German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses.

Bakgrund: Utifrån erfarenheter och teoretisk kunskap har sjuksköterskestudenter uppmärksammat hur stereotyper kring kön finns starkt närvarande i sjukvården. Vården är dominerad av kvinnor men styrs av maktstrukturer utifrån patriarkala hierarkier. Problem: Kan förutfattade meningar om vad som är manligt och kvinnligt bli ett hinder för personcentrerad vård? Förminskas patienten från att vara en individ till att bli en generalisering utifrån genusnormer? Kan sjukvården bortse från fördomsfulla vårdkulturer gällande könsstereotyper i mötet med patienten? Syfte: Att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor upplever att genus påverkar den personcentrerade vården. Metod: Examensarbetet är en empirisk intervjustudie som använder en kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys av obearbetat material. Urvalet består av sjuksköterskor inom svensk somatisk vård. Resultat: Vårdares och patienters kön har stark inverkan på vårdens utformning samtidigt som det florerar uppfattningar hos sjuksköterskor att en förutsättningslös attityd kan överbrygga könets betydelse. Slutsats: Genus måste belysas starkare, både i forskning och klinisk praxis då genus har en direkt och indirekt inverkan på den personcentrerade vårdens kvalitet. Sjukvården måste bli bättre på att medvetandegöra genus då rådande genusnormer ofta är osynliga och måste belysas kontinuerligt för att inte åter bli osynliga och genom detta orsaka diskriminering och vårdlidande. / Background: Experience and theoretical knowledge made nursing students aware that gender stereotypes are present in health care. Health care is dominated by women but controlled by patriarchal hierarchies. Problem: Can prejudice on masculinity and femininity hinder person-centered care? Is the patient being reduced from being an individual to becoming a generalization of gender norms? Is it possible for health care systems to ignore the impact of prejudiced gender cultures and still give patients qualitative treatment? Aim: To describe registered nurses experiences of how gender affects person-centered care. Method: An empirical interview study with a qualitative manifest content analysis of unprocessed data. The selection comprises registered nurses in Swedish somatic health care. Result: The gender of health care personnel and patients strongly affects the formation of health care relationships. Simultaneously there is preconception among nurses that an unbiased attitude can overlap the consequences of gender. Conclusion: Gender needs to be illuminated, in scientific research but also in practice. The health care system needs to develop its awareness of gender because prevailing gender norms are often invisible and need to be continuously illuminated in order to prevent gender bias, discrimination and care suffering.

<p>År 2003 utnämnde UNESCO årtiondet 2005-2014 till decenniet för utbildning i hållbar utveckling och även andra internationella och nationella beslut togs för att föra in utbildning för hållbar utveckling (Education for Sustainable Development) i skolans alla ämnen. ESD syftar till att eleven ska utveckla sin förmåga att kritiskt granska olika såväl ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska perspektiv samt kunna ta ställning till dessa genom ett aktivt deltagande i olika demokratiska processer för att stödja hållbar utveckling. Forskning på området har dock visat att integreringen i skolans alla ämnen inte har fungerat på det sätt det har varit avsett. Denna uppsats syftar till att ta reda på om ESD förekommer inom engelskaundervisningen på gymnasienivå (inom Skaraborgs län). Den försöker också att identifiera vilka hinder och möjligheter det kan finnas för att arbeta med ESD i engelska A/B. Detta har gjorts utifrån en teoretisk litteraturstudie och en semistrukturerad enkätundersökning. Frågeformulär skickades ut till alla engelskalärare på tre gymnasieskolor i länet. De viktigaste resultaten som framkom var att ett av de största hindren för att arbeta med ESD i engelska var bristande kännedom om både skolans uppdrag gällande ESD, men också om vad begreppet innebär innehållsmässigt och didaktiskt. Även litteraturen speglar fortfarande uppfattningen att ESD till största del handlar om miljöfrågor och det finns mycket få praktiska råd vad gäller ESD i språkundervisningen. Det framkom dock framförallt att det verkar finnas stora möjligheter för att föra in ESD i engelskaämnet, eftersom det finns både intresse och motivation för detta bland majoriteten av de tillfrågade lärarna.</p> / <p>In 2003 UNESCO proclaimed the years 2005-2014 as a global decade of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Likewise other resolutions stated that ESD should be integrated in all school subjects. ESD focuses on developing the students’ ability to critically examine different ecological, social and economical perspectives and to participate actively in democratic processes in order to support sustainable development. Nevertheless, research has shown that the integration of ESD into all subjects has not been accomplished successfully. This degree project aims at examining if ESD occurs in English language lessons at three Swedish upper secondary schools. It also attempts to identify which impediments and possibilities there might exist for working with ESD in English lessons. This has been done by a literary review and a semi-structured questionnaire. An inquiry form was sent to all English teachers at the schools mentioned above. The most important results derived from this study were: Firstly, one of the biggest obstacles for working with ESD in English lessons was insufficient knowledge about UNESCO’s and the Swedish Education System’s commission as well as insufficient knowledge about what the concept ESD implies, both on a content level and on a didactical level. Secondly, literature reflected the common misconception that ESD is primarily concerned with environmental issues and modern research did not provide much information about how to teach ESD within language lessons. Above all, though, the results showed that one very important condition for integrating ESD into English lessons is fulfilled, since the majority of the teachers involved in this study seemed to be motivated to do so.</p>

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Somatology, Durban University of Technology, 2014 / The beginning of the 20th century presented the Somatology profession with unprecedented challenges of acquiring a scientific base and achieving professionalisation. It is in this milieu that a few research studies were previously undertaken with regard to Somatology education however, none particularly focused in relation to areas that are preparing graduates for industry. The current study was a national study that explored the existing National Diploma offering through the lens of students, educators and members of the Durban University of Technology’s Advisory Board. In particular, it focused on developing broad guidelines to guide academics on what further content was required to be integrated into the current Somatology education. A triangulated approach using both quantitative and qualitative methods was used to guide the operationalisation of the research process. Five Universities of Technology participated in the study, viz. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Central University of Technology, Durban University of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology and the University of Johannesburg. Third year and B.Tech students were surveyed with regard to the current Somatology Programme and what further aspects needed to be integrated into it to better prepare graduates for industry. In addition, in-depth interviews were also held with ten academics, two from each University of Technology, to examine what they thought needed to be included in education to strengthen the current programme. The same was done through a focus group discussion with members of the Durban University of Technology Advisory Board. A programme analysis of current content being taught at the five Universities was also undertaken. The results reflected that although most of the samples were satisfied with the current educational programme, they still believed that gaps existed and that graduates were still not adequately prepared for industry. It was found that both students and educators saw the need for more therapies to be included in the training. Both educators and the Advisory Board sample also saw the need for a stronger emphasis to be placed on practical skill development. The Advisory Board sample also strongly articulated for training to occur in an industry context as opposed to the University based experiential setting. Using data from these multiple samples, a set of guidelines was developed and presented. These guidelines were based on what further therapies needed to be integrated into education. The Duke Integrative Medicines Wheel of Health was adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. It was also utilised to identify specific areas that needed to be interwoven into education to further strengthen graduates’ preparedness for industry.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rangelands in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world support livelihoods through their provision of multiple goods and services. Livestock production, for example, occurs in rangelands both as extensive ranching under freehold tenure and as collective ranching under communal tenure systems. However, the sustainability of rangelands is threatened and has been a major concern this century, leading to a variety of interventions. Holistic management (HM) is one such example, designed by its proponents as a panacea to halt degradation and, recently, climate change effects in the rangelands of Africa and beyond. HM has been implemented in the Hwange Communal Lands (HCLs) of Zimbabwe since 2010. In principle, the programme is aimed at restoring degraded watersheds and croplands through utilising properly managed livestock. To achieve this, two principles are promoted under HM, namely (i) holistic planned grazing (HPG) and (ii) animal impaction of crop fields. However, the effects of HM on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries currently are poorly understood. In order to address this lacuna, this study aimed to determine both the intended and unintended effects of a community-based land restoration programme called Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM) in the HCLs of Zimbabwe on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries through a conceptual framework that combined an actor-oriented livelihoods approach with concepts of everyday politics and resistance. This was done by exploring the impact of HLLM on the six types of farmers’ assets, adoption patterns, farmers’ reactions to the introduction of HLLM, and challenges preventing farmers from adopting HLLM. Case studies employing a qualitative and exploratory research design were undertaken in three communities that were selected purposively from a total of 18 communities in which the HLLM programme had been promoted by the Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in order to discover different perspectives on the effects of the programme on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries. The study employed qualitative Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, focus group discussions, participant observation, document analysis, and key informant and semi-structured interviews. These lines of enquiry enabled triangulation and cross-checking of information to enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings. The study showed that adoption levels were disappointingly low across all the study sites. Several challenges, including livestock diseases, predation, cultural stigma, labour constraints and witchcraft fears, were among the barriers explaining the low rate of adoption in the HCLs. The findings reveal that the farmers were concerned more with immediate problems, especially lack of water, than with land degradation, which is the primary focus of HLLM. Thus the farmers responded by complying, accommodating and covertly resisting the ACHM’s efforts to implement HLLM in order to suit their needs, using creative everyday politics and resistance. The study concludes that, although HLLM is required in such semi-arid environments, it is not sufficient to sustain rural livelihoods in its current state. While the main focus of HLLM is to improve the natural capital (i.e. restoring degraded watersheds), it should be complemented by and aligned with the farmers’ other development priorities, especially those relating to water / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Weiveld in die halfdor- en dor gebiede van die wêreld ondersteun menslike lewensbestaan deur die verskaffing van ’n verskeidenheid goedere en dienste. Veeproduksie, byvoorbeeld, kom in weivelde voor as beide ekstensiewe veldbeesboerdery onder grondbesit en kollektiewe veldbeesboerdery onder gemeenskaplike eiendomsreg. Die volhoubaarheid van weiveld word egter bedreig en het in hierdie eeu ’n groot bron van kommer geword, wat gelei het tot ’n verskeidenheid ingrypings. Holistiese bestuur (Holistic management (HM)) is een van hierdie en is deur sy voorstanders ontwerp as ’n wondermiddel om degradasie, en meer onlangs die effekte van klimaatsverandering op die weivelde van Afrika en verder, stop te sit. HM is reeds sedert 2010 in die Hwange gemeenskaplike gronde (HGG’e) in Zimbabwe geïmplementeer. In beginsel is die doel van die program om gedegradeerde waterskeidings en landerye te herstel deur gebruik te maak van behoorlik bestuurde vee. Om dit te bereik word twee beginsels onder HM bevorder, naamlik (i) holisties beplande weiding (holistic planned grazing (HPG)) en (ii) dier-impaksie van landerye (animal impaction of crop fields). Die effekte van HM op die lewensbestaan van sy begunstigdes word tans egter swak begryp. Om hierdie leemte aan te spreek, was die doel van hierdie studie om die bedoelde en onbedoelde gevolge van ’n gemeenskapsgebaseerde grondherstelprogram (Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM)) in die HGG’e van Zimbabwe op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te bepaal deur middel van ’n konseptuele raamwerk wat ’n akteur-georiënteerde lewensbestaansbenadering met konsepte van alledaagse politiek en weerstand gekombineer het. Dít is gedoen deur die impak van HLLM op ses soorte van bates wat boere het, hulle aannemingspatrone, boere se reaksies op die invoering van HLLM, en uitdagings wat verhoed het dat boere HLLM aanneem, te ondersoek. Gevallestudies met gebruik van ’n kwalitatiewe en verkennende navorsingsontwerp is in drie gemeenskappe onderneem wat doelbewus uit ’n totaal van 18 gemeenskappe waarin die HLLM-program deur die Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) bevorder word, geselekteer is om verskillende perspektiewe van die effekte van die program op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te ontdek. Die studie het kwalitatiewe Deelnemende Landelike Takseringsgereedskap (Participatory Rural Appraisal), fokusgroepbesprekings, deelnemerwaarneming, dokument analise en sleutel-informant en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gebruik. Hierdie ondersoeklyne het triangulasie en kruiskontrole van die inligting moontlik gemaak, wat die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die navorsingsbevindings verhoog het. Die studie toon dat aannemingsvlakke teleurstellend laag was in al die studieliggings. Verskeie uitdagings, insluitend veesiektes, predasie, kulturele stigma, arbeidsbeperkings en vrese vir heksery was onder die hindernisse wat die lae aannemingstempo in die HGG’e verklaar. Die bevindinge wys dat die boere meer besorgd was oor onmiddellike probleme, veral die tekort aan water, as oor grondagteruitgang, wat die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is. Die boere het dus gereageer deur instemming, aanpassing en onderlangse weerstandbieding tot die ACHM se pogings om HLLM te implementeer om sodoende hulle eie behoeftes te pas deur kreatiewe alledaagse politiek en weerstand te gebruik. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hoewel HLLM in sulke halfdor omgewings nodig is, dit nie in sy huidige staat voldoende is om landelike lewensbestaan te onderhou nie. Hoewel die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is om die natuurlike kapitaal te verbeter (m.a.w. deur gedegradeerde waterskeidings te herstel), moet hierdie rol gekomplementeer word deur en belyn word met die boere se ander ontwikkelingsprioriteite, veral dié wat verband hou met water.

Le plancton constitue l’essentiel de la biomasse pélagique et est un acteur majeur des cycles biogéochimiques globaux qui régulent le système Terre. Il comprend l'ensemble des organismes portés par les courants, des bactéries aux méduses géantes. La communauté n'est que très rarement étudiée dans son ensemble mais plutôt par fraction. L’expédition Tara Oceans constitue le premier effort de collecte simultané de toutes les classes de taille de plancton à l’échelle de l’océan global. Pour démontrer la faisabilité de cette approche à grande échelle, des échantillons hebdomadaires de plancton, depuis les bactéries jusqu’au macroplancton gélatineux, ont d’abord été analysés en combinant plusieurs instruments d’imagerie sur une période de 10 mois, en un site de référence (point B) dans la rade de Villefranche sur mer. L’imagerie nous a permis de comparer 1) l’information fonctionnelle définie comme l’agrégation de taxons en 18 Groupes Ecologiques de Plancton (GEP), et 2) la structure en taille des communautés échantillonnées sur un intervalle de taille de 6 ordres de grandeur (0.1 µm à 10000 µm). La communauté planctonique au point B évolue en une succession écologique complexe impliquant tous les groupes planctoniques, depuis les bactéries jusqu’aux prédateurs gélatineux du macroplancton. Des évènements impulsifs, tels que des coups de vent, déclenchent des réorganisations de la communauté par un jeu d’interactions entre des contrôles « bottom-up » et « top-down ». Toutefois, le biovolume planctonique total ne varie que d’un seul ordre de grandeur au cours de la période échantillonnée. De même, la structure en taille des communautés planctoniques totales ne varie pas significativement au cours du temps. La stabilité du biovolume total et de la structure en taille suggère que des mécanismes structurant et de compensation forts maintiennent les communautés planctoniques dans un intervalle de biomasse restreint. Le couplage entre données de taille et de taxonomie révèle une réorganisation du réseau trophique entre l’été et l’hiver. En hiver, Le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de broutage. En été, le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de prédation (chaetognathes et gélatineux carnivores). En été, ce réseau trophique s’organise en deux chaines trophiques parallèles et distinctes discriminées par des relations de taille entre proies et prédateurs. Cette réorganisation souligne le rôle clef du zooplancton et de la prédation dans la structuration des communautés planctoniques. Parallèlement à cette analyse temporelle en un point fixe, nous avons montré l’existence de types caractéristiques de communautés zooplanctoniques, associés à des conditions environnementales distinctes, à partir des échantillons de l’expédition Tara Oceans, à l’échelle globale. En utilisant la même méthodologie que pour l’analyse de la dynamique temporelle, nous avons identifié trois types de communautés mésozooplanctoniques à l’échelle globale selon le type d’environement: 1) des communautés associées aux environnements productifs (upwellings côtiers et équatoriaux), 2) des communautés associées aux zones de minimum d’oxygène (OMZs, « Oxygen Minimum Zones »), et 3) des communautés associées aux gyres océaniques oligotrophes. Ce travail constitue une première typologie des communautés zooplanctoniques, structurées en taille et GEP, à l’échelle globale. Il sera complété dans le futur par l’intégration de données issus des autres compartiments planctoniques, et de données d’export vertical de matière organique particulaire pour affiner les estimations des relations qui existent entre phytoplancton, zooplancton et flux biogéochimiques. / Plankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes.

The study investigated the extent of burnout condition among counsellors in Kenya. The sources of burnout were explored and personality style was positively correlated with burnout development. Impact of burnout on counsellor wellness and productivity was also established. It examined whether counsellor supervision was an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The study utilized a pluralistic design that combined both qualitative and quantitative methods (Howard, 1983). The qualitative design permitted collection of rich data from study subjects' experiential and perceptual fields. This ensured study findings would be relevant and applicable to specific counsellor situations. The study population comprised 20 counsellors and 9 Kenya Counselling Association (KCA) accredited counsellor supervisors. The counsellor sample was drawn from 2 Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres, 2 rehabilitation centres and 2 educational institutions. This diverse population was a helpful representation in terms of generalizability of the study. Three data collection instruments utilized were: Questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The study's validity and reliability were ensured through the two sample populations (counsellor and counsellor supervisors), test re-test and pre-test procedures for questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Tallying identified items checked content validity. The study findings showed that burnout seriously affected practitioner effectiveness and led to malpractice and client harm. The study predictably established that supervision is an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The metaphor of motor vehicle maintenance was utilized in the development of the Holistic Burnout Supervision Model (HBSM) that focussed on wellness maintenance of the counsellor in a lifecycle. HBSM identified two levels in wellness maintenance: Preventative (servicing) and curative (repair). The study recommended that counselor - training institutions should incorporate in their curriculum burnout and supervision modules. This would create awareness about burnout and appropriate prevention strategies at counsellor formation stages. People care agencies should also institutionalize the burnout supervision facility in order to ensure counsellor resiliency and vitality. / Psychology / D. Phil (Psychology)

Text in German / The present work deals with the historical and theological foundations of radical evangelicalism and places it within the context of theologies which influenced it and are similar to it. Radical evangelicalism integrates insights from various theological roots into a evangelical basal concept. Radical theology succeeded, through its contextual outworking, in overcoming the narrow focus of European evangelical theology and yet it remains genuinely evangelical. It is in the position of breaking through the sterility of academic theology and the dualistic worldview which is peculiar to wide parts of the evangelical movement by a world view that is turned towards the world. Thus it is proving itself to be a highly relevant theology for the needs of a divided world. The work develops in three steps. First of all the historical development of radical evangelicalism will be traced, from its beginning at the Congress for world evangelism in Lausanne in 1974 to the present day. Thus it will become clear that in the 30 years since Lausanne radical theology has entered the mainstream of evangelicalism. There follows in a detailed section a setting out of the theology of radical evangelicalism by means of several chosen themes. It will deal with radical hermeneutics, eschatology, salvation, the meaning of mission and evangelism and the relationship between Gospel and culture. Finally the social action of radical evangelicalism will be set out and it will be demonstrated that its energetic theology is at its basic level in fact a driving sprituality. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

The study explores the response of the Anglican diocese of Bujumbura to the challenge of urbanization, especially in the area of urban poverty. The introductory Chapter provides the framework within which the study will be conducted. It also includes a literature review, which is devoted to urban poverty showing how it could be addressed. In Chapter 2, the study analyses the context of urbanization in Burundi, particularly in the Bujumbura municipality, where urban poverty is reported to be high. It then highlights the Church’s missionary calling when it comes to the challenges of urbanization. Chapter 3 reports the findings of interviews and focus groups conducted with members of the nine Anglican parishes serving the Bujumbura residents. These findings are interpreted in Chapter 4 through the lens of the praxis cycle. Chapter 5 provides an effective model in the context of urban poverty. The study explored through the reasons behind urban poverty and proposes effective solutions to it. It aims at sensitizing the Church to be concerned about urban ministry and suggests an efficient model for eradicating poverty and bringing about a transformed community to be enjoyed by all the residents. This model will inspire both the Anglican Church, the other denominations, the faith-based organisations and whoever strives to serve urban residents. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology-with specialisation in Urban Ministry)

Global mobility, wireless technology and networked society are transforming the airport territory. These changes (hard factors) have been analysed in airport planning and transportation studies (Koll-Schretzenmayr 2003; Banister 2003; Schaafsma 2003; Knippenberger &Wall 2010; Salewski & Michaelli 2011; Convenz & Thierstein ed. 2014 et al) and architecture and design (Edwards 1998; Blow 2005; Cuadra 2002; Uffelen 2012; Gensler 2013 et al). But design strategies focusing on the passenger experience (soft factors) have not yet been thoroughly assimilated by architecture and design. On the theoretical level this dissertation spans the analysis of current methodologies in social studies (e.g. Castells 1996; Gottdiener 2000; Cresswell 2006; Urry, 2007; Elliott & Urry 2010; Adey 2010 et al) and their relation to architectural and urban studies concepts for the airport. The latter includes the “Airport as City” (Güller & Güller 2000), “Aviopolis – A Book about Airports” (Fuller & Harley 2005) and “Aerotropolis” (Kassarda 2010). This dissertation also explores IT and aviation industry interests at the interface between technology and air travellers. In this light aviation industry research and solutions (Amadeus 2011, SITA 2013) are important to consider, as well the philosophy behind who travels and for what purpose (Sloterdijk 1998; Koolhaas 1998; Gottdiener 2000; Urry 2007; Birtchnell & Caletrio 2014 et al). Here, the author’s previous field research at Frankfurt International Airport is relevant. We live more mobile lifestyles, we work in hybrid spaces (Suoza 2006; Duffy 2010 et al), and we consequently need to share information and collaborate differently. Using constant travellers as a case study, the impact of physical and informational mobility on perceptions of and behavioural patterns in the airport can lead to a deeper understanding of mobile work and the air travel experience. New design strategies can be developed from research about constant travellers, and the results may improve their work and air travel experience. The author’s combination of design approaches from architecture and social science (sociology and psychology) methodologies can better address the real needs of constant travellers in hybrid workspaces. It is hoped that this dissertation will inspire airport architects and designers, interaction designers and the aviation industry to pay more attention to users’ needs in their design processes.