt beskriver pedagogerna miljöns betydelse för lärande? För att kunna undersöka detta har litteratur, tidigare forskning studerats och en kvalitativ gruppintervju genomfördes med fokus på läroplanens betydelse un- der utomhusaktiviteterna. Intervjuerna genomfördes på en förskola där tre pe- dagoger deltog. Resultaten analyserades utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats. Studien har visat att pedagogens roll under utevistelsen har stor betydelse för de sätt lärande möjliggörs eller begränsas. En avgörande faktor är, hur väl pe- dagogen är insatt i läroplanen samt hur den kan tillämpas under utevistelsen. Studien visar att en väl genomtänkt förskolegård kan stimulera barns nyfiken- het och bidra till spontana lärtillfällen.

This essay focuses on how students in the later years of elementary school evaluate/assess the democratic values ​​that the school board has justified as a cornerstone of education. In order to measure this, students from grades seven, eight and nine in a medium-sized school in a medium-sized Swedish city participated in interviews where they were asked to evaluate ten statements that deal with the five values ​​that the school board has put forward. This study used both quantitative and qualitative elements. The quantitative element was that the students receive a form with statements that they then rated from 0-7 and the qualitative element was that a group interview was conducted after which the students discussed their answers and then re-evaluated them. The only background variable of interest was the grade the students were in. As this study was not on a larger scale, the results can only give an indication of how students evaluate/assess the democratic values. On a larger scale with more schools, in different cities and with more students, the answer could have been broader and clearer. The results show that students in upper primary school assess the different democratic values differently before and after the group interviews are done and that the students that participated from the three classes assess the democratic values differently from each other. / <p>Godkänd 2023-03-13</p>

The purpose of this study is to highlight how some teachers in the compulsory school for learning disabilities describe how they enable communication for pupils with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities. The study is a qualitative study based on two group interviews with three informants in each group. The informants are all working in the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities. The empirical data has been analyzed from a socio-cultural perspective, focusing on the concepts of mediation, appropriation, proximal development zone and scaffolding. The result shows that the teachers enable communication for students with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities in various ways, especially with visual support and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tools. The study shows that it is important to have knowledge about autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability and how the disabilities affect communication with the pupils. My hope is that this study can contribute with knowledge of how communication is made possible for pupils with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities. / Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur några pedagoger i grundsärskolan inriktning träningsskola beskriver hur de möjliggör kommunikation för elever med autismspektrumtillstånd och intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning som bygger på två gruppintervjuer med tre informanter i varje grupp. Informanterna arbetar alla i grundsärskolan inriktning träningsskola. Empirin har analyserats ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv med fokus på begreppen mediering, appropriering, proximala utvecklingszonen och scaffolding. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna möjliggör kommunikation för elever med autismspektrumtillstånd och intellektuell funktionsnedsättning på olika sätt, framför allt med visuellt stöd och alternativ kompletterande kommunikation (AKK) hjälpmedel. I studien framgår att det är viktigt att ha kunskap kring autismspektrumtillstånd och intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och hur funktionsnedsättningarna påverkar kommunikationen hos eleverna. Min förhoppning är att denna studie kan bidra med kunskap kring hur kommunikation möjliggörs för elever med autismspektrumtillstånd och intellektuell funktionsnedsättning.

O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar e compreender os processos de acolhimento e de vínculo, pela perspectiva dos usuários de um serviço de assistência a pessoas diagnosticadas com transtornos alimentares (TAs). Para isso, foi realizada a mensuração da satisfação dos usuários com o serviço, por meio da escala SATIS-BR (n = 15), e foram realizadas as entrevistas em grupo focal, conduzidas pelo método psicodramático (n = 7). Os resultados da SATIS-BR revelaram que: 77,20% dos usuários consideraram o serviço satisfatório de uma maneira geral; 87,6% dos usuários mostraram-se satisfeitos com a compreensão que a equipe tem com relação ao problema do paciente, e com a competência da equipe; 88,8% estão satisfeitos com a ajuda recebida e com a forma como foram acolhidos pela equipe e 23,3% dos usuários estão satisfeitos com as condições físicas e o conforto do serviço. Os dados das entrevistas em grupo focal mostraram que o serviço investigado apresenta algumas deficiências com relação ao Acolhimento no que se refere ao acesso, à técnica e à postura, e, com relação ao Vínculo, no que se refere à afetividade, à relação terapêutica e à continuidade. Com relação ao acesso observou-se a escassez de serviços multidisciplinares que assistem pacientes com TAs e que o acesso sócio organizacional influi diretamente na qualidade do tratamento. No que se refere à técnica e à postura, percebeu-se que a formação profissional, influenciada pelo modelo biomédico, pode dificultar a relação terapêutica e impede que os profissionais tenham posturas de diálogo, empatia, afetividade para com o paciente e um atendimento que envolva uma escuta qualificada, discussão e um cuidado integral do usuário. Percebeu-se que o profissional competente é aquele que equilibra, quando necessário, posturas mais compreensivas e afetuosas com posturas mais firmes e diretivas. No que corresponde à continuidade, foi visto que ela é prejudicada pela rotatividade de profissionais, e dificulta a formação de um trabalho interdisciplinar, e de uma equipe de referência para o paciente. Apesar dos resultados positivos do tratamento obtidos, em parte, pela competência do terapeuta principal e a competência técnica da equipe, esse estudo sugere que os profissionais realizem capacitações, para oferecerem um cuidado que abarque posturas mais compreensivas e afetuosas, e a integralidade do paciente. Apesar de não ser o objetivo dessa pesquisa, observou-se que as entrevistas em grupo focal ampliaram a percepção dos participantes sobre si mesmos, sobre o seu tratamento e sobre a sua relação com os TAs. Ademais, a intervenção permitiu que os participantes desenvolvessem a sua empatia com relação aos profissionais, espontaneidade, criatividade e liberdade de expressão. Conclui-se que as entrevistas em grupo focal, conduzidas pelo método psicodramático, promoveram um efeito terapêutico nos participantes e proporcionaram recursos para que eles refletissem mais profundamente sobre os itens avaliados na escala SATIS-BR. Os dados emersos dessa pesquisa indicam que os serviços de assistência às pessoas com TAs devem se atentar sobre os fatores de acesso, técnica, postura, afetividade, relação terapêutica e continuidade, pois eles são essenciais para a qualidade da assistência prestada / This study aimed to evaluate and understand the processes of embracement and bond from the perspective of users of a health care service for people diagnosed with eating disorders (ED). For this, the measurement of user satisfaction with the service was performed using the scale SATIS-BR (n=15), and interviews were conducted in focus groups through the psychodrama method (n=7). The results of SATIS-BR revealed that 77.20% of users considered the service satisfactory in general; 87.6% of users were satisfied with the understanding that the team has with respect to the patient\'s problem, and with the competence of the team; 88.8% were satisfied with the help received and how they were embraced by the team; and 23.3% of users were satisfied with the physical conditions and comfort of service. The interview data in the focal group showed that the investigated service is deficient with respect to the Embracement regarding the access, the technique and posture; and, with respect to the Bond regarding the affection, the therapeutic and continuity. Regarding the access, it was observed scarcity of multidisciplinary services that assist patients with ED and that the socio-organizational access influences directly the quality of treatment. With regard to technique and posture, it was realized that training, influenced by the biomedical model, may hinder the therapeutic relationship and prevents that professionals have positions of dialogue, empathy, affection towards the patient and care with qualified hearing, discussion and comprehensive care for the users. It was noticed that the competent professional is one that balances, when appropriate, understanding and affectionate postures with strong and directive postures. Related to the continuity, it was impaired by staff turnover, which hindered the formation of interdisciplinary work and a reference team for the patient. Despite the positive results of treatment obtained, in part, by the competence of the primary therapist and the technical competence of the team; this study suggests that professionals undertake training to offer comprehensive care wit sympathetic and affectionate postures for the patient. Although it is not the purpose of this research, it was observed that the focus group interviews increased the participants\' perceptions about themselves, about their treatment and their relation with ED. Moreover, the intervention allowed participants to develop their empathy in relation to professionals, spontaneity, creativity and freedom of expression. It is concluded that the focus group interviews, conducted by the psychodrama method, promoted a therapeutic effect on the participants and provided resources for them to reflect more deeply on the assessed items of the SATIS-BR scale. The data emerged from this research indicate that support services to people with ED should be aware of the factors of access, technique, posture, affectivity, therapeutic relationship and continuity, as they are essential for the quality of care provided