Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricio Carneiro Araujo.pdf: 5474178 bytes, checksum: 18f93994384e0ca23ac8cf53a71f735a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / As a result of a doctoral research, this work investigates religious pluralism, diversity, religious intolerance and racism in the context of the Law 10.639/2003. This research demonstrates how racism took different forms in Brazil, assuming in the first instance that religious intolerance against the practitioners of Afro-Brazilian religions is a form of racism. In the case study, this phenomenon is expressed by the desavowal of the African cultural heritage represented by these religions. The investigation is constituted by an incursion into the universe of both schools and terreiros, throught a methodical interlocution with people who transit between terreiros and schools. The research period has been reinforced also by the dynamics of the wider religious context in Brazil, where an increasing intensification of persecutions and violence against the Afro-religious population has been registered. Moreover, a worrisome escalation of conflicts that make clear the terrible relation between racism and religious intolerance has been observed. Therefore, the main content of this work represents a prospect on the current situation concerning religious intolerance and racism in Brazil. Here it is argued that the Federal Law 10.639/2003, which prescribes the introduction of African and Afro-Brazilian History and Culture courses in primary schools in the whole country, is not satisfactory implemented because of the institutional racism that is present in the school environment / Resultado de uma pesquisa de doutorado, este trabalho trata sobre a Lei 10.639/2003, pluralismo religioso, diversidade, intolerância religiosa e racismo. Partindo da hipótese de que a intolerância religiosa contra pessoas ligadas às religiões afrobrasileiras constitui uma forma de racismo, este trabalho demonstra como o racismo tem assumido diferentes formas no Brasil e se manifestado através da negação da herança cultural africana representada por essas religiões. A pesquisa consistiu em uma incursão no duplo universo da escola e dos terreiros, através de uma sistemática interlocução com pessoas que transitam entre o terreiro e a escola. Durante esse período pôde-se também acompanhar as dinâmicas do campo religioso brasileiro, campo esse que tem apresentado uma intensificação crescente dos casos de perseguição e violência contra as populações afro-religiosas, além de um assustador crescimento dos conflitos que denunciam a terrível relação entre racismo e intolerância religiosa. Portanto, o conteúdo principal deste trabalho é um panorama da situação atual da intolerância religiosa e do racismo no Brasil, considerando o racismo institucional presente no universo escolar que impede a implementação satisfatória da Lei Federal 10.639/2003, lei essa que tornou obrigatório o ensino de história e cultura africana e afrobrasileira na educação básica em todo o país

Os séculos XIX e XX se caracterizaram por um grande afluxo de imigrantes, principalmente europeus, para a América. Nesse contexto histórico, a interação entre o Estado, a sociedade local e os imigrantes passou por diversas tensões, que envolviam preconceitos e intolerâncias manifestadas de diferentes formas (racial, social, lingüística, cultural, econômica etc.). Por estar presente tanto em Estados nacionais, quanto em sociedades, grupos e pessoas, o preconceito e a intolerância têm uma dupla dimensão: privada e pública. Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o fenômeno da intolerância lingüística na relação entre sociedade e Estado brasileiros e imigrantes. Para a constituição de nosso corpus, efetuamos como recorte histórico o período compreendido entre 1875 a 1945, ou seja, do fim da Monarquia até a Era Vargas. Para analisar a intolerância lingüística em suas duas dimensões, pública e privada, dividimos nosso trabalho em dois capítulos distintos: no primeiro, foram examinados os decretos e as leis que organizavam o processo imigratório e que tratavam da naturalização de estrangeiros; no outro capítulo, foram analisados três textos de autores representativos da sociedade na Monarquia, na Primeira República e na Era Vargas (Menezes e Souza, Silvio Romero e Oliveira Viana, respectivamente); e analisamos também nesse segundo capítulo, depoimentos de imigrantes e uma autobiografia para apresentar a perspectiva daqueles que sofreram a intolerância. Para realizar essas análises, utilizamos a semiótica discursiva de linha francesa. Nessa perspectiva teórica, consideramos o preconceito como um modo de ser passional (ser malevolente) em relação ao outro e a intolerância (e também a intolerância lingüística) como um fazer malevolente (fazer mal a um outro), que pressupõe o preconceito. Para a realização desse fazer são utilizadas estratégias diferentes que se assentam na certeza do intolerante de que seus valores são melhores do que os do outro. Por isso, é possível pensar a língua como um elemento de preconceito e de intolerância, não apenas por estar envolvida na construção da imagem negativa de imigrantes, mas também por ser um elemento de exclusão ou ainda de assimilação de imigrantes por parte da sociedade e do Estado brasileiros / The 19th and 20th centuries had been characterized for a great influx of immigrants to America, mainly from Europe. In this historical context, the interaction among the State, the local society and the immigrants passed through different tensions that involved different types of prejudice and intolerance (racial, social, linguistic, cultural, economic etc.). The prejudice and he intolerance have a double dimension: private and public, present in national tates, society, groups and peoples. Our work aimed to analyze the phenomenon of the linguistic intolerance in the relation among Brazilian society, State and immigrants. For the constitution of our corpus, we selected the period between 1875 and 1945, or either, the end of the Monarchy until the Vargas\' Era. To analyze the linguistic intolerance in its two dimensions, private and public, we divided our work in two distinct chapters: in the first one, we examined the laws that organized the immigration and the naturalization processes of foreigners; and in the other chapter, three texts of representative authors of the society in the Monarchy (Menezes e Souza), the First Republic (Sílvio Romero) and the Vargas\' Era (Oliveira Viana) were analyzed. We also analyzed in this chapter, reports from immigrants and one autobiography to show the perspective from those who had suffered the intolerance. To make these analyses, we used the French\'s discursive semiotics. In this theoretical perspective, we considered the prejudice as a way of to be passionate (to be malevolence) in relation to the other and the intolerance (and also the linguistic intolerance) as one to make malevolence (to make badly to the other), that presuppose the prejudice. The certainty of the intolerants about theirs values (the values of the intolerants are better than of the others) is the responsible for the accomplishment of this to action, using different strategies. Therefore, it is possible to think the language as an element of prejudice and intolerance, not only for being involved in the construction of the negative image of immigrants, but also for being an element of immigrant\'s exclusion or assimilation by the Brazilian society and the State.

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar a associação entre fatores clínicos e laboratoriais com o uso de insulina em gestantes com DMG no momento do diagnóstico e analisar os possíveis fatores preditores do uso de insulina. Método: Foram estudadas, de forma retrospectiva, 294 pacientes com diabetes melito gestacional (DMG) diagnosticado por meio do teste de tolerância à glicose oral de 100 gramas (TTGO-100g) entre 24 e 33 semanas completas de gestação, cujo seguimento pré-natal foi realizado ambulatorialmente pelo setor de Endocrinopatias e Gestação da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 1 de julho de 2002 a 30 de junho de 2008. Os seguintes fatores clínicos e laboratoriais, que pudessem estar associados ao uso de insulina para controle glicêmico, foram analisados: idade materna, obesidade pré-gestacional - índice de massa corpórea (IMC) > 30 Kg/m2, antecedente familiar de diabetes melito (DM), tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, uso de corticosteróides sistêmicos, antecedente obstétrico de DMG e de macrossomia fetal, nuliparidade, multiparidade, antecedente obstétricos de natimortos e neomortos, idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico, gemelidade, índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) aumentado ILA > 18 cm, polidrâmnio (ILA > 25 cm), número de valores anormais do TTGO-100g, glicemia de jejum anormal no TTGO- 100g glicemia de jejum > 95 mg/dL; média das quatro glicemias aferidas no TTGO-100g; valor da glicemia de jejum, de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª horas do TTGO-100g e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). A associação entre cada fator e a necessidade de insulinoterapia foi analisada individualmente (2 de Pearson / teste exato de Fisher e teste t de Student). O modelo de regressão logística para a análise multivariada foi usado para predizer a probabilidade desses fatores em relação ao uso de insulina. Resultados: Das 294 pacientes avaliadas, 39,8% (117/294) necessitaram de insulinoterapia para controle glicêmico. Observou-se correlação positiva entre o uso de insulina e obesidade pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, hipertensão arterial, antecedente obstétrico de DMG e de macrossomia fetal, número de valores anormais no TTGO-100g, glicemia de jejum > 95 mg/dL no TTGO-100g; média das quatro glicemias aferidas no TTGO-100g; valor da glicemia de jejum, de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª horas do TTGO-100g e HbA1c pela análise univariada (P<0,05). Na análise do modelo de regressão logística foram desenvolvidos dois modelos que incluíam os seguintes fatores preditores do uso de insulina: obesidade pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, número de valores anormais no TTGO-100g (só modelo 1) e valor da glicemia de jejum do TTGO-100g (só modelo 2). Os dois primeiros modelos foram novamente analisados, incluindo-se a variável HbA1c para verificação de sua contribuição na predição do uso de insulina. Curvas de probabilidade e escores foram construídos com base nas quatro combinações de fatores preditores. Conclusões: É possível estimar a probabilidade do uso de insulinoterapia para controle glicêmico em gestantes com DMG por meio de IMC pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, número de valores anormais do TTGO-100g, valor da glicemia de jejum no TTGO-100g e da HbA1c. / Objective: To determine the association between clinical and laboratory parameters and insulin requirement in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to evaluate possible factors predicting the need for insulin therapy. Methods: A total of 294 patients with GDM diagnosed by the 100- g/3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 33 complete weeks of gestation were retrospectively studied. These patients were under prenatal follow-up at the Obstetric Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine (HCFMUSP) between July 1, 2002 and June 30, 2008. The clinical and laboratory factors which could be associated to the need for insulin therapy were analyzed: maternal age, prepregnancy obesity body mass index (BMI) > 30 Kg/m2, family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, hypertension, use of systemic corticosteroids, prior GDM, prior fetal macrosomia, nulliparity, multiparity, prior stillbirth, prior neonatal death, gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, multiple pregnancy, elevated amniotic fluid index (AFI) AFI > 18 cm, polyhydramnios (AFI > 25 cm), number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose > 95 mg/dL, mean of the four 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting/one/two/three plasma glucose values, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The association between each factor and the need for insulin therapy was then analyzed individually (Pearsons chi-square/Fishers exact or Student t test). The performance of these factors to predict the probability of insulin therapy was estimated using a logistic regression model. Results: Among the 294 patients studied, 39.8% (117/294) required insulin for glycemic control. Univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between insulin therapy and prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, hypertension, prior GDM, prior fetal macrosomia, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose > 95 mg/dL, mean of the four 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting/one/two/three plasma glucose values, and HbA1c (P < 0.05). Two logistic regression models were developed and included the following parameters: prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values (just model 1) and 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose (just model 2). The two first models were analysed another time including the variable HbA1c to verify its contribution on prediction of the need for insulin therapy. Probability curves and scores were constructed based on the four combinations of predictive factors. Conclusions: The probability of insulin therapy can be estimated in pregnant women with GDM based on prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c concentration.

Orientador: Suzely Adas Saliba Moimaz / Banca: Mitsue Fujimaki / Banca: Ronald Jefferson Martins / Banca: Luiz Fernando Lolli / Banca: Fernando Yamamoto Chiba / Resumo: A alergia alimentar atualmente é considerada um problema de saúde pública. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi analisar a prevalência de cárie dentária, o padrão de higiene bucal e o perfil salivar em crianças com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) e intolerância à lactose (IL), bem como avaliar o consumo de fórmulas infantis suplementares destas crianças e a percepção de pais de crianças com APLV ou IL. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com 300 crianças de 5-10 anos de um município da Região Sul do Brasil, nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Foi encaminhado um questionário validado aos responsáveis, sobre o consumo alimentar, doenças pré-existentes, uso de medicamentos e APLV ou IL. As crianças foram submetidas a exames clínicos (índices ceo, CPOD, Necessidade de Tratamento, Mancha Branca e IHOS). Foram coletadas amostras duplicadas de saliva estimuladas de todas as crianças com e sem APLV ou IL em uma outra data, entre 8h e 9h 30min e determinados os parâmetros bioquímicos: fluxo salivar, pH e concentrações de cálcio, fosfato e glicose salivar. Para se testar os índices ceo, CPOD, Mancha Branca, Mancha Ativa, Mancha Inativa, IHOS, pH, fluxo salivar, concentrações de cálcio, fosfato e glicose em relação aos grupos "com e sem APLV ou IL", empregou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e, para a análise das associações entre as prevalências de cárie, manchas dentárias e higiene bucal entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado. Realizou-se uma pesquisa q... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Food allergy is currently considered a public health problem. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of dental caries, salivary profile and the quality of oral hygiene in children with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and lactose intolerance (LI), as well the consumption of milk-based products and milk derivatives by these patients were investigated and the perception of parents' of children with CMPA or LI. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was undertaken with 300 children aged 5 to 10 years in a town in southern Brazil, in the years 2017 and 2018. A validated questionnaire was sent to those responsible for food consumption, systemic diseases, use of medications and CMPA or LI. The children were submitted to clinical exams (ceo indexes, DMFT, Treatment Needs, White Spot and OHIS). Duplicate samples of saliva were collected from all children with and without CMPA or LI on another date, between 8:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. and biochemical parameters were determined: salivary flow, pH and concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and salivary glucose. The Mann-Whitney unbiased test was employed for dmft, DMFT, White Spot, Active Spot, Inactive Spot, OHIS, pH, salivary flow, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose for groups with and without CMPA or LI. The chi-square test was used to analyze the associations (prevalence of caries, dental spots, and oral hygiene) among the groups. A qualitative research was carried out, considering two focal with parents of children with CMPA or LI, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This dissertation investigates the historical knowledge of the idea/practice of Ottoman toleration/intolerance, in terms of a conceptual-theoretical framework and methodology derived from philosophical theories of toleration, theories of religious toleration of Western historiography and critical theories of toleration, which are in turn revised and reformulated according to &ldquo / way of reasoning&rdquo / of the Ottomans. The objective of deriving a conceptual-theoretical framework is related with the attempt to clarify different linguistic uses of the toleration, the semantics of the concept and presenting circumstances, requirements, levels, degrees and forms of the category. Methodologically, the objective is to abolish the hierarchy between k&acirc / fir (infidel) and zind&icirc / k/ilh&acirc / d (heretic) in terms of identification of subjects of toleration/intolerance in the Ottoman Empire. In order to apply this conceptual-theoretical framework and methodology concerning the idea/practice of toleration, this study focuses on the sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire, particularly its laws (firmans, fetv&acirc / , Ottoman criminal law) and its conception of justice, which is conceptualized as the most important requirement of toleration. The objective is to argue how justice primarily regulated society in order to sustain public order and to v prevent political and economic instability. The idea/practice of toleration/intolerance, in this sense, is discussed as the policy that was incorporated into the discourse of the Ottoman Empire to the extent that it contributed to the regulation objective of justice as the art of government, which was pragmatic and prudent in essence. In accordance with this framework, the idea/practice of tolerance in the sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire is conceptualized as contemptuous tolerance, followed by the analysis of its laws. Intolerance, on the other hand, is named as punitive intolerance which aims for either the reform or the incapacitation of the heretics and infidels in the Ottoman lands.

Hintergrund Ein rascher enteraler Nahrungsaufbau bei Frühgeborenen verkürzt die Zeit der parenteralen Ernährung. Somit lassen sich bestimmte Risikofaktoren beeinflussen, die evt. die Morbiditätshäufigkeit der Kinder senken könnten. Mehrere Kohortenstudien zeigten, dass ein standardisierter Nahrungsaufbau mit einer geringeren Komplikationsrate und einem schnelleren Nahrungsaufbau assoziiert ist. Ziel der Studie ist zu überprüfen, ob ein standardisiertes Ernährungsprogramm einen rascheren und komplikationsärmeren enteralen Nahrungsaufbau bei Frühgeborenen ermöglicht. Patienten und Methode In die vorliegende randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie wurden 99 Frühgeborene mit einem Geburtsgewicht von ≤1750 g aufgenommen. In der Gruppe mit standardisierter Ernährung (ST) wurde der enterale Nahrungsaufbau mit Muttermilch oder gespendeter Frauenmilch nach einem speziell ausgearbeiteten Protokoll durchgeführt. In der Gruppe mit der individuellen Ernährungsform (IN) wurde je nach Bedarf und Zustand des Kindes auch semi-elementare Nahrung (Pregomin®) gefüttert. Über die Steigerungsdynamik und Nahrungspausen wurde hier individuell entschieden. Primäres Zielkriterium war die Dauer bis zum Erreichen der vollenteralen Ernährung. Ergebnisse In der ST-Gruppe war die vollständig enterale Ernährung nach 14,93 ± 9,95 (Median 12) Tagen, in der IN-Gruppe nach 16,23 ± 10,86 (Median 14) Tagen möglich. Es konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied gefunden werden. Nur bei hypotrophen Frühgeborenen erwiesen sich die Unterschiede bei der ST-Gruppe gegenüber der IN-Gruppe als statistisch signifikant: 10,20 ± 4,78 (Median 8,5) vs. 16,73 ± 8,57 (Median 15) Tage (p = 0,045). Die Gewichtsentwicklung verlief in beiden Studiengruppen nicht different. Die Kinder in der ST-Gruppe konnten bei einem Gewicht von 116% des Geburtsgewichtes vollständig enteral ernährt werden, in der IN-Gruppe bei einem Gewicht von 122% des Geburtsgewichtes. Die Inzidenz der nekrotisierenden Enterokolitis (4%) und anderer Komplikationen blieb in beiden Studiengruppen niedrig. Die Diagnose „Ernährungsschwierigkeiten“ wurde mit klaren Symptomen definiert und in der IN-Gruppe doppelt so oft gestellt, wie in der ST-Gruppe (14 vs. 7) Schlussfolgerung Das Standardisieren führte unter den Studienbedingungen nicht zu einer Beschleunigung des Nahrungsaufbaus. Anhand unserer Ergebnisse ist es möglich, dass die hypotrophen Frühgeborenen von der standardisierten Ernährung entsprechend des Ernährungsprotokolls profitieren. Diese Hypothese muss in einer neuen Studie überprüft werden. Diese Kinder konnten schneller vollständig enteral ernährt werden, als Frühgeborene, mit individuellem enteralem Nahrungsaufbau. Ein standardisiertes Nahrungsprotokoll ist im klinischen Alltag durchsetzbar, und darauf aufbauend ein enteraler Nahrungsaufbau unter strenger klinischer Beobachtung ohne Komplikationen erfolgreich durchführbar.

En 1685, sous le règne de Louis XIV, au moment où la monarchie française voulut extirper l'altérité protestante en révoquant l'édit de Nantes (1598), trois contemporains, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) et Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) élaborèrent des utopies dans lesquelles ils nous font connaître leur vision d'une France idéale. Ces trois utopies, nous voulons les restituer au cours de ce mémoire de maîtrise et souligner quelles sont leurs propositions respectives en matière de gouvernement et de relations interreligieuses. Nous aborderons leurs positions quant aux conséquences politico-religieuses de la Révocation. Et enfin nous dirons quel est le traitement que ces trois auteurs réservent dans leurs textes à la question de la tolérance étatique. / In 1685, during the reign of Louis XIV, the French monarchy tried to extirpate the Calvinist alterity from the kingdom by revoking the Edict of Nantes (1598). At that time three contemporaries, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) and Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), the first Catholic, the others Protestants, conceived utopias in which they introduce us to their vision of an ideal France. The general aim of this master's thesis is to analyze these three utopias and show their proposals in matters of government and interfaith relationship. More precisely, we will study the authors' positions about the politico-religious consequences of the Revocation. We will also see in their writings how they understand the tolerance issue.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDCSV.pdf: 23815683 bytes, checksum: 5b378bacc8c69ae8a84d70d36e21cfe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Não recebi financiamento / Taking into consideration that speaking differently does not mean speaking “wrongly”, and that, many times, the linguistic heterogeneity is not acknowledge by the school and/or Portuguese language teachers, this work aims at contributing to the development of studies linked to the linguistic variables. The most common practices have been the prejudice and the intolerance in relation to the popular speaking forms, which are stigmatized and excluded as wrong forms. Although, in the last decade, the educational legislation has been making the guidelines that exclude the popular discourse form less rigid, we can see resistance to this idea, which is not only reinforced, but also embraced by the general press and by the means of communication. This work discusses the needs for adopting a political posturs in relation to this subject, which acknowledges that the point cannot be simplified to the adoption of a correct and true speaking form, whose arguments, in fact are in service of the maintenance of an authoritarian order, based on privileges and that excludes all those who do not practice the standardized form of the Portuguese language. Thus, the proposed aim for this work, as a result of bibliographical and documented research, is a linguistic reflection concerning the relation between: discourse, identity and alterity, as well as an analysis of the mediatic speeches produced since 2001 up to current times referring to the thematic, seeing these speeches as power and knowledge devices. The linguistic stigmatization remains as an impregnable beacon of inequality and finds support among the professors and students of Language, Linguistic and Pedagogy who intend to stablish a sort of monopoly over the national linguistic forms and manifestations. On the other hand, many researchers in the linguistic field have dedicated their research to the valorization of the popular speaking forms. Through a bibliographical study, the theoretical conceptions of the research are presented inside the functionalist and sociolinguistic perspective, basically aiming the communicative competence, a theory shown in: Bakhtin (1979 and 1992), Labov (2008), Neves (1990, 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2010), Bagno (2003, 2009, 2010 and 2011), Leite (2005 and 2008), Possenti (2005 and 2012), Gnerre (2009); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004 and 2005) among others; in addition to the scholars linked to the Human Sciences who deals with the study of the discourse as language is a social behavior and manifestation of the fight for power– Foucault (1995, 1996, 1999 and 2009), of Philosophy and Bourdieu (1975, 1989, 1998, 2001 e 2008), of Sociology and Habermas (1987). This way, the analysis focus in the real usages of the language and pursues the explanation of these processes activated in various textual genres (journalistic, political debates, cartoons, charges, paintings and pictures) to exemplify the analysis and the theoretical apparatus as well. Concerning the teaching of the Portuguese language, speeches and documents related to the new forms to teach grammar are not enough if these are not incorporated to the pedagogical practice. The grammar teaching should be brought close to the reality of the usage and dynamism of the Portuguese language; however, we cannot forget that the norms in the grammar compendium have a space, which, necessarily, should be respected and taught. Furthermore, when we praise the standard practice of the language and raise the view of “right” and “wrong”, without considering the other forms of the language, the mediatic speeches help to spread the linguistic prejudice. The prejudiced metadiscourse also report other prejudices of social, racial, political, religious order among others and the teachers and school administrators need to know how to acknowledge them within the school scope in order to, on one side, act in a critical and conscious way in the face of the occurrences of these phenomena and to, on the other side, help to avoid its manifestation. Such attitude is part of the whole development of citizenship, because it is also an indicative of respecting the differences of the other. / Considerando-se que falar diferente não é falar “errado” e que, muitas vezes, a heterogeneidade linguística não é reconhecida pela escola e/ou pelos professores de Língua Portuguesa, elaborase este trabalho a fim de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de estudos ligados à variabilidade linguística. As práticas mais comuns têm sido o preconceito e a intolerância em relação às formas de falar populares, que são estigmatizadas e excluídas como errôneas. Embora a legislação educacional tenha, na última década, flexibilizado as diretrizes que excluiriam as formas populares de linguagem, permanece a resistência a essa postura, que é não apenas reforçada, como também exaltada pela imprensa em geral e pelos meios de comunicação. Neste trabalho, discute-se a necessidade da adoção de uma postura política em relação a esse tema, que reconheça que a questão não pode ser reduzida à adoção de uma forma correta e verdadeira de se falar, cujos argumentos, na verdade, estão a serviço da manutenção de uma ordem autoritária, fundada em privilégios e que exclui todos aqueles que não praticam a forma normatizada da Língua Portuguesa. Dessa maneira, o objetivo que se propõe para este trabalho, como resultado de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, é uma reflexão linguística a respeito do modo como os estudos da língua em uso podem contribuir para o ensino de língua materna e para o equacionamento de questões relativas à política linguística no Brasil, assim como uma análise dos discursos midiáticos impressos produzidos desde 2001 até meados de dezembro de 2016 referentes à temática, compreendendo esses discursos como dispositivos de poder e saber. A estigmatização linguística permanece como bastião inexpugnável da desigualdade e ainda encontra apoio entre docentes e estudantes dos cursos de Letras, Linguística e Pedagogia que pretendem estabelecer uma espécie de monopólio sobre as formas e manifestações linguísticas nacionais. Por outro lado, não são poucos os pesquisadores do campo linguístico que têm dedicado suas pesquisas à valorização das formas populares de fala e escrita. Por meio de estudo de natureza bibliográfica, apresentam-se as concepções teóricas da pesquisa sob a perspectiva funcionalista e sociolinguistas, tendo em vista, basicamente, a competência comunicativa, teoria exposta por Bakhtin (1979 e 1992), Labov (2008), Neves (1990, 1997, 2003, 2006 e 2010), Bagno (2003, 2009, 2010 e 2011), Leite (2005 e 2008), Possenti (2005 e 2012), Gnerre (2009); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004 e 2005), entre outros. Além dos estudiosos ligados às Ciências Humanas que tratam do estudo da linguagem considerando-a um comportamento social e manifestação de luta pelo poder – Foucault (1995, 1996, 1999 e 2009), da Filosofia e Bourdieu (1975, 1989, 1998, 2001 e 2008), da Sociologia e Habermas (1987) especialmente através de suas teorias do agir comunicativo. Dessa maneira, a análise centra-se nos usos reais da língua e busca a explicitação desses processos acionados em diversos gêneros textuais (jornalístico, debates políticos, histórias em quadrinho, charges, quadros e ilustrações) a fim de exemplificar a análise e também o aparato teórico. No que tange ao ensino da Língua Portuguesa, não bastam discursos e documentos relativos às novas formas de ministrar gramáticas se estes não forem incorporados ao fazer pedagógico. O ensino gramatical deve se aproximar da realidade do uso e dinamismo da Língua Portuguesa, sem que, no entanto, esqueça-se de que as normas contidas no compêndio gramatical ocupam um espaço que, necessariamente, deve ser respeitado e ensinado. Ademais, ao exaltar a norma culta e suscitar a visão de “certo” e “errado”, sem considerar as outras formas de uso da língua, os discursos midiáticos ajudam a propagar o preconceito linguístico. A metalinguagem preconceituosa também denuncia outros preconceitos de ordem social, racial, política, religiosa entre outros e os educadores e gestores escolares precisam saber reconhecê-los no âmbito escolar para, de um lado, atuar de maneira crítica e consciente diante de ocorrências desses fenômenos e, de outro, para ajudar a evitar sua manifestação. Tal atitude faz parte da formação integral do cidadão, pois é, também, indicativo de respeito às diferenças do outro.

Les relations bien connues en cas d'hémochromatose entre surcharge en fer, insulinorésistance et stress oxydant, nous ont conduit à chercher à établir le rôle de la ferritine comme un facteur prédictif du risque de diabète gestationnel et du stress oxydant indépendamment de toute supplémentation dans une population de femmes Libanaises non anémiques. Nous avons observé qu'une ferritine élevée en début de la grossesse était un facteur prédictif d'intolérance au glucose, alors que cette relation n'était pas retrouvée avec une hémoglobine élevée, suggérant que le fer de réserve est un facteur de risque à considérer et non pas le fer fonctionnel. Le dosage de la ferritine pourrait être un marqueur biologique à prendre en considération pour évaluer le risque d'intolérance au glucose chez les femmes à risque de diabète gestationnel. La prévalence du diabète gestationnel dans la population étudiée, sur la base de nouveaux critères adoptés par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé était de ~15% alors qu'elle n'était que de 4% avec les critères de O'Sullivan actuellement utilisés dans les hôpitaux où a été recrutée notre population. Cette forte différence souligne la nécessité de l'adoption de nouveaux critères pour un meilleur dépistage et une meilleure prise en charge du fait des risques materno-fœtaux associés au diabète gestationnel. Malgré l'abaissement des valeurs de la glycémie, nous montrons que les nouveaux seuils de glycémie définissant désormais un diabète gestationnel sont toujours associés à une augmentation du stress oxydant, notamment des dommages à l'ADN. Conformément à la littérature, nous montrons qu'un statut en fer élevé, est associé à un état de stress oxydant élevé. De façon plus originale nous montrons qu'une ferritine élevée en début de grossesse aggrave l'association du stress oxydant et de l'insulinorésistance avec l'intolérance au glucose. En l`absence de modèle satisfaisant pour l`étude du diabète gestationnel expérimental, nous avons validé dans une étude préliminaire un régime riche en fructose comme modèle expérimental de diabète gestationnel. Nous montrons que ce modèle induit les mêmes modifications chez les rates et leurs ratons que celles observées lors de diabète gestationnel, de plus lorsque ce régime est enrichi en fer, des altérations oxydatives sont observées au niveau cérébral et hépatique des ratons. Ce modèle expérimental nous permettra d'étudier ultérieurement les voies de signalisation qui régissent les interactions entre fer, stress oxydant et diabète gestationnel et d'évaluer les répercussions d'une augmentation des dommages oxydatifs chez les fœtus, chez les nouveau-nés à la naissance et à distance par des études de comportement. Enfin en raison des données récentes sur l'épigénétique notre modèle expérimental pourrait nous permettre de suivre l'évolution en terme d'apparition de pathologies à l'âge adulte (insulinorésistance, diabète de type 2, déclin cognitif) des animaux nés de mère avec un diabète gestationnel. Au vu de l`ensemble de nos résultats sur les interactions entre ferritine, intolérance au glucose et stress oxydant, le bénéfice d`une supplémentation martiale durant la grossesse chez des femmes à risque de diabète gestationnel doit être évalué. / The overall goal of this study was to establish the role of ferritin as a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in non-anemic and non-iron supplemented Lebanese women. We observed that high ferritin level during the first-trimester of pregnancy was a predictor for impaired glucose tolerance, whereas high hemoglobin values yielded no significant relationship, suggesting that the iron reserve was the main indicator to be considered as a risk factor rather than the functional iron. Thus, the serum ferritin level could be used as a biological marker to assess for the risk of glucose intolerance in pregnant women. Based on the new World Health Organization criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, it is predicted that gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in our population could be increased by four-fold. Since gestational diabetes mellitus has deleterious effects on the perinatal and maternal health outcomes, the implementation of these new criteria will allow for better management of blood glucose in pregnant women at risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Although the new criteria adopted lower cut-off blood glucose value, hyperglycemia is still a factor that highly associated with increase oxidative stress, ultimately leading to DNA damage. Previously, we have shown that high iron status was associated with elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have established that high ferritin during early-term pregnancy affected the association between oxidative stress and insulin resistance with glucose intolerance. Due to the lack of good experimental model to study gestational diabetes mellitus, we have utilized fructose-supplemented diet fed pregnant dam as an experimental animal model for our gestational diabetes studies. Data obtained in a preliminary study indicated that, this experimental animal model had identical metabolic modifications found in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we have showed that iron-enriched diet significantly increased the redox status of the brain and the liver of the fructose-supplemented dams. Therefore, we believed that this experimental model is good model for future studies to evaluate the signaling pathways involved in iron, oxidative stress and gestational diabetes and to assess the impact of increased oxidative damage during pregnancy on the fetus, immediately after birth and later during the developmental stages via various behavioral tests. Finally, an epigenetic study using this experimental model may allow us to understand the genetic alterations that affected the likelihood of developing insulin resistance, diabetes, or cognitive decline in pups born to the mothers with gestational diabetes. Based on the findings from our studies on the interaction between ferritin, glucose impairment, and oxidative stress, as well as the iron-supplemented diet in the dams with gestational diabetes mellitus, a caution must be exercised when supplementing a pregnant woman with iron. The use of iron-supplementation during pregnancy should be re-evaluated.

A l'éveil comme au cours du sommeil, en plaine comme en haute altitude, le maintien d'une oxygénation artérielle stable et élevée est un marqueur essentiel d'une bonne réponse physiologique de l'organisme. L'intolérance à l'altitude regroupe des pathologies graves voire fatales dont le développement est en lien direct avec le taux d'oxygénation artériel des sujets. D'autre part, en plaine, la prévalence élevée du syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) incite les chercheurs au développement de modèles d'études spécifiques, permettant d'investiguer les conséquences du principal stimulus du SAOS : l'hypoxie intermittente. La chémosensibilité pourrait avoir un impact important dans ces deux pathologies, ayant pour rôle le maintien des gaz du sang à des valeurs normales, en adaptant la ventilation aux conditions externes ou internes à l'organisme.Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de comprendre l'impact de la chémosensibilité (avec d'autres mécanismes décrits dans la littérature) sur l'oxygénation et la tolérance à l'altitude, d'étudier les effets de la résistance expiratoire sur l'amélioration de l'oxygénation, ainsi que les conséquences de l'hypoxie intermittente chronique sur la plasticité du chémoréflexe.Il en ressort que la chémosensibilité périphérique à l'hypoxie a un impact majeur sur le développement de l'intolérance à l'altitude. Cela semble en outre être un facteur prédictif de la survenue de ces pathologies. En hypoxie, une amélioration efficace de l'oxygénation a été obtenue par l'utilisation d'une résistance expiratoire calibrée à 10 cm H2O permettant l'amélioration de la diffusion alvéolo-capillaire. L'exposition à l'hypoxie intermittente chronique nocturne a provoqué une fragmentation du sommeil ainsi qu'une intensification de la chémosensibilité à l'hypoxie et à l'hypercapnie.Ainsi, une altération de la réponse des corps carotidiens à l'hypoxémie participerait au développement du mal aigu des montagnes et de ses complications, tout en facilitant sa prédiction avant ascension. L'utilisation d'une résistance expiratoire pourrait permettre de combler la désaturation exagérée retrouvée chez les sujets sensibles à l'altitude lors d'un séjour en haute montagne. Il apparaît également que la chémosensiblité périphérique et centrale (CO2 et O2) fasse preuve d'une plasticité importante en réponse à l'hypoxie intermittente nocturne chez des sujets sains. / At awakening and during sleep, at sea level or in high altitude, maintaining a high level in arterial blood oxygenation is a marker for an adaptated physiological response external and internal factors.High altitude illness encompasses pathologies, that sometimes could be fatal, and which seems to be correlated with the level of arterial oxygenation in hypoxia.Secondly, at sea level and in general population, the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) encourage scientists to develop new models for studying consequences of the main OSAS' stimulus: intermittent hypoxia.Chemosensitivity could play an important role in those two different diseases, with regulation of blood gases and homeostasis by controlling ventilation.Our objectives was to investigate (1) impact of chemosensitivity on blood oxygenation and tolerance to high altitude, comparatively to other physiological factors commonly involved, (2) effects of using positive expiratory pressure in order to improve oxygenation in hypoxia, and (3) consequences of chronic exposure to nocturnal intermittent hypoxia on chemoreflexe plasticity.We found that peripheral chemoresponse to hypoxia play a crucial role in high altitude illness development. Moreover, this variable seems to be a predictive factor for those diseases. In hypoxic conditions, using a positive expiratory pressure (10 cmH2O) lead to a significant improve in arterial oxygenation, by increasing pulmonary diffusion. Finally, nocturnal intermittent hypoxia induced significant sleep disturbances and major changes in chemoresponse to hypoxia and hypercapnia.