Elektroencefalografi (EEG) är en viktig metod för att upptäcka specifika avvikelser från homeostatiskt tillstånd. Sensitivitet och specificitet är av stor betydelse vid bedömning av den diagnostiska tillförlitligheten hos EEG metoden. Syftet med studien var att ge en övergripande översikt kring faktorer som påverkar sensitivitet och specificitet vid tre typfall med olika karaktär på EEG mönstret. De tre typfallen är sömndeprivering (låg aktivitet), epilepsi (hög aktivitet) och hjärtstopp (metabolisk aktivitet). Metoden som användes i studien var baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar som uppsöktes via databaserna Medline och PubMed. Inklusionskriterierna omfattade artiklar på engelska samt publicerad år 2010–2020. Sensitiviteten och specificiteten spelar stor roll vid prognosbedömningen efter ett hjärtstopp då patienten kan drabbas av ischemi och hjärnvävnaden skadas. Det finns flera olika metoder som genomförs vid EEG undersökningen. Dessa metoder är ambulatoriskt EEG, kontinuerlig EEG, Video EEG samt mobila EEG. Det gjordes en jämförelse mellan sensitiviteten och specificiteten för att se hur dessa påverkas och förändras vid de olika typfallen. Den viktiga slutsatsen var att metodiken spelade också en roll över hur sensitiviteten och specificiteten påverkades. / Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important method for detecting specific deviations from homeostatic status. Sensitivity and specificity are of great importance in assessing the diagnostic reliability of the EEG method. The purpose of the study was to provide an overall overview of the factors that affect sensitivity and specificity in three typical cases with different character of the EEG pattern. The three typical cases are sleep deprivation (low activity), epilepsy (high activity) and cardiac arrest (metabolic activity). The method used in the study was based on scientific articles that were searched via databases Medline and PubMed. The inclusion criteria included articles in English and published in 2010–2020. Sensitivity and specificity play a major role in the prognosis assessment after a cardiac arrest as the patient may suffer from ischemia and the brain tissue is damaged. There are several different methods used in the EEG survey. These methods are ambulatory EEG, continuous EEG, Video EEG and mobile EEG. A comparison was made between the sensitivity and the specificity to see how these are affected and changed in the different typical cases. The important conclusion was that the methodology also played a role in how the sensitivity and specificity were affected.

La presente revisión crítica denominada: beneficios del CPP sobre la incidencia de hipotermia en neonatos a término, se realizó con el objetivo de determinar su efectividad y relevancia clínica en la reducción de la hipotermia en neonatos a término Esta investigación se justifica porque se tendrá la oportunidad de implementar estrategias enfocadas en disminuir la incidencia de la hipotermia y mejorar el pronóstico de los neonatos a término. Al fomentar y estandarizar el CPP inmediatamente después del nacimiento y en las horas críticas posteriores, se pueden implementar factores protectores que mitiguen los riesgos asociados con la hipotermia. Por lo que la investigadora se planteó la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los beneficios del CPP sobre la incidencia de hipotermia en neonatos a término? En la búsqueda de datos se utilizará como base de datos: PubMed, Google Académico, Scopus, Scielo. Encontrándose 65 artículos, el cual se determinó la utilidad y validez con Gálvez Toro, seleccionándose 9 artículos y eligiéndose 1 artículo, la cual se le paso la lista de Astete, teniendo como nivel de evidencia I y su nivel de recomendación ya que hay evidencia sólida. La respuesta de la pregunta de investigación fue: El CPP posee beneficios en la disminución de hipotermia en neonatos a término, ha demostrado ser una intervención eficaz, durante este contacto, el bebé está en contacto directo con la piel caliente de su madre, lo que ayuda a regular su temperatura corporal y prevenir la pérdida de calor. / The present critical review called: benefits of skin-to-skin contact on the incidence of hypothermia in term neonates, was carried out with the objective of determining its effectiveness and clinical relevance in reducing hypothermia in term neonates. This research is justified because it is will have the opportunity to implement strategies focused on reducing the incidence of hypothermia and improving the prognosis of term neonates. By encouraging and standardizing skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth and in the critical hours afterwards, protective factors can be implemented that mitigate the risks associated with hypothermia. Therefore, the researcher asked the following question: What are the benefits of skin-to-skin contact on the incidence of hypothermia in full-term neonates? In the data search, the following databases will be used: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Scielo. Finding 65 articles, the usefulness and validity of which was determined with Gálvez Toro, selecting 9 articles and choosing 1 article, which was passed on to Astete's list, having as level of evidence I and its level of recommendation since there is solid evidence. The answer to the research question was: Skin-to-skin contact has benefits in reducing hypothermia in full-term neonates. It has been shown to be an effective intervention. During this contact, the baby is in direct contact with the warm skin of its mother, which helps regulate your body temperature and prevent heat loss.

In the framework of this thesis, we focused on two inflammatory markers, MCP-1, and galectin-3, to evaluate the impact of MTH on inflammation levels in patients suffering from AMI complicated by CS. Furthermore, the relationship between MCP-1 and galectin-3 levels within the first three days of post-admission and the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality was also investigated.

Background Anticipatory and compensatory balance responses are used by the central nervous system (CNS) to preserve balance, hence they significantly contribute to the understanding of physiological mechanisms of postural control. It is well established that various sensory systems contribute to the regulation of balance. However, it is still unclear which role each individual sensory system (e.g. plantar mechanoreceptors) plays in balance regulation. This becomes also evident in various patient populations, for instance in diabetics with reduced plantar sensitivity. To investigate these sensory mechanisms, approaches like hypothermia to deliberately reduce plantar afferent input have been applied. But there are some limitations regarding hypothermic procedures in previous studies: Not only plantar aspects of the feet might be affected and maintaining the hypothermic effect during data collection. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to induce a permanent and controlled plantar hypothermia and to examine its effects on anticipatory and compensatory balance responses. We hypothesized deteriorations in anticipatory and compensatory balance responses as increased center of pressure excursions (COP) and electromyographic activity (EMG) in response to the hypothermic plantar procedure. 52 healthy and young subjects (23.6 ± 3.0 years) performed balance tests (unexpected perturbations). Subjects’ foot soles were exposed to three temperatures while standing upright: 25, 12 and 0 °C. COP and EMG were analyzed during two intervals of anticipatory and one interval of compensatory balance responses (intervals 0, 1 and 2, respectively). Results Similar plantar temperatures confirmed the successful implementation of the thermal platform. No significant COP and EMG differences were found for the anticipatory responses (intervals 0 and 1) under the hyperthermia procedure. Parameters in interval 2 showed generally decreased values in response to cooling. Conclusion No changes in anticipatory responses were found possibly due to sensory compensation processes of other intact afferents. Decreased compensatory responses may be interpreted as the additional balance threat, creating a more cautious behavior causing the CNS to generate a kind of over-compensatory behavior. Contrary to the expectations, there were different anticipatory and compensatory responses after reduced plantar inputs, thereby, revealing alterations in the organization of CNS inputs and outputs according to different task difficulties.

Introduktion: Hypotermi innebär att patientens kärntemperatur är under 36 grader. Alla patienter riskerar att bli hypoterma vid kirurgiska ingrepp om inga förebyggande åtgärder utförs. Det går att förebygga hypotermi med antingen värmetillförande åtgärder eller genom att bibehålla patientens normala temperatur. Hypotermi kan leda till komplikationer för patienten så som sämre sårläkning, postoperativa sårinfektioner, ökad risk för trycksår, hjärtproblem och ökad blödningsbenägenhet. Trots att studier har visat på kunskap om ämnet är hypotermi vanligt förekommande vid kirurgiska ingrepp. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning omvårdnadsåtgärder utfördes av operationsteamet för att förebygga hypotermi intraoperativt. Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ strukturerad observationsstudie. Data samlades in under 43 operationer på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. Observationerna utgick från ett protokoll som skapades utefter AORN (Association of perioperative registered nurses) och NICE:s (National institute for health och care excellence) riktlinjer och innehöll 12 förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förhindra hypotermi. Resultat: Samtliga patienter fick varma täcken och varma intravenösa vätskor. All personal följde WHO:s checklista och majoriteten undvek att exponera patienten i onödan. Omvårdnadsåtgärder som inte utfördes lika frekvent var varmluftstäcke, varma spolvätskor, fot och benvärmare samt temperaturmätning på patienten. Aluminiumtäcke, värmemadrass, värmemössa och varm huddesinfektion användes aldrig. På de patienter som en temperatur togs på hade omvårdnadsåtgärderna en god effekt då majoriteten av patienterna inte längre var hypoterma i slutet av den intraoperativa fasen. Slutsats: Operationsteamet använde sig alltid av förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärd för att förhindra hypotermi, några i högre utsträckning än andra. Några patienter var fortfarande hypoterma i slutet av den intraoperativa fasen vilken kan tyda på att en förbättring skulle kunna ske på de omvårdnadsåtgärder som inte användes lika frekvent. / Introduction: The definition of hypothermia is when the patients core temperature is below 36 degrees. All the patients have an increased risk of becoming hypothermic during surgical procedures if no preventive measures are taken. Hypothermia is preventable with either heat inducing measures or by maintaining the patient’s normal temperature. Hypothermia can lead to complications for the patients such as impaired wound healing, Increased risk of postoperative wound infection, increased risk of bedsores, heart conditions and increased tendency to bleed. Although studies have shown knowledge of this topic hypothermia is a common occurrence in surgical procedures. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate in which extension nursing measures were used by the operations team to prevent hypothermia intraoperatively. Method: The study was a quantitative structured observational study. Data was collected during 43 operations at two hospitals in southern Sweden. The observations followed a protocol that was created along AORN (Association of perioperative registered nurses) and NICE: s (National institute for health and care excellence) recommendations and contained 12 nursing measures to prevent hypothermia. Result: All the patients received warm blankets and warm intravenous fluids. All the operating staff used the WHO: s checklist and the majority avoided unnecessary patient exposure. The nursing measures that were used less frequently were warm air blankets, feet-and leg warmers and temperature measurement on the patient. Aluminum blankets, heating mattress, heat caps and warm skin antisepsis were never used. On the patients of whom a temperature was taken, the nursing measures had a good effect since the majority of the patients were no longer hypothermic at the end of the intraoperative phase. Conclusion: The operation team always used care measures to prevent hypothermia, some to a greater extent than others. Some patients were still hypothermic at the end of the intraoperative phase, which may indicate that an improvement could occur in the nursing measures that weren’t used as frequently.

Bakgrund: Hypotermi är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom operationssjukvården som kan leda till allvarliga följder för patienten och ökade kostnader för samhället. Förebyggande åtgärder i det preoperativa skedet har visat sig viktiga för att minska risken att hypotermi utvecklas. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka patienters kärn- och perifera temperatur under de preoperativa förberedelserna vid dagkirurgi. Hypotesen var att patienters kärn- och perifera temperatur sjönk under de preoperativa förberedelserna. Metod: Totalt 50 patienter på en dagkirurgisk avdelning på ett mellanstort sjukhus i Sverige gav sitt muntliga samtycke att medverka i studien. Kroppstemperaturen mättes vid två tillfällen; när de precis bytt om till patientskjorta samt när de placerats på operationsbordet. Kärntemperaturen mättes med en axillartermometer, och den perifera temperaturen mättes på fyra punkter med en infraröd termometer. Datan var normalfördelad och statistisk signifikans beräknades med parat t-test. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det inte sker någon signifikant förändring av patienternas kärntemperatur men att den perifera temperaturen förändras. Riktningen är dock inte entydig då resultatet visar att mätpunkterna på överkroppen sjunker medan mätpunkterna på underkroppen stiger. Slutsats: Kärntemperaturen kan vara oförändrad genom de preoperativa förberedelserna, men det innebär inte att temperaturen ligger inom rekommendationerna för preoperativ kärntemperatur. Mer forskning krävs för att studera patientens kroppstemperatur genom hela den perioperativa processen, dvs. pre- intra, och postoperativt. / Background: Hypothermia is a common problem within the surgical context and can lead to serious consequences for the patient and increased costs for society. Efforts to prevent hypothermia in the preoperative phase have proven important to minimize the risk of developing hypothermia. Aim: The aim was to examine core- and peripheral temperature of surgical outpatients, during the preoperative phase. The hypothesis was that the temperature would decrease during the preoperative preparation. Method: 50 patients, at a medium-sized hospital in Sweden, participated. The temperature was measured twice; when the patient had changed into surgical attire, and when placed on the operating table. The core temperature was measured using an axillary thermometer, and the peripheral temperature was measured at four locations using an infrared thermometer. The data was normally distributed and paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Result: The results show that there was no significant change in core temperature, whereas a change occurred in the peripheral temperature. The direction of change was incoherent, where the points of measurements on the upper body decreased in temperature, while the points of measurement on the lower extremities increased. Conclusion: The core temperature can remain unchanged during the preoperative period. This does not imply that the temperature is within preoperative temperature recommendations. More research, studying the temperature throughout the perioperative process, is necessary to attain knowledge regarding the development of the temperature of the patient undergoing surgery.

Position du problème. L’arrêt cardiaque extra-hospitalier (ACEH), dont la forme clinique la plus caricaturale correspond à la « mort subite », représenterait la première cause de mortalité à travers le monde. Malgré les améliorations apportées à leur prise en charge, le pronostic de ces patients demeure très péjoratif, y compris chez ceux qui ont bénéficié d’une réanimation initiale avec succès. En effet, la longue période d’ischémie suivie du phénomène de reperfusion secondaire au retour d’une activité circulatoire (RACS) est à l’origine d’une cascade de phénomènes physiopathologiques qui caractérisent le syndrome post-arrêt cardiaque. Plusieurs éléments thérapeutiques, telles que la reperfusion coronaire précoce et l’hypothermie thérapeutique, se sont développés ces dernières années afin de diminuer la morbi-mortalité importante observée dans cette situation. L’intérêt de ces interventions précoces sur le pronostic ultérieur demeure cependant débattu, car il a souvent été établi sur des sous-groupes de patients très sélectionnés. Objectif. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’influence de ces interventions thérapeutiques précoces sur le devenir des patients victimes d’ACEH et admis vivants en service de réanimation. Méthode. Depuis 2000, une cohorte de patients survivants d’ACR et admis vivants en réanimation a été constituée dans un centre spécialisé. L’ensemble des caractéristiques démographiques, pré-hospitalières et hospitalières ont été analysées. L’analyse multivariée des facteurs pronostiques dans cette cohorte a utilisé principalement les méthodes de régression logistique. Résultats principaux. Entre 2003 et 2008, 435 patients ont été admis, ne présentaient pas d’étiologie extra-cardiaque évidente et ont bénéficié d’une coronarographie immédiate et systématique. Une lésion coronaire récente a été observée chez près de la moitié d’entre eux. Les moyens de détection d’une étiologie cardiaque sont extrêmement limités que ce soit par des modèles prédictifs simples utilisant des paramètres démographiques ou circonstancielles ou par des paramètres para-cliniques tels que l’électrocardiogramme ou les enzymes cardiaques. En effet, ces derniers possèdent des valeurs prédictives médiocres et ne peuvent être considérés comme outil de triage de ces patients. En revanche, la coronarographie immédiate et systématique (suivie d’une reperfusion coronaire si nécessaire) était associée de manière significative et indépendante à la survie hospitalière (OR ajusté= 2.06 (1.16-3.66)) et ceci quelque soit l’aspect électrocardiographique. Entre 2000 et 2009, 1145 patients ont été admis et 2/3 d’entre eux ont été traités par hypothermie thérapeutique. Parmi eux, 708/1145 (62%) avait initialement un rythme cardiaque choquable et 437/1145 (38%) présentait un rythme non choquable. Après ajustement sur les autres facteurs pronostiques, l’hypothermie thérapeutique avait un rôle protecteur sur le pronostic neurologique des patients à la sortie de réanimation dans le groupe présentant initialement un rythme choquable (OR ajusté= 1.90 (1.18-3.06)). En revanche, l’association entre le pronostic et l’intervention dans le groupe « non-choquable » n’était pas significative (OR ajusté=0.71 (0.37-1.36)). Parmi les facteurs susceptibles d’altérer le bénéfice lié à ce traitement, les complications infectieuses chez les patients traités par hypothermie thérapeutique s’avèrent courantes La plus fréquente est la pneumopathie précoce, dont l’apparition est associée de manière significative au traitement par hypothermie (OR ajusté= 1.90 (1.28-2.80)), mais son rôle sur le pronostic n’est pas démontré. / Background: Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA), usually clinically described as “sudden death”, is the leading worldwide cause of death. Despite recent improvements in management of OHCA, the prognosis of these patients remains very poor, even in those who benefitted from a successful initial resuscitation. During the period of ischemia following the Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), several pathophysiological phenomenons occur, characterizing the post cardiac arrest syndrome. Furthermore, different treatments, such as immediate coronary reperfusion or therapeutic hypothermia, are now implemented for the management of this syndrome in order to decrease the morbidities and the mortality involved during this period. However, the influence of these hospital interventions on prognosis is still debatable, since they have been assessed in very selected subgroups of patients.Objectives: The aim of our work was to assess the influence of these early interventions on the outcome of OHCA patients admitted alive in intensive care unit (ICU).Method: We set up an investigation cohort (starting in 2000) of OHCA patients, in whom a successful ROSC had been obtained and who were admitted alive in ICU. We gathered all demographic data, cardiac arrest circumstances, pre-hospital and hospital characteristics. We analyzed the different predictive factors of outcome using multivariate analysis, especially logistical regression.Results: Between 2003 and 2008, 435 patients without obvious extra-cardiac cause were included and benefited from an immediate and systematical coronary angiogram. We observed a recent lesion in nearly half of them. Detecting a cardiac etiology is very challenging even using simple predictive models including patient’s baseline characteristics and circumstances of the cardiac arrest. Moreover, other parameters, such as EKG patterns or cardiac biomarkers, did not seem helpful either. Indeed, these parameters had poor predictive values and consequently could not be considered as triage tools for these patients. Nevertheless, the immediate and systematical coronary angiogram, with percutaneous intervention if appropriate, was independently associated with an improvement of hospital survival (adjusted OR= 2.06 (1.16-3.66)), regardless of the EKG pattern.Between 2000 and 2009, 1145 patients were admitted and two third of them were treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Among them, 708/1145 (62%) had an initial shockable rhythm and 437/1145 (38%) presented a non shockable rhythm. On the one hand, after adjustment with other predictive factors, the therapeutic hypothermia significantly improved the good neurological outcome at ICU discharge (adjusted OR= 1.90 (1.18-3.06)). On the other hand, the influence of this intervention was not associated with prognosis on the “non-shockable” sub-group (adjusted OR=0.71 (0.37-1.36)). Among the undercurrent factors, which could minimize the benefit of this intervention, infectious complications in treated patients were common. The most frequent complication was early onset pneumonia, whose occurrence was significantly associated with hypothermia (adjusted OR= 1.90 (1.28-2.80)), even if its role on prognosis was not determined.Conclusions: Our findings support the international guidelines regarding the management of post-cardiac arrest, identifying the subgroups of patients who may benefit the most. These results encourage further prospective studies and randomized trials and bring helpful information in that way. Finally, ancillary analysis on an investigation cohort of hospital survivors suggests that protective

This thesis explores physiological changes occurring after acute brain injury. The first two chapters focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant cause of disability and death worldwide. I discuss the evidence behind current management of secondary brain injury with emphasis on partial brain oxygen tension (PbtO2) and intracranial pressure (ICP). The second chapter describes a subgroup analysis of the effect of hypothermia on ICP and PbtO2 in 17 patients enrolled to the Eurotherm3235 trial. There was a mean decrease in ICP of 4.1 mmHg (n=9, p < 0.02) and a mean decrease in PbtO2 (7.8 ± 3.1 mmHg (p < 0.05)) in the hypothermia group that was not present in controls. The findings support previous studies in demonstrating a decrease in ICP with hypothermia. Decreased PbtO2 could partially explain worse outcomes seen in the hypothermia group in the Eurotherm3235 trial. Further analysis of PbtO2 and ICP guided treatment is needed. The third chapter focuses on delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), another form of acute brain injury that causes significant morbidity and mortality. I include a background of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP), a potential treatment of DCI, along with results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine experimental models investigating αCGRP. The meta-analysis demonstrates a 40.8 ± 8.2% increase in cerebral vessel diameter in those animals treated with αCGRP compared with controls (p < 0.0005, 95% CI 23.7 to 57.9). Neurobehavioural scores were reported in four publications and showed a Physiological responses to brain tissue hypoxia and blood flow after acute brain injury standardised mean difference of 1.31 in favour of αCGRP (CI -0.49 to 3.12). I conclude that αCGRP reduces cerebral vessel narrowing seen after SAH in animal studies but note that there is insufficient evidence to determine its effect on functional outcomes. A review of previous trials of αCGRP administration in humans is included, in addition to an original retrospective analysis of CSF concentrations of αCGRP in humans. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of CSF (n = 22) was unable to detect αCGRP in any sample, which contrasts with previous studies and was likely secondary to study methodology. Finally, I summarise by discussing a protocol I designed for a dose-toxicity study involving the intraventricular administration of αCGRP to patients with aSAH and provide some recommendations for future research. This protocol was based upon the systematic review and was submitted to the Medical Research Council's DPFS funding stream during the PhD.

Os resultados sobre o tempo adequado da exclusão vascular total do fígado(EVTF) para a realização de hepatectomias continuam sendo discutidos. Dados favoráveis têm sido descritos, quando se associa a EVTF com a perfusão de solução hipotérmica, porém a comparação entre estas técnicas ainda não foi descrita. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar os resultados da ressecção hepática com EVTF, realizada sob hipotermia(solução de preservação hipotérmica in situ), com aqueles obtidos quando se realiza esta ressecção com EVTF com tempo de isquemia menor que 60 minutos, e naqueles com tempo de isquemia maior ou igual a 60 minutos. Para tanto, foram analisados, como parâmetros, a função renal e hepática, morbidade, e mortalidade pós-operatórias nos três grupos mencionados,buscando-se determinar valores preditivos para indicação das técnicas. PACIENTES E MÉTODO. Foram estudados 81 pacientes submetidos à ressecção hepática. Estes pacientes foram divididos em três grupos. Trinta e quatro pacientes com EVTF menor do que 60 minutos (EVTF < 60’), 19 pacientes com EVTF maior ou igual a 60 minutos (EVTF &#8805; 60’), e 28 pacientes nos quais a perfusão hipotérmica in situ (EVTFHIPOT) foi realizada. Os valores das transaminases hepáticas (ASAT e ALAT), Bilirrubinas totais, creatinina, e tempo de protrombina foram registrados. Também foram verificados os índices de morbidade e de mortalidade pós-operatórias nos três grupos. RESULTADOS. O valor máximo no pós-operatório das enzimas hepáticas - ASAT e ALAT foram significativamente menores (p < 0.05) no grupo EVTFHIPOT (535 + 361 U/L e 436 + 427 U/L), quando comparados aos outros grupos - EVTF<60’(988 + 798 U/L; 844 + 733 U/L), EVTF>60’ (1583 + 984 U/L; 1082 + 842 U/L). No grupo EVTFHIPOT, os valores máximos das bilirrubinas (6,5 + 2,5 mg/dl),creatinina (1,2 + 0,7 mg/dl), e o número de complicações por paciente (1,2 + 1) foram semelhantes aos do grupo EVTF<60’’ (5,5 + 7,8; 1,3 + 1; e 0,7 + 1 respectivamente), e significativamente menores que os do grupo EVTF > 60’(12,8 + 11,8; 2,3 + 2,3, e 2,3 + 1,2). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 1/34, 2/19 e 2/28 nos grupos EVTF < 60’, EVTF > 60’, e EVTFHIPOT, respectivamente,sem diferença estatística. CONCLUSÕES. Quando comparadas as técnicas clássicas de exclusão vascular do fígado,de qualquer duração, com aquela na qual se realizou a perfusão hipotérmica do fígado, conclui-se que, nesta última, os pacientes toleraram melhor a isquemia. Deve-se enfatizar que, na EVTF com hipotermia, existe melhor preservação da função hepática, melhor preservação da função renal, e menores índices de morbidade, quando comparada com a EVTF>60’’ sem hipotermia. Os fatores preditivos de EVTF por mais de 60 minutos auxiliam na adoção da opção pelo resfriamento hepático. / OBJECTIVE. To compare the results of liver resection performed under in situ hypothermic perfusion vs standard total vascular exclusion (TVE) of the liver < 60 minutes and &#8805; 60 minutes in terms of liver tolerance, liver and renal functions, postoperative morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY BACGROUND DATA. The safe duration of TVE is still debated. Promising results have been reported following TVE associated with hypothermic perfusion of the liver with durations of up to several hours. The two techniques have not been compared so far. PATIENTS AND METHODS.The study population includes 81 consecutive liver resections under TVE < 60 minutes (group TVE < 60’ , 34 patients), &#8805; 60 minutes (group TVE &#8805; 60’, 19 patients) and in situ hypothermic perfusion (group TVEHYPOTH , 28 patients). Liver tolerance (peaks of transaminases), liver and kidney function (peak of bilirubin, minimum prothrombin time and peak of creatinine), morbidity and inhospital mortality were compared within the 3 groups. RESULTS. The postoperative peaks of ASAT and ALAT were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in group TVE HYPOTH (535 + 361 U/L and 436 + 427 U/L) compared to the groups TVE<60’ (988 + 798 U/L; 844 + 733 U/L) and TVE&#8805;60’ (1583 + 984 U/L; 1082 + 842 U/L). In the group TVE HYPOTH , the peaks of bilirubin (6,5 + 2,5 mg/dl), creatinine (1,2 + 0,7 mg/dl), and the number of complications per patient (1,2 + 1) were comparable to those of the group TVE<60’ (5,5 + 7,8; 1,3 + 1; e 0,7 + 1 respectively) and significantly lower to those of the group TVE&#8805;60’ (12,8 + 11,8; 2,3 + 2,3, e 2,3 + 1,2). In hospital mortality rates were 1/34, 2/19 and 2/28 for the groups TVE < 60’ , TVE &#8805; 60’ , and TVEHYPOTH respectively and were comparable. On multivariate analysis, the size of the tumor, portal vein embolization and a planned vascular reconstruction werem significantly predictive of TVE &#8805; 60 minutes. CONCLUSIONS. Compared to standard TVE of any duration, hypothermic perfusion of the liver is associated with a better tolerance to ischemia. In addition, compared to TVE &#8805; 60 minutes, it is associated with better postoperative liver and renal functions, and a lower morbidity. Predictive factors for TVE &#8805; 60 minutes may help to indicate hypothermic perfusion of the liver.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.