This study aimed to document the extent of domestic violence among a community sample of women of South Asian origin in the United States, and to investigate sociocultural factors associated with domestic violence in this population. It also investigated the extent of informal and formal help-seeking among women of South Asian origin who are victims of domestic violence and sociocultural factors associated with their help-seeking. The sociocultural factors of isolation (measured by ties with family, friends, and social and cultural groups, as well as ties with spouse/partner), perceived social support, acculturation, and patriarchy were used to predict abuse and help-seeking. Both paper and Web surveys were used to collect data from a cross section of South Asian women residing in the United States of America. In total, 215 cases were included in the multivariate analyses. Most women in the sample were highly educated. Based on the Conflict Tactics Scale -2, results indicated that 38% of the sample experienced psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or injury from abuse in the past year. Psychological abuse was by far the most prevalent form of abuse (52%), but 48% of the women who were abused experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, or injury. Isolation, as measured by ties with spouse/partner, and perceived social support predicted both abuse and help-seeking. Isolation, as measured by ties with family, friends, and social and cultural groups, also predicted help-seeking. Of the women who reported seeking help, the use of informal help sources (e.g., family, friends) was more prevalent than the use of formal resources (e.g., doctors, counselors, battered women’s shelters). The study contributes to the research by providing empirical data on the extent of abuse and help-seeking behaviors of women of South Asian origin in the United States. Among the study’s practice and policy implications for preventing domestic violence is a need to reach out to South Asian women in the community to insure that they are not isolated and know that support is available. The study also suggests that outreach to men is necessary in order to improve relationships with their spouses/partners that may lead to reduced abuse. The information will contribute to designing culturally appropriate interventions to prevent domestic violence and help South Asian women victimized by domestic violence. / text

Although reasons for avoiding help, goal orientation, and social efficacy have been examined in the context of social adaptive help seeking, researchers have not pursued how these constructs influence computer adaptive help seeking. The three studies in this dissertation addressed both social and computer adaptive help seeking. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if reasons for avoiding help seeking, personal goal orientation, or social efficacy predict social and computer adaptive help seeking for students enrolled in computer-based, developmental mathematics courses in community college settings. The purpose of the first study was to determine if students differentiate among three help-seeking sources: (a) formal, (b) informal, and (c) computer. Study 1 revealed that this population considered two different sources of help: social and computer help. These results were used to formulate the following questions for Study 2 and Study 3: 1. Do reasons for avoidance of help predict social or computer adaptive help seeking? 2. Does personal goal orientation predict social or computer adaptive help seeking? 3. Does social efficacy predict social or computer adaptive help seeking? Study 2 revealed that ability concerns negatively predict social adaptive help seeking and that mastery goal orientations positively predict both social and computer adaptive help seeking. Study 3 revealed that ability concerns negatively predict social adaptive help seeking and that mastery goal orientations and social efficacy for peers positively predict social adaptive help seeking. Additionally, ability concerns negatively predict computer adaptive help seeking, and mastery goal orientations positively predict computer adaptive help seeking. The finding that students who adopt a mastery-goal orientation use both social and computer means to adaptive help seek was not surprising. The finding that students who have ability concerns do not tend to social adaptive help seek is also consistent with previous research. However, the most important conclusion from Study 3 is that students who have ability concerns do not computer adaptive help seek, regardless of the anonymity provided by the computer. More research is needed in this field to examine why students with ability concerns tend to avoid help seeking altogether. / text

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Mental illness is not only the leading cause of disability among adults, but there is also an emerging public health crisis in childhood mental illness. A majority of parents do not recognize symptoms of psychological disorder in their children, and current policies and programs for mental health service delivery are not sufficiently responsive to the early help-seeking dynamics of families. Using a concurrent mixed methods design, this study explored how parents in the Pikes Peak region of Colorado learned to recognize their child's mental illness. Phenomenological interviews, augmented by poetic inquiry and quantitative measurements, were used to discover factors that inhibited or enhanced five mothers' recognitions. These factors were then evaluated using a frequency distribution analysis and a rank-order correlation. The phenomenon of recognition was, for these mothers, a process of waiting to hear that â??normalâ?? had stopped, wherein they miscategorized symptoms as normal behaviors in a passing developmental phase. Prior experience with mental illness appeared to significantly decrease both the length of time and the level of distress necessary for recognition. Ultimately, recognition did not occur until someone in their social network validated their concerns and provided explicit confirmation, which galvanized them to seek treatment. Governance network collaborations can facilitate positive social change by standardizing guidance on how to differentiate symptoms of a disorder from normal childhood development. Public policies and programs such as universal mental health screening, mental health literacy, and more supportive and responsive school policies can foster dialogue for parental recognition in Colorado and throughout the country.

Suicide is among the major public health problems in Sweden and worldwide with social, emotional and financial consequences. Suicide is present in almost all age groups, and the elderly shows no exception of this trend. The research defines the elderly as those 65 years of age and older. Among the elderly, the risk factors to commit suicide mainly include health-related causes, but also other social issues, such as the severity of depression and hopelessness, lack of reasons for living, social isolation, loneliness and the occurrence of stressful life events. The current paper focuses on loneliness as a risk factor. Loneliness among older adults contributes to several health- related issues such as self-assessed poor health status, mental decline, anxiety, depression and suicide. Research has demonstrated that many of the elderly experience loneliness. Several different methods and models are used both within and outside the primary care to prevent elderly loneliness. To understand the processes of suicide risk the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide has been used. It explains the different factors and processes that happen within and around a person ́s life when being in suicidal risk. The theory focuses on loneliness and burdensomeness as two main factors that can lead to suicide. The research aims to understand and analyse how different staff members and the Swedish healthcare deal with loneliness as a risk factor among old people that have suicidal behaviour. The research also aims to find out how this risk of loneliness could be managed. A qualitative case study was implemented that included semi-structured interviews with personnel from Region Skåne. The selection of the interviewees followed both purposive sampling and snowball sampling. In addition, online documents and reports from Region Skåne ́s website were used to complete the interview material in order to implement triangulation and to increase validity. The collected data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that staff members at Region Skåne’s Psychiatry departments use several different methods to identify the risk of loneliness among the elderly. The most remarkable results to emerge from the data are the several ways of communication they use with the patients, the different team-works they establish, as well as the time invested into gaining competences about the risk of suicide. / Självmord är bland de största folkhälsoproblemen i Sverige och världen över och leder till sociala, emotionella och ekonomiska konsekvenser. Självmord finns i nästan alla åldersgrupper, och de äldre visar inget undantag från denna trend. Forskningen definierar de “äldre” som är 65 år gamla och äldre. Bland äldre inkluderar riskfaktorerna för att begå självmord, huvudsakligen av hälsorelaterade orsaker (såsom förekomst av fysisk sjukdom, funktionella begränsningar), men också andra sociala problem, tex allvarlig depression och hopplöshet, brist på skäl att leva, social isolering, ensamhet och förekomsten av stressande livshändelser. I den här uppsatsen är det fokus på ensamhet som en riskfaktor. Ensamhet bland äldre vuxna bidrar till flera hälsorelaterade frågor såsom självbedömd dålig hälsostatus, mental nedgång, ångest, depression och självmord. Forskning har visat att många av de äldre upplever ensamhet. Flera olika metoder och modeller användes både inom och utanför primärvården för att förhindra ensamhet bland äldre. För att förstå processen för självmordsrisk har den interpersonella teorin om självmord tillämpats. Den förklarar de olika faktorerna och processerna som händer inom och runt en äldre vuxens liv när de är i självmordsrisk. Teorin fokuserar på ensamhet och känslan att man är en börda för samhället, som två huvudfaktorer och som eventuellt kan leda till självmord. Forskningen syftar till att förstå och analysera hur olika anställda inom den svenska sjukvården och hur man i allmänhet hanterar ensamhet som en riskfaktor bland äldre som har självmordsbeteenden. Forskningen syftar också till att ta reda på hur denna risk för ensamhet kan hanteras. En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes och inkluderade semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal från Region Skåne. Urvalet av de intervjuade togs avsiktligt och med snöbollseffekt. Dessutom användes ett online dokument och rapporter från Region Skånes webbplats för att slutföra och komplettera intervjumaterialet för att öka validiteten. Den insamlade data analyserades med användning av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att anställda vid Region Skånes psykiatriska avdelningar använder flera olika metoder för att identifiera risken för ensamhet bland äldre. De mest anmärkningsvärda resultaten som framgår av uppgifterna är de olika kommunikationssätten de använder med patienterna, de olika teamarbeten som de skapar, samt den tid som investerats för att få kompetens om risken för självmord.

Introducción: Dentro de los factores que se asocian a la morbimortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias en niños, uno de los principales es la falta de búsqueda de atención por el sistema de salud. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre los factores asociados a ella. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas y la falta de búsqueda de atención en menores de 5 años con síntomas de Infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) según la ENDES 2019 en el Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal analítico, a partir de análisis secundario de la ENDES 2019. Se incluyeron a los cuidadores de pacientes menores de 5 años con síntomas de infecciones respiratorias agudas que hayan respondido a la encuesta antes mencionada. Resultados: 34.35% no buscaron atención en establecimientos de salud. La presencia de medicamentos en el hogar (RP=1.64, IC 95%: 1.37-1.97) y la edad del menor (RP=1.26, IC 95%: 1.17-1.35). En contraparte, los hogares que pertenecen al quintil más rico (RP=0.26, IC95%: 0.11- 0.55) y la edad del cuidador(a) (RP= 0.99; IC95%: 0.98 - 1.00) tuvieron una asociación negativa con la falta de atención. Conclusiones: La falta de búsqueda de atención es frecuente en la población peruana. El bajo nivel socioeconómico persisten como barrera para la atención en establecimientos. La automedicación podría explicar la disponibilidad de medicación en el hogar como factor de riesgo para no acudir a los establecimientos de salud. / Introduction: Among the factors that are associated with morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases in children, one of the main problems is the lack of care seeking by the health system. However, there is little information on the factors associated with it. Objective: To determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and the lack of seeking care in health facilities in children under 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection symptoms according to the 2019 Perú Demographic and Health Survey (ENDES 2019). Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional analytical study, based on the secondary analysis of ENDES 2019, which will include caregivers of patients under 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection symptoms who have responded to the survey. Results: 34.35% did not seek care in health facilities. The presence of medications in the home (RP=1.64, IC 95%: 1.37-1.97)and the age of the minor (RP=1.26, IC 95%: 1.17-1.35). On the other hand, be part of the richest quintile (RP=0.26, IC95%: 0.11- 0.55) and the age of the caregiver (RP= 0.99; IC95%: 0.98 - 1.00) had a negative association with the lack of care in health facilities. Conclusions: The lack of seeking care in health facilities is frequent in the Peruvian population. Lower wealth persists as a barrier to seek care in health facilities. Self-medication could explain the availability of medication at home as a risk factor for not going to health facilities. / Tesis

Cela fait près de 50 ans que les études criminologiques se penchent sur l’étude des violences conjugales. Au cours de ces décennies, de nombreuses avancées ont fait évoluer notre compréhension de ce phénomène : entre autres, les études féministes ont conduit à concevoir ces violences comme un problème social important. À travers cette perspective, les violences conjugales ne sont plus conçues comme un conflit entre deux partenaires, mais plutôt comme un moyen utilisé par un partenaire pour contrôler et dominer l’autre. L’arrivée relativement récente des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TICs) a grandement modifié l’expérience des femmes victimes de violences conjugales : plusieurs études montrent que les TICs sont utilisées en contexte de violence conjugale et de séparation. Alors que les violences conjugales ont été beaucoup documentées, force est de constater que très peu d’études sur le sujet intègrent les cyberviolences dans leurs analyses. Par conséquent, les cyberviolences, leurs impacts émotionnels perçus et les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide mobilisées par les femmes à l’ère du numérique sont encore relativement peu connus. Pour pallier ces limites, le présent mémoire explore les liens entre les violences conjugales traditionnelles et les cyberviolences perpétrées par un partenaire ou ex-partenaire intime. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont visés, soit de 1) documenter les expériences de violences conjugales traditionnelles et de cyberviolences auprès de femmes victimes de cyberviolences, 2) préciser les impacts psychologiques perçus, ainsi que les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide mobilisées par les femmes victimes de cyberviolences et 3) évaluer la contribution des violences perçues et des stratégies d’adaptation à la prédiction de la détresse psychologique. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 419 femmes âgées de 18 à 29 ans a rempli un questionnaire portant sur leurs expériences de cyberviolences perpétrées par un partenaire ou ex-partenaire intime dans les 12 mois précédant l’étude. Des analyses descriptives et des analyses de régression linéaire multiple ont été effectuées. Les résultats suggèrent que les violences conjugales et les cyberviolences conjugales sont cooccurrentes et que les cyberviolences ont un impact important sur la santé émotionnelle des femmes qui en sont victimes. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux attentes, les stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide n’ont pas été associées à une diminution de la détresse psychologique perçue. Les résultats de ce mémoire font état de l’importance de poursuivre la recherche sur le phénomène des cyberviolences et particulièrement sur l’efficacité perçue à moyen et long termes des stratégies d’adaptation et de recherche d’aide. Aussi, considérant la cooccurrence des cyberviolences et des violences conjugales traditionnelles, il apparaît nécessaire de poursuivre les efforts de sensibilisation auprès des différents intervenants et intervenantes œuvrant auprès des victimes de violences conjugales sur les cyberviolences. Une meilleure connaissance de ce phénomène leur permettrait de promouvoir des stratégies efficaces auprès des victimes afin d’y faire face. / For almost half a century now, criminology studies have addressed the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV). Although many perspectives have contributed to the study of IPV, it was feminists who brought IPV into the social sphere. Indeed, feminists no longer refer to IPV as a dispute between two partners, but rather as a means of domination and control. The relatively recent creation of new technologies, such as smartphones and social media, are known to be used in context of IPV (Dimond et al., 2011; Marganski et Melander, 2018; Stanley et al., 2018; Woodlock, 2017). While we know a lot about IPV, it is surprising that very few studies include cyberviolence in their analysis. To date, we know very little about cyberviolence in intimate relationship, its emotional consequences and its specific coping and help-seeking strategies. In order to bring insight into this phenomenon, the present study explores the links between intimate partner violence and cyberviolence. Precisely, the study aims to (1) document the experiences of intimate partner violence and cyberviolences of women victim of cyberviolences, (2) define the perceived psychological consequences and coping strategies used by women victims of cyberviolences and (3) explore the incidence of violence and coping strategies on perceived psychological distress. To do so, a sample of 419 women aged 18 to 29 completed an online questionnaire on their experiences of cyberviolence in their intimate relationship in the past 12 months. Descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis have been conducted. The results suggest a co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and cyberviolence. Cyberviolence also have a significant impact on women’s emotional well-being. Surprisingly, none of the coping or help-seeking strategies were associated with a reduction in perceived psychological distress. The results of this study highlight the importance of studying medium- and long-term effectiveness of coping and help-seeking strategies in the context of cyberviolence. Moreover, considering the co-occurrence of cyberviolence and IPV, it seems relevant to raise awareness about cyberviolence among social workers working with victims of IPV. A better understanding of cyberviolence could help promote effective coping strategies among victims.

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Denna studie har två övergripande syften. Det första är att undersöka om gymnasieelever tror att de kan påverka sin matematiska intelligens eller inte. Det andra syftet är att undersöka hur gymnasieelevers hjälpsökande beteende ser ut och vilka faktorer som påverkar dessa beteenden. Data samlades in via enkäter på i en skola i Norrbotten, totalt besvarade 250 gymnasieelever enkäten. Resultatet från undersökningen visade att gymnasieeleverna generellt hade en mer dynamisk än statisk syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att andelen gymnasieelever som hade ett undvikande hjälpsökande beteende var 21.6 % samt att få gymnasieelever sökte hjälp publikt medan merparten av gymnasieeleverna sökte hjälp privat, dock i olika hög grad. Slutligen visade resultatet att gymnasieelevernas undvikande hjälpsökande beteende påverkades av deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum av klasskamrater och utav deras syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att gymnasieelevernas publika hjälpsökande beteende korrelerade med deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum utav klasskamrater. / This study has two overall aims. The first is to investigate whether high school students believe that they can influence their mathematical intelligence or not. The second aim is to investigate high school students' help-seeking behaviour and which factors influence these behaviours. Data was collected via questionnaires at a school in Norrbotten, a total of 250 high school students answered the questionnaire. The results of the survey showed that the high school students generally had a more dynamic than static view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the percentage of high school students who had an avoidant helpseeking behaviour was 21.6% and that few high school students sought help publicly, while most high school students sought help privately, although to varying degrees. Finally, the results showed that high school students' avoidant help-seeking behaviour was influenced by their fear of being perceived as dumb by classmates and by their view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the high school students' public helpseeking behaviour correlated with their fear of being perceived as dumb by their classmates.

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