Suicide is among the major public health problems in Sweden and worldwide with social, emotional and financial consequences. Suicide is present in almost all age groups, and the elderly shows no exception of this trend. The research defines the elderly as those 65 years of age and older. Among the elderly, the risk factors to commit suicide mainly include health-related causes, but also other social issues, such as the severity of depression and hopelessness, lack of reasons for living, social isolation, loneliness and the occurrence of stressful life events. The current paper focuses on loneliness as a risk factor. Loneliness among older adults contributes to several health- related issues such as self-assessed poor health status, mental decline, anxiety, depression and suicide. Research has demonstrated that many of the elderly experience loneliness. Several different methods and models are used both within and outside the primary care to prevent elderly loneliness. To understand the processes of suicide risk the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide has been used. It explains the different factors and processes that happen within and around a person ́s life when being in suicidal risk. The theory focuses on loneliness and burdensomeness as two main factors that can lead to suicide. The research aims to understand and analyse how different staff members and the Swedish healthcare deal with loneliness as a risk factor among old people that have suicidal behaviour. The research also aims to find out how this risk of loneliness could be managed. A qualitative case study was implemented that included semi-structured interviews with personnel from Region Skåne. The selection of the interviewees followed both purposive sampling and snowball sampling. In addition, online documents and reports from Region Skåne ́s website were used to complete the interview material in order to implement triangulation and to increase validity. The collected data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that staff members at Region Skåne’s Psychiatry departments use several different methods to identify the risk of loneliness among the elderly. The most remarkable results to emerge from the data are the several ways of communication they use with the patients, the different team-works they establish, as well as the time invested into gaining competences about the risk of suicide. / Självmord är bland de största folkhälsoproblemen i Sverige och världen över och leder till sociala, emotionella och ekonomiska konsekvenser. Självmord finns i nästan alla åldersgrupper, och de äldre visar inget undantag från denna trend. Forskningen definierar de “äldre” som är 65 år gamla och äldre. Bland äldre inkluderar riskfaktorerna för att begå självmord, huvudsakligen av hälsorelaterade orsaker (såsom förekomst av fysisk sjukdom, funktionella begränsningar), men också andra sociala problem, tex allvarlig depression och hopplöshet, brist på skäl att leva, social isolering, ensamhet och förekomsten av stressande livshändelser. I den här uppsatsen är det fokus på ensamhet som en riskfaktor. Ensamhet bland äldre vuxna bidrar till flera hälsorelaterade frågor såsom självbedömd dålig hälsostatus, mental nedgång, ångest, depression och självmord. Forskning har visat att många av de äldre upplever ensamhet. Flera olika metoder och modeller användes både inom och utanför primärvården för att förhindra ensamhet bland äldre. För att förstå processen för självmordsrisk har den interpersonella teorin om självmord tillämpats. Den förklarar de olika faktorerna och processerna som händer inom och runt en äldre vuxens liv när de är i självmordsrisk. Teorin fokuserar på ensamhet och känslan att man är en börda för samhället, som två huvudfaktorer och som eventuellt kan leda till självmord. Forskningen syftar till att förstå och analysera hur olika anställda inom den svenska sjukvården och hur man i allmänhet hanterar ensamhet som en riskfaktor bland äldre som har självmordsbeteenden. Forskningen syftar också till att ta reda på hur denna risk för ensamhet kan hanteras. En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes och inkluderade semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal från Region Skåne. Urvalet av de intervjuade togs avsiktligt och med snöbollseffekt. Dessutom användes ett online dokument och rapporter från Region Skånes webbplats för att slutföra och komplettera intervjumaterialet för att öka validiteten. Den insamlade data analyserades med användning av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att anställda vid Region Skånes psykiatriska avdelningar använder flera olika metoder för att identifiera risken för ensamhet bland äldre. De mest anmärkningsvärda resultaten som framgår av uppgifterna är de olika kommunikationssätten de använder med patienterna, de olika teamarbeten som de skapar, samt den tid som investerats för att få kompetens om risken för självmord.

Introducción: Dentro de los factores que se asocian a la morbimortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias en niños, uno de los principales es la falta de búsqueda de atención por el sistema de salud. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre los factores asociados a ella. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas y la falta de búsqueda de atención en menores de 5 años con síntomas de Infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) según la ENDES 2019 en el Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal analítico, a partir de análisis secundario de la ENDES 2019. Se incluyeron a los cuidadores de pacientes menores de 5 años con síntomas de infecciones respiratorias agudas que hayan respondido a la encuesta antes mencionada. Resultados: 34.35% no buscaron atención en establecimientos de salud. La presencia de medicamentos en el hogar (RP=1.64, IC 95%: 1.37-1.97) y la edad del menor (RP=1.26, IC 95%: 1.17-1.35). En contraparte, los hogares que pertenecen al quintil más rico (RP=0.26, IC95%: 0.11- 0.55) y la edad del cuidador(a) (RP= 0.99; IC95%: 0.98 - 1.00) tuvieron una asociación negativa con la falta de atención. Conclusiones: La falta de búsqueda de atención es frecuente en la población peruana. El bajo nivel socioeconómico persisten como barrera para la atención en establecimientos. La automedicación podría explicar la disponibilidad de medicación en el hogar como factor de riesgo para no acudir a los establecimientos de salud. / Introduction: Among the factors that are associated with morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases in children, one of the main problems is the lack of care seeking by the health system. However, there is little information on the factors associated with it. Objective: To determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and the lack of seeking care in health facilities in children under 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection symptoms according to the 2019 Perú Demographic and Health Survey (ENDES 2019). Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional analytical study, based on the secondary analysis of ENDES 2019, which will include caregivers of patients under 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection symptoms who have responded to the survey. Results: 34.35% did not seek care in health facilities. The presence of medications in the home (RP=1.64, IC 95%: 1.37-1.97)and the age of the minor (RP=1.26, IC 95%: 1.17-1.35). On the other hand, be part of the richest quintile (RP=0.26, IC95%: 0.11- 0.55) and the age of the caregiver (RP= 0.99; IC95%: 0.98 - 1.00) had a negative association with the lack of care in health facilities. Conclusions: The lack of seeking care in health facilities is frequent in the Peruvian population. Lower wealth persists as a barrier to seek care in health facilities. Self-medication could explain the availability of medication at home as a risk factor for not going to health facilities. / Tesis

Cela fait près de 50 ans que les études criminologiques se penchent sur l’étude des violences conjugales. Au cours de ces décennies, de nombreuses avancées ont fait évoluer notre compréhension de ce phénomène : entre autres, les études féministes ont conduit à concevoir ces violences comme un problème social important. À travers cette perspective, les violences conjugales ne sont plus conçues comme un conflit entre deux partenaires, mais plutôt comme un moyen utilisé par un partenaire pour contrôler et dominer l’autre. L’arrivée relativement récente des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TICs) a grandement modifié l’expérience des femmes victimes de violences conjugales : plusieurs études montrent que les TICs sont utilisées en contexte de violence conjugale et de séparation. Alors que les violences conjugales ont été beaucoup documentées, force est de constater que très peu d’études sur le sujet intègrent les cyberviolences dans leurs analyses. Par conséquent, les cyberviolences, leurs impacts émotionnels perçus et les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide mobilisées par les femmes à l’ère du numérique sont encore relativement peu connus. Pour pallier ces limites, le présent mémoire explore les liens entre les violences conjugales traditionnelles et les cyberviolences perpétrées par un partenaire ou ex-partenaire intime. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont visés, soit de 1) documenter les expériences de violences conjugales traditionnelles et de cyberviolences auprès de femmes victimes de cyberviolences, 2) préciser les impacts psychologiques perçus, ainsi que les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide mobilisées par les femmes victimes de cyberviolences et 3) évaluer la contribution des violences perçues et des stratégies d’adaptation à la prédiction de la détresse psychologique. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 419 femmes âgées de 18 à 29 ans a rempli un questionnaire portant sur leurs expériences de cyberviolences perpétrées par un partenaire ou ex-partenaire intime dans les 12 mois précédant l’étude. Des analyses descriptives et des analyses de régression linéaire multiple ont été effectuées. Les résultats suggèrent que les violences conjugales et les cyberviolences conjugales sont cooccurrentes et que les cyberviolences ont un impact important sur la santé émotionnelle des femmes qui en sont victimes. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux attentes, les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide n’ont pas été associées à une diminution de la détresse psychologique perçue. Les résultats de ce mémoire font état de l’importance de poursuivre la recherche sur le phénomène des cyberviolences et particulièrement sur l’efficacité perçue à moyen et long termes des stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide. Aussi, considérant la cooccurrence des cyberviolences et des violences conjugales traditionnelles, il apparaît nécessaire de poursuivre les efforts de sensibilisation auprès des différents intervenants et intervenantes œuvrant auprès des victimes de violences conjugales sur les cyberviolences. Une meilleure connaissance de ce phénomène leur permettrait de promouvoir des stratégies efficaces auprès des victimes afin d’y faire face. / For almost half a century now, criminology studies have addressed the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV). Although many perspectives have contributed to the study of IPV, it was feminists who brought IPV into the social sphere. Indeed, feminists no longer refer to IPV as a dispute between two partners, but rather as a means of domination and control. The relatively recent creation of new technologies, such as smartphones and social media, are known to be used in context of IPV (Dimond et al., 2011; Marganski et Melander, 2018; Stanley et al., 2018; Woodlock, 2017). While we know a lot about IPV, it is surprising that very few studies include cyberviolence in their analysis. To date, we know very little about cyberviolence in intimate relationship, its emotional consequences and its specific coping and help-seeking strategies. In order to bring insight into this phenomenon, the present study explores the links between intimate partner violence and cyberviolence. Precisely, the study aims to (1) document the experiences of intimate partner violence and cyberviolences of women victim of cyberviolences, (2) define the perceived psychological consequences and coping strategies used by women victims of cyberviolences and (3) explore the incidence of violence and coping strategies on perceived psychological distress. To do so, a sample of 419 women aged 18 to 29 completed an online questionnaire on their experiences of cyberviolence in their intimate relationship in the past 12 months. Descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis have been conducted. The results suggest a co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and cyberviolence. Cyberviolence also have a significant impact on women’s emotional well-being. Surprisingly, none of the coping or help-seeking strategies were associated with a reduction in perceived psychological distress. The results of this study highlight the importance of studying medium- and long-term effectiveness of coping and help-seeking strategies in the context of cyberviolence. Moreover, considering the co-occurrence of cyberviolence and IPV, it seems relevant to raise awareness about cyberviolence among social workers working with victims of IPV. A better understanding of cyberviolence could help promote effective coping strategies among victims.

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Denna studie har två övergripande syften. Det första är att undersöka om gymnasieelever tror att de kan påverka sin matematiska intelligens eller inte. Det andra syftet är att undersöka hur gymnasieelevers hjälpsökande beteende ser ut och vilka faktorer som påverkar dessa beteenden. Data samlades in via enkäter på i en skola i Norrbotten, totalt besvarade 250 gymnasieelever enkäten. Resultatet från undersökningen visade att gymnasieeleverna generellt hade en mer dynamisk än statisk syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att andelen gymnasieelever som hade ett undvikande hjälpsökande beteende var 21.6 % samt att få gymnasieelever sökte hjälp publikt medan merparten av gymnasieeleverna sökte hjälp privat, dock i olika hög grad. Slutligen visade resultatet att gymnasieelevernas undvikande hjälpsökande beteende påverkades av deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum av klasskamrater och utav deras syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att gymnasieelevernas publika hjälpsökande beteende korrelerade med deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum utav klasskamrater. / This study has two overall aims. The first is to investigate whether high school students believe that they can influence their mathematical intelligence or not. The second aim is to investigate high school students' help-seeking behaviour and which factors influence these behaviours. Data was collected via questionnaires at a school in Norrbotten, a total of 250 high school students answered the questionnaire. The results of the survey showed that the high school students generally had a more dynamic than static view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the percentage of high school students who had an avoidant helpseeking behaviour was 21.6% and that few high school students sought help publicly, while most high school students sought help privately, although to varying degrees. Finally, the results showed that high school students' avoidant help-seeking behaviour was influenced by their fear of being perceived as dumb by classmates and by their view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the high school students' public helpseeking behaviour correlated with their fear of being perceived as dumb by their classmates.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate women’s experiences with psychological violence in intimate partner relationships in order to understand how they view their situation based on interactions with their environment and authority representatives. By highlighting this subject, the ambition was to expand knowledge to professionals who meet women in the targeted group, due to knowledge gaps and lack of awareness among professionals regarding how psychological violence affects women. A qualitative approach was used by reading seven autobiographies by women with experience with psychological violence to capture the women’s subjective experiences. The results were analyzed through content analysis which means that common themes were selected from each autobiography by a reading schedule to form a coding scheme. The results showed that the women were exposed to psychological violence in the form of controlling behaviors, isolation and the violence was alternated with warmth and love. The women share experiences regarding the expression and consequences of the psychological violence, while they share differences about interactions with the environment and authorities that contain both positive and negative experiences. The environment was shown to be vital for the woman's opportunities to leave the violent relationship. However, dilemmas may arise for friends and family to help the woman because they may feel codependent, which results in them feeling hopeless. This concludes that professionals and the women’s environment need more knowledge regarding how psychological violence manifests itself, its consequences and how the women normalizes the violence in order to understand the women’s conditions and help them break free from factors that are maintaining the violence. KEY WORDS: psychological abuse, intimate partner violence, effects on mental health, help seeking, men’s violence against women, professional approach

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This research was stimulated by an indication that members of the Africa Gospel Church do not utilise professional health care services optimally, probably due to religious reasons. This may also be the result of registered nurses’ inability to render culture congruent care. To render culture congruent care, nurses require knowledge of the belief system and the health seeking behaviours of the church members. The qualitative research investigated the religious beliefs and health seeking behaviours of members of the Africa Gospel Church in Francistown, Botswana. An exploratory ethnonursing research method was applied. Semi-structured interviews were held with two purposively selected samples. Qualitative data analysis was done using computer software to reduce data and interpret the research results. The study indicated that members utilise the Church structure for health care purposes and seek health care mainly from priests and prophets. / Advanced Nursing Sciences / M.A. (Nursing Science)