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Denna studie har två övergripande syften. Det första är att undersöka om gymnasieelever tror att de kan påverka sin matematiska intelligens eller inte. Det andra syftet är att undersöka hur gymnasieelevers hjälpsökande beteende ser ut och vilka faktorer som påverkar dessa beteenden. Data samlades in via enkäter på i en skola i Norrbotten, totalt besvarade 250 gymnasieelever enkäten. Resultatet från undersökningen visade att gymnasieeleverna generellt hade en mer dynamisk än statisk syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att andelen gymnasieelever som hade ett undvikande hjälpsökande beteende var 21.6 % samt att få gymnasieelever sökte hjälp publikt medan merparten av gymnasieeleverna sökte hjälp privat, dock i olika hög grad. Slutligen visade resultatet att gymnasieelevernas undvikande hjälpsökande beteende påverkades av deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum av klasskamrater och utav deras syn på sin egen matematiska intelligens. Resultatet visade även att gymnasieelevernas publika hjälpsökande beteende korrelerade med deras rädsla att uppfattas som dum utav klasskamrater. / This study has two overall aims. The first is to investigate whether high school students believe that they can influence their mathematical intelligence or not. The second aim is to investigate high school students' help-seeking behaviour and which factors influence these behaviours. Data was collected via questionnaires at a school in Norrbotten, a total of 250 high school students answered the questionnaire. The results of the survey showed that the high school students generally had a more dynamic than static view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the percentage of high school students who had an avoidant helpseeking behaviour was 21.6% and that few high school students sought help publicly, while most high school students sought help privately, although to varying degrees. Finally, the results showed that high school students' avoidant help-seeking behaviour was influenced by their fear of being perceived as dumb by classmates and by their view of their own mathematical intelligence. The results also showed that the high school students' public helpseeking behaviour correlated with their fear of being perceived as dumb by their classmates.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate women’s experiences with psychological violence in intimate partner relationships in order to understand how they view their situation based on interactions with their environment and authority representatives. By highlighting this subject, the ambition was to expand knowledge to professionals who meet women in the targeted group, due to knowledge gaps and lack of awareness among professionals regarding how psychological violence affects women. A qualitative approach was used by reading seven autobiographies by women with experience with psychological violence to capture the women’s subjective experiences. The results were analyzed through content analysis which means that common themes were selected from each autobiography by a reading schedule to form a coding scheme. The results showed that the women were exposed to psychological violence in the form of controlling behaviors, isolation and the violence was alternated with warmth and love. The women share experiences regarding the expression and consequences of the psychological violence, while they share differences about interactions with the environment and authorities that contain both positive and negative experiences. The environment was shown to be vital for the woman's opportunities to leave the violent relationship. However, dilemmas may arise for friends and family to help the woman because they may feel codependent, which results in them feeling hopeless. This concludes that professionals and the women’s environment need more knowledge regarding how psychological violence manifests itself, its consequences and how the women normalizes the violence in order to understand the women’s conditions and help them break free from factors that are maintaining the violence. KEY WORDS: psychological abuse, intimate partner violence, effects on mental health, help seeking, men’s violence against women, professional approach

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This research was stimulated by an indication that members of the Africa Gospel Church do not utilise professional health care services optimally, probably due to religious reasons. This may also be the result of registered nurses’ inability to render culture congruent care. To render culture congruent care, nurses require knowledge of the belief system and the health seeking behaviours of the church members. The qualitative research investigated the religious beliefs and health seeking behaviours of members of the Africa Gospel Church in Francistown, Botswana. An exploratory ethnonursing research method was applied. Semi-structured interviews were held with two purposively selected samples. Qualitative data analysis was done using computer software to reduce data and interpret the research results. The study indicated that members utilise the Church structure for health care purposes and seek health care mainly from priests and prophets. / Advanced Nursing Sciences / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Mental health in the United States is a rising concern. More concerning still is the growing number of children and adolescents with serious depression and other mental health disorders (SAMHSA, 2009; Merikangas et al., 2010). Despite a growing list of proven and best-practice prevention and intervention initiatives that have been made available to children and adolescents, 80 percent of children and adolescents with a diagnosable mental health disorder will not receive services for their associated mental health concerns (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999; Cummings 2014). Children and adolescents with mental health disorders are faced with an ever-increasing list of barriers that prevent them from accessing much needed mental health services. At a particular disadvantage are Black adolescents, who are even less likely than their non-minority peers to have access to or receive services for mental health concerns (Lindsey, Chambers, Pohle, Beall, & Lucksted, 2013). As result, this Q Methodology study was designed to understand the perspectives Black adolescents hold toward access to mental health care. The researcher first developed a naturalistic, 36-item Q Sample from participant responses to open-ended prompts designed to elicit distinct thoughts around perceptions of access to mental health care, including supports and barriers. Thirty Black adolescents sorted this 36-item Q sample in a forced distribution resembling a semi-normal curve ranging from “least like my perspective” (-4) to “most like my perspective” (+4) and also wrote explanations for why they sorted they ways they did. Subsequently, these 30 Q sorts were correlated and these correlations were factor analyzed, rotated, and extracted producing five factors. Based on an analysis of these five factors, or shared perspectives, they were named: Building My Own Barriers (Factor 1), I Don’t Talk About My Feelings! (Factor 2), I’m Looking For A Shift In My Perspective (Factor 3), Counseling When I Want It; Not Always From A Counselor (Factor 4), and Money Is The Least Of My Problems (Factor 5). These five factors represented distinct and diverse viewpoints toward the access to mental health counseling. A primary implication from this study was that school leaders and community leaders, educators, parents and caregivers, and policy-makers must find ways to decrease the barriers youth experience as they seek and attempt to participate in mental health counseling services, while working also to leverage the power of those things that support access.

Certaines personnes peuvent être stigmatisées quand elles présentent un attribut relié à une identité sociale qui est dénigrée dans un contexte particulier. Il existe plusieurs stéréotypes au sujet des personnes qui ont une perte d'audition. Le grand public associe souvent la perte d'audition à des comportements indésirables, au vieillissement et à une capacité intellectuelle réduite. Ces stéréotypes affectent négativement la participation des personnes ayant une perte auditive à diverses activités. Malgré les impacts évidents et importants que la stigmatisation a sur la participation sociale des personnes ayant une perte auditive et leur propension à recourir aux services de réadaptation, on constate une pénurie relative de recherche sur le stigmate lié à la perte d'audition. Ces dernières années, les chercheurs en sciences sociales ont fait de grands pas pour conceptualiser le stigmate selon la perspective des personnes qui sont la cible des attitudes nuisibles. La plupart de ces concepts peuvent s'appliquer au stigmate social lié à la perte d'audition. Le premier article de cette thèse tente de placer le stigmate lié à la perte d'audition dans un modèle de menace à l’identité induite par le stigmate (stigma-induced identity threat model). Ce chapitre explore comment les services pourraient être modifiés pour mieux soutenir les individus qui montrent des signes que leur identité personnelle est compromise à cause de leur perte d'audition. De façon générale, les buts de ce manuscrit sont a) de dresser un bref résumé de la question du stigmate lié à la perte d'audition ; b) de présenter un modèle spécifique de menace d'identité induite par le stigmate et d’incorporer des notions propres au stigmate lié à la perte d'audition à cette conceptualisation générale du stigmate et c) de réfléchir sur la pertinence de ce modèle pour la réadaptation audiologique. L'intention de la deuxième étude est de mieux comprendre comment le stigmate affecte les comportements de recherche d’aide des adultes ayant une perte d'audition acquise. Dix personnes ayant une perte d'audition, et appartenant à des groupes de soutien par les pairs ont participé à des entrevues semi-structurées audio-enregistrées. Les transcriptions de ces entrevues ont été analysées au moyen d’analyses thématiques. Les analyses ont indiqué que les répondants montre une plus grande propension à chercher de l'aide à la suite d’étapes charnières, où l’équilibre entre le stress négatif et l'énergie positive était rompu : a) un moment où le stress était de loin supérieur à l'énergie positive (première étape charnière) et b) un moment où l'énergie positive était de loin supérieure au stress négatif (deuxième étape charnière). On propose une série de représentations graphiques qui dépeignent comment les influences positives et négatives présentes dans l'environnement social et physique du répondant influencent la recherche d'aide. Le but de la troisième étude est d'identifier les facteurs qui amènent des individus à cacher ou révéler leur perte d'audition dans leur lieu de travail. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées en utilisant une technique d’élicitation par photographies pour susciter des informations liées à la révélation de la perte d'audition. Les thèmes dégagés des entrevues incluent : l'importance perçue de la situation, la perception du sentiment de contrôle, l'affiliation à la communauté, le fardeau de communication et la présence de problèmes connexes à la perte d'audition. Les résultats de cette étude offrent un aperçu du monde caché des travailleurs ayant une perte d'audition. Cette étude sert à documenter certaines stratégies que les travailleurs avec une perte d'audition utilisent pour contrôler leur identité professionnelle et, plus spécifiquement, comment certains gèrent le dévoilement de leur perte d'audition dans leur lieu de travail. Les résultats fournissent des informations utiles pour le développement de programmes d'intervention appropriés pour des travailleurs ayant une perte d'audition. / Individuals are stigmatized when they possess, or are thought to possess, an attribute or characteristic that conveys a social identity that is devalued in a particular social context. There are several stereotypes, or commonly held (often erroneous) beliefs about people who have hearing loss. The general public often associate people with hearing loss to undesirable behaviours, ageing, and reduced intellect. Stereotypes such as these negatively impact upon activities of daily living engaged in by people with hearing loss. In spite of the obvious and important impacts that stigma has on social participation and inclination to use rehabilitative strategies, there has been a relative dearth of research on the stigma associated with hearing loss. In recent years, researchers in the social sciences have made great strides to conceptualize “stigma” from the perspective of people who are the target of prejudicial attitudes. Most of these concepts are applicable to the social stigma associated with hearing loss. The first study presented in this dissertation attempts to position hearing loss stigma within a model of stigma-induced identity threat. Overall, the goals of this paper are to a) offer a brief summary of hearing loss stigma; b) present a specific stigma identity threat model and incorporate ideas about hearing loss stigma into this general conceptualization of stigma; and c) reflect on the appropriateness of this model for the domain of rehabilitative audiology. The intent of the second study was to better understand how stigma impacted upon the help-seeking activities of adults with an acquired hearing loss. Ten people who had hearing loss, and were members of peer-support groups participated in audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Thematic analyses of verbatim transcripts revealed that respondents experienced a heightened propensity to seek help following Critical Junctures, when negative stress and positive energy were out of balance: 1) a time when negative stress far outweighed positive energy (i.e., Critical Juncture One); and 2) a time when positive energy far outweighed negative stress (i.e., Critical juncture Two). A series of graphic representations are proposed that depict how positive and negative influences found in the respondent’s social and physical environment influenced help seeking. The purpose of the third study was to identify the factors that lead individuals to conceal or disclose their hearing loss in the workplace. We conducted semi-structured interviews using a photo-elicitation technique to aid in probing issues related to disclosure of hearing loss. Emergent themes included: Perceived importance of the situation, Perceived sense of control, Community affiliation, Burden of Communication and Coexisting issues related to hearing loss. This study serves to document some of the ways that workers with hearing loss manage their workplace identity, and more specifically, how some people manage revealing their hearing loss in workplace settings. The findings also inform the development of pertinent intervention programs for workers with hearing loss.

Objectius: determinar si la demora diagnòstica o terapèutica influeix en la supervivència o en l'estadi del càncer colorectal (CCR), identificar els factors que fan que es consulti al metge davant la presència de símptomes de CCR. Doble abordatge metodològic: revisió sistemàtica amb metaanàlisi i investigació qualitativa. Resultats: S'han identificat 40 publicacions sobre supervivència i 50 sobre estadi. S'exclogueren 14 i 13 estudis respectivament perquè utilitzaven mostres molt restrictives. Dels 26 de supervivència restants, a 20 no hi havia associació. El metaanàlisi de supervivència es va fer amb 8, RR: 0,92 (IC 95%: 0,87-0,97). Dels 38 estudis d'estadi, a 26 no hi havia associació. El metaanàlisi d'estadi es va fer amb 16, OR: 0,98 (IC 95%: 0,76-1,25). Quan s'examinaren colon i recte per separat, s'observaren associacions no significatives en sentit contrari. Els factors que fan que una persona amb símptomes de CCR consulti al metge estan relacionats amb el gènere. / Objetivos: Determinar si la demora diagnóstica o terapéutica influye en la supervivencia o en el estadio del cáncer colorectal (CCR) (objetivos 1 y 2), conocer la interpretación que las personas hacen ante los primeros síntomas de CCR, identificar los factores que desencadenan la consulta al médico y describir el proceso diagnóstico del CCR desde el punto de vista de las personas que lo padecen (objetivos 3, 4 y 5). Doble abordaje metodológico: revisió sistemàtica con metaanálisis (objetivos 1 y 2) y investigación cualitativa (objetivos 3, 4 y 5). Resultados: Se han identificado 40 publicaciones sobre demora y supervivencia y 50 sobre demora y estadio. Se han excluido 14 y 13 estudios por utilizar muestras excesivamente restringidas. De los 26 estudios de supervivencia restantes, en 20 no se observó asociación, en 4 la demora fue un factor protector de la supervivencia y en 2 un factor de riesgo. El metaanálisis de supervivència se pudo realizar con 8 estudios y se obtuvo un RR de 0,92 (IC 95%: 0,87-0,97). De los 38 estudios de estadio restantens, en 26 no se observó asociación, en 4 la demora fue un factor protector y en 7 un factor de riesgo. El metaanálisis de estadio se pudo hacer con 16 estudios y se obtuvo una OR de 0,98 (IC 95%: 0,76-1,25). Cuando se examinaron colon y recto por separado, se observaron asociaciones no significativas en sentido contrario. En definitiva, no parece existir asociación entre demora y supervivencia o demora y estadio en el CCR, pero es necesario estudiar más el tema considerando colon y recto por separado. Los primeros síntomas del CCR se atribuyen a procesos banales. El hecho de que la persona se encuentre bien hace que de poca importancia a los síntomas. Los factores que hacen que una persona con síntomas de CCR consulte al médico están relacionados con el género. Mientras que las mujeres cercanas son un desencadenante directo de consulta en los hombres, las mujeres no suelen mencionar su problema de salud a la familia hasta que no han consultado al médico. El tiempo de espera para la realización de una colonoscopia es vivido como largo.