No description available.

No / This paper reports on the evaluation of the Enriched Opportunities Programme in improving well-being, diversity of activity, health, and staff practice in for people with dementia. Participants were 127 residents with a diagnosis of dementia or enduring mental health problems in three specialist nursing homes in the UK. A repeated measures within-subjects design was employed, collecting quantitative and qualitative data at three points over a twelve-month period in each facility with follow-up 7 to 14 months later. Two-way ANOVAs revealed a statistically significant increase in levels of observed well-being and in diversity of activity following the intervention. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of positive staff interventions but no change in the number of negative staff interventions overall. There was a significant reduction in levels of depression. No significant changes in anxiety, health status, hospitalisations, or psychotropic medication usage were observed. The Enriched Opportunities Programme demonstrated a positive impact on the lives of people with dementia in nursing homes already offering a relatively good standard of care, in a short period of time. The refined programme requires further evaluation to establish its portability.

Bakgrund: Den goda relationen uppges präglas av ömsesidighet och acceptans för den andre. För att relationen ska fungera på ett bra sätt krävs kommunikation och interaktion mellan vårdare och patient. Denna studie fokuserar på den goda relationen inom psykiatrisk vårdkontext, vilket innebär vård av personer med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Att belysa vad sjuksköterskor anser är betydelsefullt för skapandet av en god relation med patienter inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts, baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar som har analyserats och kvalitetsgranskats. Underlaget för denna studie är hämtat från fyra olika databaser. Resultat: Studien resulterade i fyra teman; att förmedla trygghet och säkerhet, att skapa tillit, att visa respekt och att vara tillgänglig och engagerad. Att förmedla trygghet innebar att ge patienten information kring dennes vård, att vården var individanpassad samt genuinitet och kontinuitet. Att skapa tillit innebar bland annat att patienten kunde känna ett förtroende för sjuksköterskan och berätta om sina tankar och känslor samt att sjuksköterskan lyssnade och relaterade till det patienten berättade. Att visa respekt innebar att ha tålamod och behövde vara ömsesidigt för att samarbetet mellan sjuksköterska och patient skulle fungera. Att vara tillgänglig och engagerad betydde att sjuksköterskan skulle vara nåbar, ge patienten utrymme att berätta, stödja och ge återkoppling. Diskussion: Studiens resultat diskuteras gentemot Peplaus teori om vårdandet, artiklar som belyser patienters perspektiv på en god relation, annan litteratur samt barriärer för skapandet av en god relation. / Background: The good relationship is stated to be characterized by reciprocity and acceptance of the other. To make the relationship work in a good way, communication and interaction between the care provider and the patient is needed. This study is focused on the good relationship in psychiatric nursing context, which means care of persons with mental health problems. Aim: To illustrate what nurses believe is important in creating a good relationship with patients in psychiatric care. Method: A literature study has been made, based on ten scientific articles which has been analyzed and quality checked. The material of this study, is collected from four different databases. Results: The study led to four themes; to mediate security, to create trust, to show respect and to be available and committed. To mediate security meant to give information to the patient concerning his care, that the care was individualized, genuine and had continuity. To create trust meant that the patient could trust the nurse and talk about their feelings and thoughts, and also that the nurse listened and related to what the patient expressed. To show respect meant to have patience, and needed to be mutual, for the cooperation to work between nurse and patient. To be available and committed meant that the nurse needed to be reachable, give the patient space to talk, support and give feedback.    Discussion: The result of the study is discussed against Peplaus theory of nursing, articles illuminating patients view of the good relationship, the background and also barriers in creating a good relationship.

Il y a peu de recherche sur la comorbidité concomitante entre les problèmes de santé mentale et la dépression, tels que perçus par les adolescents de 12-15 ans. L’objectif de cette étude est d’effectuer des analyses secondaires pour vérifier l’association entre quatre problèmes de santé mentale (phobies spécifiques (PS), anxiété généralisée (AG), opposition avec provocation (OP), problème des conduites (PC)) et la dépression ainsi que les interactions de ces associations avec l’âge (12-13 ans; 14-15 ans) et le sexe. Ces problèmes ont été évalués par le Dominique Interactif pour Adolescents (DIA), un questionnaire informatisé et auto-administré. L’analyse de la régression logistique a été réalisée séparément dans un échantillon clinique (n=141) et dans un échantillon scolaire (n=464) composés d’adolescents francophones. Les résultats indiquent un effet d’interaction significatif dans l’échantillon clinique suggérant que les filles ont trois fois plus de chance d’avoir une comorbidité entre les PS et la dépression comparativement aux garçons. Les modèles multivariés révèlent que pour les autres associations, la comorbidité ne varie pas significativement selon l’âge et le sexe. Cependant, dans les deux échantillons, une forte association entre AG, OP, ou PC et la dépression a été observé indépendamment de l’âge et du sexe, ce qui suggère l’importance de la comorbidité globale entre ces problèmes. L’utilisation du DIA pour évaluer la perception des adolescents concernant leurs problèmes de santé mentale représente une contribution originale de cette étude. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l’évaluation clinique de la comorbidité devrait inclure l’information provenant de l’adolescent. / There is a lack of research on concurrent comorbidity between mental health problems and depression in youth aged 12-15 years based on adolescent-reports. The objective of this study is to assess the presence of this type of comorbidity and its variation across age and sex subgroups. Secondary analyses were conducted to examine the associations between four mental health problems (specific phobia (SPh), generalized anxiety (GAD), oppositional (ODD) and conduct disorders (CD) and depression, as well as interaction effects with age-groups (12-13 years; 14-15 years) and sex. Mental health problems were measured by the Dominic Interactive for Adolescents (DIA), a highly structured computerized self-report measure. Multivariate logistic regression models were built separately in clinical (n=141) and school (n=464) samples of French-speaking adolescents. There was a significant interaction effect in the clinical sample suggesting that girls were 3 times more likely to present comorbidity between SPh and depression compared to boys. Multivariate models revealed that for other patterns of comorbidity, there was no significant variation of comorbidity across age or sex subgroups. In both samples, global comorbidity was found for GAD, CD, or ODD and depression. Findings highlighted an important comorbidity between anxiety or disruptive problems and depression regardless of age and sex. Measuring the perception of these problems by adolescents aged 12-15 years using the DIA represents an original contribution. It suggests that clinical evaluation of comorbidity should take into account adolescent-reports.

<p>Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Att upptäcka och sätta in insatser för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett av barnhälsovårdens mål. Föräldrastödsmetoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa är en insats på folkhälsoområdet som lämpar sig väl för ett evidensbaserat förhållningssätt. Familjen är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att förebygga utvecklingen av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa effekten avmanualbaserade föräldrastödsmetoder för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn.Metod: Strukturerad litteraturstudie baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Studien inkluderar artiklar där föräldrastödsintervention med metoderna Active parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo utvärderas. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande effekter: a/ Förbättring för föräldrarna gällande förstärkning av föräldrarollen, psykisk hälsa och ökad tilltro till den egna förmågan i rollen som förälder, selfefficacy. b/ Barnens beteendeproblem förbättrades signifikant. c/ Påverkan på interaktionen mellan förälder och barn visade sig i form av en förbättrad relation.Slutsats: Resultatet från studien kan ligga till grund för att utveckladistriktssköterskans familjefokuserade arbete för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Föräldrastödsmetoderna Active Parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo resulterade i goda effekter för förstärkning av föräldrarollen, förbättring av föräldrars psykiska hälsa, förbättring av barns beteende samt förbättrad relation mellan förälder och barn.</p> / <p>Background: Mental health problems in childhood are an increasing problem for public health. A purpose for primary care in Sweden is to screen and prevent mental health problems for children. Parent training to prevent mental health problems is an intervention convenient for an evidence based attitude. The family is one of the most important factors to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate parent training based on manuals as prevention for mental health problems in childhood. Method: A structured literature study based on fifteen scientific articles was performed. The study included articles with evaluation of parent training intervention (Active Parenting, COPE, Komet and Marte Meo). Result: The result showed following categories a/ The parents improved considering the parent-role, the mental health and the self-efficacy. b/ The children significant improved considering behaviour problems. c/ The interaction between parent and child was improved.Conclusion: The results of the study could underlie the work for nurses in primary care to develop family-focused intervention to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Parent training resulted in good effects considering the parent-role and the mental health of the parents.The children improved considering behaviour problems and the relationship between parent and child was also improved.</p>

Objectives. The aim of this thesis was to study the prognosis, health care utilization and health situation in stroke patients, and informal caregiver burden during the first post-stroke year. Material and methods. 390 patients, 65 years or older, discharged from hospital after a stroke, were followed with repeated patient interviews, patient record and register data, and hospital staff and informal caregiver questionnaires. Results. Prognosis assessments performed by hospital staff at discharge regarding the course of events during the following year were highly accurate and were mainly influenced by the patient’s pre- and post-morbid state. The risk of dying or having a new stroke decreased rapidly during the early post-morbid phase. Health care utilization, in hospitals as well as in primary health care, and municipal social service support was considerably higher after the stroke than before, but the utilization of services was lower than previously reported. Health problem prevalence according to interview and record scrutiny was modest, peaked early after discharge and then declined. Support from informal caregivers increased significantly after discharge and remained high during the first post-stroke year. The support given was mainly determined by patient functional ability, distance to patient, relation to patient, municipal social service support provided, and patient sex. The informal caregivers reported considerable strain and burden, with significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression than the stroke patients. Moreover, there was a parallel between the patient’s and the caregiver’s situation regarding anxiety, emotional and social situation, and home, social and outdoor activities. Conclusion. Hospital staff prognosis assessments of patient outcomes during the next year were highly accurate. Risk of recurrence and mortality, and health problem prevalence was high in the early post-stroke period, and than declined. Health care utilization and municipality social support increased over time. Informal caregivers reported considerable strain and burden.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the moderator role of different types of social support (perceived vs. received) on the relationship between stress and health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and physical health) among the Turkish freshmen university students (with internal vs. external locus of control). In order to measure received social support, The Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) (Barrera, Sandler, &amp / Ramsay, 1981), was adapted into Turkish culture in Study 1 by using Middle East Technical University (METU) students from various departments. The sample of Study 2 consisted of 224 METU freshman students from several departments. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with perceived/received social support and stress (frequency, intensity, general) as independent variables and depression, anxiety, and general physical health problems as dependent variables for internal locus of control and external locus of control students separately. The findings suggested that for both internals and externals, stress intensity, stress frequency, and general stress predicted depression, anxiety, and general physical health problems for both perceived and received social support. Different patterns of relationships were found among perceived/received social support, stress (frequency, intensity, general), and the outcome variables (depression, anxiety, general physical health problems) for internal locus of control and external locus of control students. The findings and strengths as well as the limitations of the study were discussed.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Att upptäcka och sätta in insatser för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett av barnhälsovårdens mål. Föräldrastödsmetoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa är en insats på folkhälsoområdet som lämpar sig väl för ett evidensbaserat förhållningssätt. Familjen är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att förebygga utvecklingen av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa effekten avmanualbaserade föräldrastödsmetoder för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn.Metod: Strukturerad litteraturstudie baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Studien inkluderar artiklar där föräldrastödsintervention med metoderna Active parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo utvärderas. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande effekter: a/ Förbättring för föräldrarna gällande förstärkning av föräldrarollen, psykisk hälsa och ökad tilltro till den egna förmågan i rollen som förälder, selfefficacy. b/ Barnens beteendeproblem förbättrades signifikant. c/ Påverkan på interaktionen mellan förälder och barn visade sig i form av en förbättrad relation.Slutsats: Resultatet från studien kan ligga till grund för att utveckladistriktssköterskans familjefokuserade arbete för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Föräldrastödsmetoderna Active Parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo resulterade i goda effekter för förstärkning av föräldrarollen, förbättring av föräldrars psykiska hälsa, förbättring av barns beteende samt förbättrad relation mellan förälder och barn. / Background: Mental health problems in childhood are an increasing problem for public health. A purpose for primary care in Sweden is to screen and prevent mental health problems for children. Parent training to prevent mental health problems is an intervention convenient for an evidence based attitude. The family is one of the most important factors to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate parent training based on manuals as prevention for mental health problems in childhood. Method: A structured literature study based on fifteen scientific articles was performed. The study included articles with evaluation of parent training intervention (Active Parenting, COPE, Komet and Marte Meo). Result: The result showed following categories a/ The parents improved considering the parent-role, the mental health and the self-efficacy. b/ The children significant improved considering behaviour problems. c/ The interaction between parent and child was improved.Conclusion: The results of the study could underlie the work for nurses in primary care to develop family-focused intervention to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Parent training resulted in good effects considering the parent-role and the mental health of the parents.The children improved considering behaviour problems and the relationship between parent and child was also improved.

Thesis in Afrikaans with summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die doel van hlerdie ondersoek is om die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke oorsake van leermislukking met spesifieke verwysing na skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied te bepaal en om aanbevelings te doen hoe om leermislukking teen te werk. Leermislukking en druiping is onrusbarend hoog in skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied. Nadat die Ministerie van Onderwys die semi-outomatiese promoveringstelsel ingestel het, het druiping afgeneem maar leermislukking het toegeneem omdat leerders gepromoveer word sonder dat hulle sukses in die vorige graad behaal het. Volgens die literatuurstudie le die oorsake van leermislukking by die ouerhuis, die skool, die omgewing en in die leerder self. Die empiriese ondersoek toon ooreenkomste met die literatuurstudie wat betref die oorsake van leermislukking. Om die oorsake teen te werk - moet onderwysers beter opgelei word - moet die ouers meer bewus gemaak word van hulle rol in die leersukses van hulle kinders - is meer skoolgeboue en onderwysers nodig om kleiner klasse te bewerkstellig. / The purpose of this research is to establish the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of learning failure with specific reference to schools in the Windhoek municipal area and to make recommendations to counteract learning failure. Learning failure and grade failing are disconcertingly high in schools in the Windhoek municipal area. After the Ministry of Education implemented the semi-automatic promotion system, grade failing decreased, but learning failure increased because learners are promoted without achieving success in a prior grade. According to the literature study, the causes of learning failure are to be found in the home, the school, the environment, and the learner. Similarities regarding the causes of learning failure were found in the empirical investigation and the literature study. To counteract these causes • teachers should be better trained • parents should become more aware of their role in the learning success of their children • more school buildings and teachers are needed to limit class sizes.

Bakgrund: Personal inom ambulanssjukvård utsätts dagligen för stress och hög arbetsbe- lastning. Detta leder till ökad risk för hälsoproblem hos ambulanspersonal och riskerar att kunna påverka omvårdnaden.
 Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa ambulanspersonalens upplevelser av återhämt- ning mellan uppdragen.
 Deltagare: I studien medverkade tio anställda inom ambulanssjukvården vid två medel- stora städer i Sverige och närliggande glesbygd.
 Metod: Studien baserades på tio semistrukturerade intervjuer utförda december 2014. In- tervjuerna spelades in och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.
 Resultat: Fyra kategorier framkom: Förutsättningar för återhämtning, Omständigheter som ger återhämtning, Omständigheter som motverkar återhämtning och Konsekvenser av bristande återhämtning. Till de fyra kategorierna skapades 14 underkategorier. De fak- torer som bedömdes som viktigast för god återhämtning var dagtid måltider och social umgänge. Under nattetid har sömn beskrivits som mest elementärt. Det påpekades att det är svårt att planera för vila och återhämtning dels pga arbetsbelastningen, dels pga oviss- heten om arbetspassets fortskridande.
 Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att ambulanspersonal upplever att den viktigaste återhämtningen sker genom sömn, måltider och socialt umgänge. Förutsättningar för vila och återhämtning har en fundamental roll. Det som kan försämra återhämtning upplevs vara; brist på adekvat krishantering, kort tid för återhämtning samt dåligt kollegialt stöd, vilket kan leda till försämrad omvårdnad och risk för negativa hälsoeffekter. / Background: Ambulance personnel face daily stress and high workload. This leads to increased risk of health problems among ambulance personnel and risk to affect care. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the ambulance personnel experiences of recovery between missions. Participants: In the study contributed ten employees in prehospital care at two mid-sized cities in Sweden and surrounding rural areas. Method: The study was based on ten semi-structured interviews conducted in December 2014. The interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged: Prerequisites for recovery, Circumstances that provides recovery, Circumstances that impairs recovery and Consequences of lack of recovery. To the four categories 14 subcategories were created. The factors that were considered most important for good recovery is daytime, meals and social interaction. During nighttime sleep was described as the most elementary. It was pointed out that it is difficult to plan for rest and recovery, partly because the workload, partly because of uncertainty about the workshifts progression. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that ambulance personnel feel that the most important recovery occurs through sleep, meals and socializing. Prerequisites for rest and recovery has a fundamental role. What may limit the recovery is perceived to be; lack of adequate crisis management, short time for recovery and poor peer support. Which can lead to impaired care and risk of adverse health effects.