Treatment success in IVF-ICSI is mainly limited by female age, but differences in ovarian reserve (OR; the remaining pool of oocytes and their quality) between individuals modify treatment prerequisites among women of similar age. OR may be assessed by OR tests (ORTs). The main aims of this work were to study menstrual cycle length (MCL), basal levels of circulating gonadotrophins, antral follicle count (AFC) and serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and their associations with and prognostic capacities regarding IVF-ICSI outcome in large cohorts of unselected women. Age-adjusted MCL was positively and linearly associated with pregnancy rates (PRs), live-birth rates (LBRs) and ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. An MCL of >34 days almost doubled the LBR compared with an MCL of <26 days. The grouped variable ‘combined FSH and LH levels’ was superior to both individual gonadotrophin levels and the LH:FSH ratio. The highest mean PR was seen in connection with a combination of FSH <6.7 U/l with LH >4.9 U/l; PRs were lowest when FSH-LH levels were opposite to this (high-low) and intermediate when FSH-LH levels were low-low or high-high. Associations with LBR and ovarian response were similar as those for PR. AFCs and serum AMH levels were positively and log-linearly associated with PR, LBR and ovarian response. Success rates levelled out above AFC 30 or AMH 5 ng/ml. Treatment outcome was superior among women with polycystic ovaries. Among the studied ORTs, logAFC and logAMH concentration correlated most strongly. After multivariate testing, entering all studied ORTs, AMH and female age remained independently associated with LBR. AMH + AFC + age predicted both poor and excessive ovarian responses with high accuracy. Adjusting for age and oocyte yield, all ORTs remained significant for LBR, implying that ORTs also capture information on oocyte quality. In conclusion, measures of OR are strongly associated with PR, LBR and ovarian response in a log-linear fashion, and partly reflect oocyte quality. The OR spectrum is continuous, from small ‘oligofollicular’ ovaries (the low extreme) to polycystic ovaries (the high extreme). Among the studied ORTs, AMH together with age provide the most powerful basal estimate for IVF/ICSI outcome.

Des facteurs masculins sont identifiés dans près de la moitié des cas d’infertilité. À ce jour, les tests évaluant la fertilité masculine demeurent peu prédictifs de la survenue d’une grossesse. Dans le but de pallier cette lacune, nous avons mis au point deux nouveaux tests mesurant l’intégrité de l’ADN et le temps de survie des spermatozoïdes. Nous avons effectué une étude prospective portant sur 42 couples infertiles suivis en fécondation in vitro (FIV). Le spermogramme a été effectué selon les critères de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et le temps de survie des spermatozoïdes exposés à un détergent cationique a été mesuré en observant la mobilité sous microscope. L’intégrité de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes a été vérifiée par la nouvelle méthode de marquage radioenzymatique et par analyse de la structure de la chromatine (SCSA). Tous les tests ont été réalisés sur la partie des échantillons de sperme non utilisée par la clinique de fertilité. Le projet a été approuvé par le comité d’éthique du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CHUM) et les patients ont préalablement signé un formulaire de consentement éclairé. L’analyse des paramètres du spermogramme et de l’intégrité de l’ADN n’a montré aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les données chez les couples avec ou sans grossesse. Cependant, le taux de grossesse biochimique était statistiquement plus élevé chez les couples dont le temps de survie des spermatozoïdes était long (>250 s) comparativement à ceux dont ce temps était court (≤250 s): 66% vs 27% respectivement (p<0,05). Les taux de grossesse clinique et d’implantation étaient aussi plus élevés, mais les différences n’atteignaient pas le seuil de signification statistique. Nos résultats confirment que le spermogramme et la mesure de la fragmentation de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes ne sont pas de bons facteurs prédictifs des résultats de la FIV. Par contre, le test de survie des spermatozoïdes serait un meilleur indicateur de la possibilité d’une grossesse en FIV. L’amélioration de sa spécificité et un plus grand nombre de sujets sont nécessaires avant de proposer son application en clinique de fertilité. / Male factors are known to be involved in almost half of the couples consulting for infertility. To date, the tests for evaluating male fertility are poor predictors of pregnancy. We developed two new tests to evaluate sperm function: a sperm survival test and a new method to measure sperm DNA integrity. This prospective study was conducted on 42 infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Assessment of sperm parameters was done according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and sperm survival upon exposure to a cationic detergent was measured by observing motility under the microscope. Sperm DNA integrity was verified by our new radioenzymatic method as well as by the sperm chromatin structure analysis (SCSA) method. All testing was performed on a remainder aliquot of the semen samples. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CHUM), and informed consent was obtained before inclusion. Neither conventional semen analysis, nor sperm DNA fragmentation showed statistically significant difference between conception and non-conception cycles. However, the biochemical pregnancy rate was statistically higher in couples where the sperm survival time was long (>250 s) compared to short (≤250 s): 66% vs. 27% respectively, (p < 0.05). The clinical pregnancy rate and implantation rate were also higher but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Our study confirms that conventional semen analysis and the assay for sperm DNA integrity are not reliable indicators of IVF outcome. In contrast, our new sperm survival test seems to be a better predictor of the pregnancy rate after IVF. Improvement of its specificity and a larger cohort of patients are necessary before proposing its regular application in IVF clinics.

No description available.

Cette thèse de psychopathologie psychanalytique est une réflexion théorico-clinique sur l'expérience d'une assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP), et plus particulièrement sur l’état psychologique des femmes infertiles en parcours de fécondation in vitro (FIV) et de don d'ovocytes. Cette recherche a pour but d'évaluer la psychopathologie de ces femmes et les éventuels remaniements psychiques qu'impose ce mode de procréation. L’hypothèse générale de cette étude soutient l’idée qu’il existe des particularités dans le fonctionnement psychique des femmes infertiles qui diffèrent selon que les femmes ont recours à une FIV ou à un don d’ovocytes. La méthodologie repose sur la base d'entretiens semi-directifs, de questionnaires et de tests projectifs (Rorschach et TAT) et l'analyse du matériel recueilli s'appuie sur la théorie psychanalytique. Les résultats montrent que ces femmes souffrent d’une blessure psychique qui est à mettre en lien avec le vécu d’une castration réelle de leur féminité dans sa valence maternelle châtrée. Les femmes infertiles se trouvent sous l’emprise de l’objet primaire et leur fonctionnement mental se caractérise par une pensée opératoire défensive. De plus, le recours à une FIV ou à un don d’ovocytes suscite des aménagements psychiques, notamment en termes de représentations maternelles, qui apparaissent spécifiques au type d’AMP. Enfin, l’AMP amène les couples à érotiser les interventions médicales conduisant notamment à un remaniement des théories sexuelles infantiles et à une reconstruction des fantasmes originaires. / This thesis psychoanalytic psychopathology is a reflection on the theoretical and clinical experience of medical assistance to procreation (MAP), and more particularly on the psychological status of infertile women in course of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and oocyte donation. This research aims to assess the psychopathology of these women and the possible psychological changes imposed by this mode of procreation. The general hypothesis of this study is as follows: there are specific aspects in the psychic functioning of infertile women, these characteristics differ between women using IVF or oocyte donation. The methodology is based on semi-directive interviews, questionnaires and projective tests (Rorschach and TAT) and analysis of collected material is based on psychoanalytic theory. The results show that these women suffer psychological injury that is to be linked with the experience of a real castration of their femininity in its valence maternal castrated. Infertile women are under the mastery of the primary object and mental functioning is characterized by a defensive operational thought. In addition, the use of IVF or oocyte donation leads to psychic adjustments, particularly in terms of maternal representations that appear specific to the type of MAP. Finally, MAP brings couples to eroticize medical interventions leading a redesign of infantile sexual theories and a reconstruction of primal fantasies.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Érica Eugênio Lourenço Gontijo - 2016.pdf: 2253704 bytes, checksum: db396485a7f8b5e9945a2d3be4fa771b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-23 / Outro / INTRODUCTION: The frequency of embryo production and successful pregnancy are the main parameters used to measure the quality of human reproduction laboratories. OBJECTIVE: We compared the success in the production and quality of embryos, success rate and factors related to pregnancy in LabRep/HC/UFG before deep adjustments estrututurais, when it was classified as conventional laboratory and after adequaçãos, when it began to be classified as an ISO 5/7 laboratory and factors related to the success of fertilization. METHOD: The study was divided into two parts. The first evaluated the embryo quality and the second risk factors capable of interfering with the success of pregnancy. information of 278 cycles of women were surveyed who submitted any Assisted Human Reproduction technique during the study period. In the first analysis were surveyed: cleavage of the embryo, the result of βHCG, embryo quality and microbiological contamination of the means of embryos crops. In the second, they evaluated the size of follicles per woman, amount of aspirated oocytes, raised, inseminated and injected, ovarian stimulation scheme, maternal infections, infertility period and sperm quality. The study design was a case control. Data were entered into Epi-Info 3.3.2 and analyzed in BioEstat 5.3 program. We evaluated the relationship between the groups and the factors and the success of pregnancy the odds ratio (OR) and chi-square test (p = 0.05). RESULTS: In the first analysis it was observed that the ISO 5/7 laboratory, there were successful in the formation of embryos and the conventional O , CI - 2: 0.24, p: 0.81). 5/7 96.6% ISO laboratory embryos were generated A or B, since the conventional laboratory, 90.4% were A or B. The pregnancy success in the laboratory I O was , and conventional laboratory O CI to 2: 2,24; p: 0.13). The second correlation was found with pregnancy failure female factors: having more than 40 years (OR 6.04, CI: 1.34 to 27.08; p: 0.010), higher infertility time 97 months (OR: 4.49, CI: 1.65 to 12, .21; p: 0.00) and have endometrial thickness of less than 10mm (OR: 5.42, CI: 2.44 to 12.05; p:0.001). The male factors with correlation were: oligozoospermia (OR:3,35; IC:1,41-7,92; p:0,010) e teratozoospermia (OR:4,14; IC:1,89-9,07; p:0,010).Microbiological contamination was found in 11.06% of semen samples. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistical difference between the results of the two laboratories, however we observed a trend of better quality embryos in ISO 5/7 laboratory. It was concluded that the patients attended the LabRep/HC/UFG, present a great heterogeneity of clinical profiles and different reproductive characteristics. It shows how a major challenge that encourages the ongoing investment in cutting edge technology and processes, as well as constant improvement of the multidisciplinary team that make up the lab. / INTRODUÇÃO: A frequência de produção de embriões e sucesso na gravidez são os principais parâmetros usados para verificar a qualidade de laboratórios de reprodução humana. OBJETIVO: Comparar o sucesso na produção e qualidade de embriões, taxa de sucesso e fatores relacionados a gravidez no LabRep/HC/UFG, antes de profundas adequações estrututurais, quando era classificado como laboratório convencional e após as adequaçãos, quando passou a ser classificado como um laboratório ISO 5/7 e os fatores relacionados ao sucesso da fertilização. MÉTODO: O desenho do estudo foi do tipo caso controle. Os dados foram inseridos no programa Epi-Info 3.3.2 ® e analisados no programa BioEstat 5.3 ®. Foram avaliadas a relação entre os grupos e dos fatores e o sucesso da gravidez pelo odds ratio (OR) e qui-quadrado (p=0,05). O estudo se deu no Laboratório de Reprodução Humana do HC/UFG Goiânia-Goiás. Foram pesquisadas informações de 278 ciclos de mulheres que submeteram a uer técnica de FIV, ICSI E IIU, como tratamento de Reprodução Humana Assistida no período do estudo. O trabalho foi dividido em três artigos para melhor compreensão dos resultados. No primeiro artigo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre relação entre alterações bioquímicas, ambientais e microbiológicas e o sucesso da técnica de fertilização in vitro. O segundo artigo avaliou a qualidade embrionária e o terceiro, os fatores de risco com capacidade de interferir no sucesso da gestação. Na primeira análise foram pesquisadas: clivagem do embrião, resultado do βHCG, qualidade embrionária e a contaminação microbiológica dos meios de cultivos de embriões. Na segunda, foram avaliados o tamanho dos folículos por mulher, quantidade de oócitos aspirados, captados, inseminados e injetados, esquema de estimulação ovariana, infecções maternas, período de infertilidade e qualidade espermática. RESULTADOS: No primeiro trabalho científico onde comparou-se o sucesso na produção e qualidade de embriões, taxa de sucesso e contaminação microbiológica nos meios de cultura onde os embriões foram cultivados antes das adequações estrututurais, quando era classificado como laboratório convencional e após as adequaçãos, quando passou a ser classificado como um laboratório ISO 5/7, foi observado que no laboratório ISO 5/7, houve 74,1% de sucesso na formação de embriões e no convencional 67,8% (OR:1,30; IC:0,47-3,61; אּ2:0,24; p:0,81). No laboratório ISO 5/7 96,6% dos embriões gerados eram A ou B, já no laboratório convencional, 90,4% eram A ou B. O sucesso de gravidez no laboratório ISO 5/7 foi de 22,8% e no laboratório convencional de 36,2% (OR:1,9; IC: 0,81-4,52; אּ 2: 2,24; p: 0,13). No segundo trabalho científico onde avaliou-se os fatores relacionados a gravidez no LabRep/HC/UFG, foi encontrado correlação do insucesso de gravidez com os fatores femininos: ter mais de 40 anos (OR: 6,04; IC: 1,34-27,08; p:0,010), tempo de infertilidade superior a 97 meses (OR: 4,49; IC: 1,65-12,.21; p:0,001) e possuir endométrio com espessura inferior a 10mm (OR: 5,42; IC: 2,44-12,05; p:0,001). Os fatores masculinos com correlação foram: oligozoospermia (OR: 3,35; IC: 1,41-7,92; p:0,010), teratozoospermia (OR: 4,14; IC: 1,89-9,07; p:0,010). Foi encontrado contaminação microbiológica em 6.11% das amostras de sêmen. CONCLUSÕES: No primeiro trabalho científico foi possível concluir que não houve diferença estatística entre os resultados dos entre os dois laboratórios. No segundo trabalho científico concluiu-se que os fatores relacionados ao insucesso do tratamento de reprodução assistida encontrados foram: idade superior a 40 anos, tempo de infertilidade superior a 96 meses e espessura endometrial inferior a 10mm e presença de sêmen de baixa qualidade.

La procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) permet à beaucoup d’individus infertiles de concevoir un enfant qui leur est génétiquement lié. Cependant, des données scientifiques émergentes suggèrent que la PMA pourrait entraîner des risques épigénétiques pour les futurs enfants. Conformément à l'hypothèse des origines développementales de la santé et des maladies, la PMA pourrait augmenter le risque de développer des maladies à apparition tardive par des mécanismes épigénétiques, car l’hyperovulation, les méthodes de fécondation et la culture embryonnaire pourraient nuire à la reprogrammation épigénétique de l'embryon. De tels risques épigénétiques soulèvent des enjeux éthiques pour toutes les parties prenantes: les futurs parents et enfants, les professionnels de la santé, et la société. Ce mémoire se concentre sur les questions éthiques soulevées par la prise en compte de ces risques lors de l'utilisation de la PMA. Pour mettre en lumière ces enjeux, nous utilisons l’approche principiste. Nous argüons qu'une tension éthique peut émerger entre le respect de l'autonomie procréative des parents d’intention et le devoir de minimiser les risques pour les enfants potentiels. Une seconde tension éthique peut émerger entre le droit des parents d’intention de faire un choix éclairé, et la réticence que peuvent avoir les professionnels de la santé de communiquer l’information sur les risques épigénétiques de la PMA, étant donné la validité incertaine de ces informations. Nous explorons aussi le risque de conflits d’intérêts pour les cliniciens des cliniques de PMA. Nous soutenons que les parents d’intention et les professionnels de la santé ont la responsabilité partagée de promouvoir les meilleurs intérêts du futur enfant. Nous plaidons pour que plus de recherche soit faite sur les effets de la PMA sur la santé des futurs enfants, pour que soient énoncées des lignes directrices priorisant le recours à des techniques moins risquées au niveau épigénétique, et pour que d’autres lignes directrices guident les professionnels de la santé dans la communication des risques épigénétiques associés à la PMA. Enfin, nous suggérons que cette communication se fasse dans le cadre d’une approche centrée sur le patient. Nous explorons aussi l’apport d’une approche narrative pour aborder les tensions éthiques soulevées par l’approche principiste. / The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) allows many coping with infertility to conceive. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that ART could carry epigenetic risks for those conceived through the use of these technologies. In accordance with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, ART could increase the risk of developing late-onset diseases through epigenetic mechanisms, since superovulation, fertilization methods and embryo culture could impair the embryo’s epigenetic reprogramming. Such epigenetic risks raise ethical issues for all stakeholders: prospective parents and children, health professionals, and society. This thesis focuses on ethical issues raised by the consideration of these risks when using ART. To highlight these issues, we use the principlist approach. We argue that an ethical tension can emerge between respect for the reproductive autonomy of prospective parents and the duty to minimize the risks for potential children. A second ethical tension can emerge between the parents' right to make an informed choice about the use of ART, and the reluctance of health professionals to communicate epigenetic risk given its uncertain validity. We also explore the risks of conflicts of interests for health professionals in ART clinics. We argue that prospective parents and health professionals have a shared responsibility to promote the best interests of the future child. We also argue in favor of further research on the effects of ART on the health of future children, and in favor of clinical guidelines that prioritize the use of techniques that carry less epigenetic risk and that assist health professionals in communicating the epigenetic risks associated with ART. Finally, we suggest that this communication be done within the patient-centered approach. We also explore the contribution of a narrative approach to address the ethical tensions raised by the principlist approach.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The aim of this thesis is first, to evaluate various culture conditions to improve embryo development, and secondly, to analyze spent culture media for any biomarkers that may be predictive of embryo health. Single-step and sequential culture media were compared in both Planer and EmbryoScope™ incubators. Single-step media resulted in better blastocyst development compared to sequential media and the EmbryoScope™ incubation system showed slight improvements in embryo development than the Planer system. The benefits of supplementing the culture medium with either insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) or culturing in a 2% O2 environment, using two different strains of mice (hybrid and C57), as well as the suitability of these strains for quality control were compared. In insulin, hybrid embryos were slower to blastulate and had a lower blastocyst rate, whereas C57 embryos were slower to the morula and faster to blastocyst stages, and lower blastocyst rate than the controls. IGF-1 showed no difference in time-lapse morphokinetics (TLM) or blastocyst rates compared to controls in both hybrid and C57 embryos. Under 2% O2, hybrid embryos showed no significant difference in TLM up to the 8-cell stage, but slowed down afterwards, resulting in blastocysts with significantly lower cell counts than the 6% O2 group. The C57 embryos were slower to reach morula and expanded blastocyst, and had lower blastocyst rates in 2%O2 vs 6%O2. The C57 strain had significant slower overall embryo development for all time points than hybrid embryos in insulin, IGF-1 and ultra-low O2, as well as lower blastocyst rates. Measurement of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in spent media as markers for embryo health were evaluated. Day 5 human blastocysts yielded higher pregnancy rates and GDF-9 levels in spent media compared to Day 6 blastocysts, but TLM parameters showed no impact on pregnancy outcome. In Day 6 blastocysts, the non-pregnant group showed significantly faster embryo development compared to the clinically pregnant group up to the 8-cell stage and start of blastulation. GDF-9 did not show any significant differences between non-pregnant and pregnant groups of Day 5 or Day 6 embryo transfers. ORP in spent media from good quality Day 3 embryos that developed into blastocysts were significantly higher than from those that did not, with no difference in control medium ORP. Spent media from arrested embryos showed lower ORP than their corresponding controls. Arrested embryos had slower development at syngamy, morula, blastulation and blastocyst stages. The single step medium in the EmbryoScope™ is the preferred choice for embryo culture. Insulin or IGF-1 media supplementation or 2% O2 culture did not provide any benefit to embryo development. The C57 mouse strain is more sensitive and may be better to detect changes in culture conditions, and therefore better model for quality control assays. GDF-9 values decrease from Day 5 to Day 6 which gives new insight to understanding the role of GDF-9 during embryogenesis. ORP in spent media indicate that embryos that developed into blastocysts did not contribute to ROS, but maintained ORP balance.

This thesis investigates the access to IVF-treatment for people with psychiatric disabilities who intend to carry the child themselves. It explores how the Swedish welfare state resonates around people with psychiatric disabilities wanting to become parents, and how their reproductive rights might differ from others seeking the same treatment. Therefore, different official reports from the Swedish government and documents from the National Board of Health and Welfare that deals with the legal framework and state-sanctioned guidelines for medical professionals regarding IVF has been examined in a qualitive discourse analysis. Two interviews with two medical professionals working with IVF has also been conducted. The focus has been on the psychosocial interviews every treatment-seeking individual has to go through to determine if they are fit as parents. The main body of theory consists of work surrounding feminist disability studies, crip theory, discourse analysis, repronormativity and critical studies of the welfare state. This thesis set out to investigate how the demand from the government to put the best interest of the child first when deciding over who gets access to IVF are used to resonate around if people with psychiatric disabilities can be seen as fit parents. It also seeks to understand what these state-sanctioned guidelines and the way medical professionals interacts with them can say about the reproductive politics of the Swedish welfare state regarding people with psychiatric disabilities. The general conclusion is that the welfare state has implemented tools for reproductive control over the group that has been studied (particularly women and trans people) since at least the 1930’s, and while there has been significant change, the gatekeeping practises surrounding IVF can be seen as another tool for reproductive control. It is evident that people with psychiatric disabilities have to prove themselves in order to be seen as fit parents, and it is assumed that there is a risk trying to combine their psychiatric disabilities with the best interest of the child. While there is no legal framework denying this group access to IVF outright, this thesis shows that they face challenges to gain that access that people without psychiatric disabilities does not.

This thesis analyzes how compulsory heterosexuality is present in Polish legislation on women* and trans* people’s reproductive and sexual rights. The aim of this study is to increase an understanding of how compulsory heterosexuality’s presence in legislation regarding reproductive and sexual rights can consequently affect women* and trans* people in practice. By the means of qualitative content analysis and the operationalization of compulsory heterosexuality through the lens of queer feminism, this thesis analyzes three Polish legislations on reproductive and sexual rights, namely the Constitution of Poland, the Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Permissibility of Abortion Act, and the Family and Guardianship Code. Adrienne Rich’s theory of compulsory heterosexuality suggests that heterosexuality is not natural, but a violent institution enforced in society through e.g. law. This thesis found that compulsory heterosexuality was present in all three legislations, and presented itself through: erasure of women* and trans* people, denial of their sexuality, idealization of heterosexuality, rape and violence, control of their bodies, robbing of their children, punishment for being LGBTQIA+, diminishing their aspirations, restricting their self-fulfillment to parenthood and marriage, keeping them from seeking reproductive care, erasure of their traditions, objectification, and dismissive language. Possible consequences identified were: invalidation and invisibilization of queer and trans* people, increased oppression, the social norm being a negative bias against LGBTQIA+ people, criminalization of LGBTQIA+ people, more deaths at the hands of the law, more parentless children, making women* and trans* people question their body or intuition, and an increase in illegal unsafe abortions or abortion tourism.

<p>Uvod: Vi&scaron;eplodne trudnoće se javljaju u 1,5% svih trudnoća nakon spontane koncepcije, dok nakon postupaka vantelesne oplodnje ovaj postotak u Evropi iznosi preko 20% uz velike varijacije među zemljama. U na&scaron;oj sredini, stopa vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća nakon postupaka vantelesne oplodnje iznosi daleko iznad 30%. Pojava hipertenzivnog sindroma u trudnoći, gestacijskog dijabetesa, operativnog zavr&scaron;avanja trudnoće, prevremenog porođaja, male porođajne telesne mase, neurolo&scaron;kih sekvela kod rođene dece i gotovo svih drugih komplikacija po majku i plod, kao i celokupno opterećenje zdravstvenog sistema vi&scaron;estruko su veći kod vi&scaron;eplodnih u odnosu na jednoplodne trudnoće i udeo navednih komplikacija raste sa brojem plodova. Sa druge strane deca iz postupaka vantelesne oplodnje čine i do 4,5% sve živorođene dece u pojedinim zemljama, &scaron;to uz činjenicu da infertilitet pogađa 16-18% parova u na&scaron;oj sredini daje ovoj pojavi posebnu dimenziju i činije i dru&scaron;tvenim problemom. Perinatalni ishodi trudnoća iz postupaka vantelesne oplodnje su u velikoj meri kompromitovani visokom stopom multiplih trudnoća, koje se danas smatraju komplikacijom, a ne uspehom postupaka vantelesne oplodnje. Jednoplodne trudnoće iz postupaka vantelesne oplodnje u većim studijama pokazuju diskretno slabije perinatalne ishode u odnosu na one spontano začete, dok kod vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća ova korelacija nije jasno izražena i dokumentovana, uz prisutnu dilemu da li je vi&scaron;eplodnost sama po sebi ili način koncepcije glavni problem u zapaženoj pojavi. Cilj rada: Uporediti perinatalne ishode vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća nastalih postupcima vantelesne oplodnje i spontano začetih kao i perinatalne ishode jednoplodnih i vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća iz postupaka vantelesne oplodnje. Pored navdenog cilj rada je i ukazati sveobuhvatnost navedenog problema i na moguća re&scaron;enja za smanjenje njihove učestalosti. Materijal i metode: Kombinacijom retrospektivne opservacione studije i prospektivne longitudinalne kohortne studije u periodu analizom perinatalnih ishoda pacijentkinja porođenih na Klinici za ginekologiju i aku&scaron;erstvo Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u periodu od od 01.01.2008. do 31.12.2010. godine, studija je analizirala i poredila perinatalne ishode kod 174 spontano začete vi&scaron;eplodne trudnoće, 163 vi&scaron;eplodne trudnoće nastale postupkom vantelesne oplodnje, kao i 155 jednoplodnih trudnoća začete postupkom vantelesne oplodnje. Analizirani parametric bili su telesna masa novorođenčeta, dostignuta gestacijska starost, vrednosti Apgar skora, učestalost hipertenzivnog sindroma kod majke i brojni drugi parametri perinatalnog ishoda. Uzeti od strane obučenih kliničara i uno&scaron;eni u posebno dizajniranu bazu podataka, rezultati su statistički analizirani u program JMP ver 9.0 (SAS publisher) uz kori&scaron;ćenje ANOVA analize za testiranje statističke značajnosti između srednjih vrednosti kontinuiranih varijabli, dok je statistička značajnost razlike učestalosti kategorijskih varijabli je određivana Pearsonovim &chi;2 testom. Rezultati: Jednoplodne ART trudnoće uz prosečnu starost od 33,5 godine, prosečnu gestacijsku starost na porođaju od 38,26 gn, udeo prevremenih porođaja od 12,9%, prosečnu telesnu masu od 3258 g, AS u prvom minutu od 8,35 i u petom minutu od 9,2, stopu carskog reza od 65,81%, udeo GDM-a od 7,1%, anemije od 41,94% i preeklampsije od 4,52%, ima sve relevantne parametre perinatalnog ishoda statistički značajno (p&lt;0.0001) superiornije od kako ART tako i non ART blizanačkih trudnoća. ART blizanačke trudnoće pokazale su prosečnu starost majke od 32,9 godina, prosečnu gestacijsku starost na porođaju od 35,6 gn, udeo prevremenih porođaja od 58,27%, prosečnu telesnu masu od 2374 g, AS u prvom minutu od 7,45 i u petom minutu od 8,65, stopu carskog reza od 83,7%, udeo GDM-a od 15,11%, anemije od 78,42% i preeklampsije od 12,23%, dok su non ART blizanačke trudnoće pokazale prosečnu starost majke od 28,8 godina, prosečnu gestacijsku starost na porođaju od 36,08 gn, udeo prevremenih porođaja od 49,71%, prosečnu telesnu masu od 2433 g, AS u prvom minutu od 7,75 i u petom minutu od 8,75, stopu carskog reza od 58,33%, udeo GDM-a od 7,02%, anemije od 67,84% i preeklampsije od 11,11%. Pored godina majke i udela carskog reza koji su bili vi&scaron;i u ART blizanačkim trudnoćama (&lt;0.0001), kao i blago veće pojavi poremećaja količine plodove vode (p=0,033), gotovo svi ostali pokazatelji toka i ishoda trudnoće bili su komparabilni u navedenim grupama. Diskusija i zaključak: Studija je pokazala da su tok i ishod vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća nastalih spontano i postupcima vantelesne oplodnje ekvivalentni u gotovo svim pokazateljima uz sličnu prosečnu telesnu masu i gestacijsku starost novorođenčadi, kao i da su svi navedeni parametri ovih vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća bez obzira na način koncepcije upadljivo i podjednako lo&scaron;iji u poređenju sa jednoplodnim trudnoćama iz postupka vantelesne oplodnje. Izuzimajući vi&scaron;eplodnost kao factor rizika deca iz postupaka vantelesne oplodnje su generalno zdrava. Sama vi&scaron;eplodnost, a ne način koncepcije predstavljaju problem, koje se sa pravom smatra najvećom komplikacijom vantelesne oplodnje. Dodatna analiza iskustava drugih zdravstvenih sistema ukazuje da jedino &scaron;iroka i sveobuhvatna implementacija strategije vraćanja samo jednog embriona (Single embryo transfer &ndash; SET) može da dovede do smanjivanje stope multiplih trudnoća nakon postupaka vantelesne oplodnje, i sledstvenih komplikacija, a bez ugrožavanja samog uspeha vantelesne oplodnje. Iskustva drugih zdravstvenih sistema ukazuju da je uspe&scaron;na implementacija SET-a jedino moguća uz angažovanje celog dru&scaron;tva, zajedno sa brojnim legislativnim merama iz domena nadzora, kontrole i finansiranja postupaka vantelesne oplodnje. Obim i način finansiranja postupaka vantelesne oplodnje od strane države (uz vi&scaron;e besplatnih poku&scaron;aja za infertilne parove) uz obaveznu upotrebu SET-a, i sistema krioprezervacije na osnovu primera iz prakse predstavlja ključ u borbi za smanjenje problema vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća nakon postupaka vantelesne oplodnje.</p> / <p>Introduction: Multiple pregnancies occur in 1.5% of all pregnancies after spontaneous conception and in more than 20 % of all pregnancies concieved after assisted reproductive technologies in Europe, with large variations between countries. In our setting, the rate of multiple pregnancies after the ART is well above 30%. The occurrence of hypertensive syndrome in pregnancy, gestational diabetes, operative delivery, premature birth, low birth weight, neurological and developmental impairment in children, and almost all the other complications for the mother and fetus, as well as the entire burden of the health system are several times higher in multiple pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies. Incidence of&nbsp; forementioned complications rises with number of fetuses. On the other hand, children from in vitro fertilization procedures make up 4.5% of all live births in some countries, which together with the fact that infertility affects aproximately 16-18% of couples in our country gives an extra dimension to this phenomenon and makes it not just medical but wider social problem. Perinatal outcomes of pregnancies after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are greatly compromised by the high rate of multiple pregnancies, which are now considered to be a complication rather than success of ART procedures. ART Singleton pregnancies have, in larger studies, show discretely lower perinatal outcomes compared with those conceived spontaneously, while for the multiple pregnancies, this correlation is not clearly expressed and documented. There remains dilemma whether multiplicity itself or the way of conception (ART vs. non ART) constitutes a major problem in the observed differences regarding perinatal outcome of ART pregnancies. Objective: To compare the perinatal outcomes of multiple pregnancies conceived by In vitro fertilization (IVF) and spontaneously and perinatal outcomes of IVF conceived singleton and multiple pregnancies. Additional aim of this thesis is to point out the complexity of this problem and offer possible solutions. Materials and Methods: Design of a study was a combination of retrospective and prospective observational longitudinal cohort study. Analysis included pregnancies which had delivery at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Vojvodina in the period from 1.01.2008. to 31.12.2010. The study analyzed and compared the perinatal outcomes in 174 spontaneous conceived multiple pregnancies, 163 multiple pregnancies resulting from IVF procedures, and 155 singleton pregnancies conceived by IVF procedure. Analyzed parameters were newborns birth weight, gestational age at delivery, the value of the Apgar score, occurrence of hypertensive syndrome in pregnancy, gestational diabetes, as well as numerous parameters of perinatal outcome. Taken by trained clinicians and were entered into a specially designed database, the results were statistically analyzed in JMP ver 9.0 software (SAS publisher) using ANOVA analysis to test the statistical significance between the mean values of continuous variables, while the statistical significance of the difference in frequency of categorical variables was assessed by Pearsons &chi;2 test. Results: ART singleton pregnancies had an average mothers age of 33.5 years, the average gestational age at birth of 38.26 gestational weeks (gw), preterm delivery rate of 12.9%, average birth weight 3258 g, Apgar score (AS) in the first minute 8.35, and in the fifth minute 9.2, cesarean section rate 65.81%, Gestational diabetes (GDM) in 7.1% pregnancies, anemia occurred in 41.94% of pregnancies, while preeclampsia was observed in 4.52% of all pregnancies. All relevant parameters of perinatal outcome were significantly (p&lt;0.0001) superior to both ART and non-ART twin pregnancies. ART twin pregnancy showed the average mothers age of 32.9 years, the average gestational age at birth of 35.6 gw, the preterm delivery rate 58.27%, the average body weight newborns 2374 g, AS in the first minute of 7.45, and in the fifth minute of 8.65, the cesarean section rate of 83.7%, GDM in 15.11% of all pregnancies, anemia occurred in 78.42% and preeclampsia in 12.23% of pregnancies, while the non-ART twin pregnancy showed an average mothers age of 28.8 years, the average gestational age at birth of 36.08 gw, the preterm delivery rate of 49.71%, the average body weight of 2433 g, AS in the first minute of 7.75 in the fifth minute 8.75, the caesarian section rate of 58.33%, GDM-a occurred in 7.02%, anemia in 67.84% and preeclampsia in 11.11% of pregnancies. Except for maternal age and the caesarean section rate, which were significantly higher in ART twin pregnancies (p&lt;0.0001), as well as small increase in proportion of amniotic fluid volume disorders (p = 0.033), almost all other parameters of perinatal outcome of were comparable in these groups. Discussion and Conclusion: The study showed that the course and outcome of multiple pregnancies conceived spontaneous and after IVF procedures are equivalent in almost all parameters with similar average body weight and gestational age at birth, and that all these parameters of multiple pregnancies regardless of the conception mode are equally worse compared with singleton pregnancies from IVF procedures. With the exception of multiplicity as a risk factor children from in vitro fertilization procedures are generally healthy. Multiplicity itself and not the mode of conception presented a problem, which is rightly considered the major complication of IVF today. Additional analysis of the experiences of other health system indicates that only a broad and comprehensive implementation of strategy to return only one embryo (SET&ndash;single embryo transfer) can lead to a reduction of the rate of multiple pregnancies after IVF procedures, and the accompanying complications, without compromising IVF success. The experience of other health systems indicate that a successful implementation of SET is only possible with the involvement of the whole society, along with a number of legislative measures in the field of monitoring, control and reimbursement of assisted reproduction procedures. The scope and funding of an IVF procedures (with more free attempts for infertile couples, reimbursed by public health) with mandatory use of SET, and good cryopreservation programs are, based on examples in other countries who had successfully dealt with his problem, is the key in reducing the problem of multiple pregnancies after IVF procedures.</p>