Orientadores: Elza Cotrim Soares, Sarah Monte Alegre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fioravante_Milena_M.pdf: 3241616 bytes, checksum: 06a63b1444ac4ae94958e122343557c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a perda de peso, a composição corporal e o gasto energético de repouso de pacientes durante o tratamento da hepatite crônica C com Interferon peguilado (PEG IFN) e ribavirina, comparando com os resultados obtidos antes do tratamento. Após seleção de 56 indivíduos, com o diagnóstico de hepatite crônica C, encaminhados para o ambulatório de hepatites virais no Gastrocentro da Unicamp, o presente estudo avaliou, prospectivamente, 42 pacientes que preencheram os critérios previamente estabelecidos. O estudo foi realizado em dois tempos diferentes: o primeiro, antes de iniciar o tratamento, e o segundo na 12ª semana de tratamento que consistia no uso semanal de injeções de PEG IFN alfa-2a (180 ?g) ou PEG IFN alfa-2b (1,5 ?g/kg) e ribavirina (1000 ou 1250 mg/dia). A avaliação do estado nutricional incluiu avaliação antropométrica de peso e altura para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço, dobra cutânea tricipital, circunferência muscular do braço e circunferência abdominal. A composição corporal foi analisada por bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), sendo estimados os valores de massa magra em kilogramas e porcentagem de gordura corporal. O gasto energético de repouso de cada indivíduo foi obtido pelo método da calorimetria indireta e o consumo alimentar avaliado por recordatório de 24 horas e questionário de freqüência alimentar. Os exames laboratoriais foram aproveitados do prontuário médico. A amostra de indivíduos, com média de idade igual a 46,3 anos, foi composta por 30 (71,4%) homens e 12 (28,6%) mulheres. No momento basal do estudo, 40,5% dos pacientes eram eutróficos, 33,3% tinham sobrepeso e 26,2% apresentavam algum grau de obesidade. Os indivíduos apresentaram perda de peso significativa durante o tratamento (79,1 ± 15,6 vs. 75,7 ± 15 kg; p<0,001) com conseqüente redução de IMC (27,5 ± 5,2 vs. 26,3 ± 5 kg/m²; p<0,001), circunferência do braço (32,6 ± 3,8 vs. 31,3 ± 3,7 cm; p<0,001), dobra cutânea tricipital (18 ± 8,1 vs. 15,6 ± 7 mm; p<0,001), circunferência muscular do braço (27 ± 2,9 vs. 26,5 ± 2,8; p=0,008) e circunferência abdominal (97,8 ± 14,3 vs. 95,5 ± 14,1 cm; p<0,001). A perda de peso deu-se com redução significativa de gordura corporal (29 ± 8,2 vs. 26,7 ± 7,8%; p<0,001), sem redução de massa magra (55,6 ± 10 vs. 55 ± 10,2 kg; p=0,210). Houve redução significativa no consumo alimentar (2131 ± 890 vs. 1834 ± 699 kcal; p=0,012), avaliado pelo recordatório de 24 horas. Porém, não houve alteração no gasto energético de repouso (1168,2 ± 303 vs. 1151,3 ± 249 kcal; p=0,670) e no gasto energético de repouso corrigido pela massa magra (20,9 ± 3,7 vs. 21,1 ± 3,7 kcal/kg; p=0,864). Em conclusão, os pacientes com hepatite crônica C submetidos ao tratamento com interferon e ribavirina apresentaram importante perda de peso, observando-se redução significativa do consumo calórico, porém sem alteração do gasto energético de repouso. Mais estudos podem ser necessários para tentar elucidar as verdadeiras causas de perda de peso nesses pacientes / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate weight loss, body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) and ribavirin, compared with the results obtained before treatment. After selection of 56 individuals with chronic hepatitis C, this study evaluated prospectively 42 patients who met the established criteria. The study was conducted at two different times: the first, before starting treatment, and the second at 12 weeks of treatment, which consisted in using weekly injections of PEG IFN alfa-2a (180 ?g) or PEG IFN alfa-2b (1,5 ?g/kg) and ribavirin (1000 or 1250 mg/d). The assessment of nutritional status included anthropometric measurements of body height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, triceps skinfoldthickness, arm muscle circumference and waist circumference. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and estimated values of fat free mass (FFM) in kilograms and percentage of body fat. The REE of each individual was obtained by indirect calorimetry and food intake assessed by 24- hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. Laboratory tests were drawn from medical records. The sample of individuals consisted of 30 (71.4%) men and 12 (28.6%) women. At baseline, 40.5% were eutrophic, 33.3% were overweight and 26.2% had some degree of obesity. Subjects had significant weight loss during treatment(79.1 ± 15.6 vs. 75.7 ± 15 kg, p <0.001) with consequent decrease in BMI (27.5 ± 5.2 vs. ± 26.3 5 kg / m², p <0.001), arm circumference (32.6 ± 3.8 vs. 31.3 ± 3.7 cm, p <0.001), triceps skinfold thickness (18 ± 8.1 vs. 15, 6 ± 7 mm, p <0.001), arm muscle circumference (27 ± 2.9 vs. 26.5 ± 2.8, p = 0.008) and waist circumference (97.8 ± 14.3 vs. 95.5 ± 14.1 cm, p <0.001). This weight decrease was accompanied by significant decrease in body fat (29 ± 8.2 vs. 26.7 ± 7.8%, p <0.001) and there was no decrease in FFM (55.6 ± 10 vs. ± 55 10.2 kg, p = 0.210). There was significant decrease in energy intake (2131 ± 890 vs. 1834 ± 699 kcal, p = 0.012) assessed by 24-hour recall. However, there was no change in REE (1168.2 ± 303 vs. 1151.3 ± 249 kcal; p=0.670) and REE corrected for FFM (20.9 ± 3.7 vs. 21.1 ± 3.7 kcal/kg; p=0.864). Our study of individuals with hepatitis C treatment showed that these patients had a significant weight loss and this was not associated with changes in energy expenditure. However, we observed a significant reduction in energy intake, pointing to a possible need for intervention measures to reduce damage / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Orientador: Sarah Monte Alegre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_ThalytaMorandiRidolfide_M.pdf: 1082546 bytes, checksum: 8844f3f5a4c8f2d69eee5b1aa85f8f02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Mundialmente estimam-se 644.000 novos casos de câncer de cabeça e pescoço no mundo com dois terços dos casos ocorrendo em países em desenvolvimento. Os principais sinais e sintomas clínicos são dificuldade para engolir os alimentos, aumento do volume da região cervical, rouquidão, sangramento e em alguns casos dor que guiam o paciente à perda de peso. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o gasto energético basal e os fatores que mais influenciam na perda de peso de trinta e dois pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeça e pescoço em estádios III e IV do sistema TNM antes e após 30 dias do término da radioterapia e quimioterapia,compreendidos numa faixa etária de 30 a 65 anos, de ambos os sexos. A seleção dos indivíduos foi realizada no ambulatório de Oncologia do Hospital das Clinicas -Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A coleta de dados realizou-se na Unidade Metabólica, 6° andar do HC-UNICAMP que englobou o preenchimento de um questionário com informações pessoais (idade, sexo, tabagismo), avaliação do estado nutricional (peso, altura e avaliação subjetiva global preenchida pelo próprio paciente), avaliação da composição corporal (bioempedância elétrica, circunferência braquial, prega cutânea do tríceps e circunferência muscular do braço), avaliação do gasto energético basal (calorimetria indireta), avaliação metabólica/bioquímica (colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, glicemia, insulinemia, adiponectina, leptina, fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-?), interleucina 1 (IL-1?), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e avaliação da sensibilidade à insulina (HOMA). Além disso os pacientes foram avaliados em relação à ingestão alimentar por meio do recordatório de 24 horas e do Índice de Alimentação Saudável. Os dados foram digitados em banco de dados utilizando-se o programa Excel e para a análise estatística utilizou-se o programa SAS para Windows versão 9.1.3. com nível de significância ? 5%. Nosso estudo mostrou que não podemos justificar a perda de peso pelo aumento do gasto energético basal e/ou diminuição do gasto energético basal, sendo a mesma influenciada por fatores derivados do tumor e pelo início de um processo inflamatório e sugerimos que o aporte nutricional precoce e a ressecção tumoral antes de iniciar o tratamento poderiam melhorar o prognóstico do paciente / Abstract: Worldwide, an estimated 644,000 new cases of head and neck cancer are diagnosed each year, with two- thirds of cases occurring in undeveloped countries. They are usually seen as a set of signs and symptoms which include lesions of the oral cavity, swelling of the neck, difficulty in swallowing food, hoarseness, bleeding and ultimately pain that in some cases can lead to malnutrition. Furthermore, the standard treatment increases weight loss. The main of this study was to evaluate the resting energy expenditure and the factors that had the most influence on weight loss of thirty two patients (aged between 30 and 65 years of both genders) with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in stage III and IV of the TNM system before and after 30 days of completion radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The selection of subjects was performed at the Hospital Oncology Clinic, University of Campinas. Data collection took place in the Metabolic Unit which included filling out a questionnaire with personal information such as (age, sex, smoker or non-smoker ...), assessment of nutritional status (weight, height and subjective global assessment completed by the patient), evaluation of body composition (bioelectrical impedance, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and arm muscle circumference), evaluation of resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), evaluation of metabolic / biochemical factors (total cholesterol and fractions , triglycerides, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?), interleukin 1 ? (IL-1?), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and evaluation of insulin sensitivity (HOMA). In addition, the patient was evaluated in relation to food intake by 24-hour recall and the Healthy Eating Index. The data were entered into the database using the program Excel and the statistical analysis used the SAS for Windows version 9.1. 3. with a significance level ? 5%. Our study demonstrated that we cannot justify the weight loss either by increasing the resting energy expenditure or decreasing; it is influenced by factors derived from the tumor and the beginning of an inflammatory process. Nutritional support and early tumor resection before starting treatment improves the nutritional prognosis / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_marcelo_gotze.pdf: 556489 bytes, checksum: cb0ceeb57d3c58da117f1a655a510d0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-18 / Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, is the most important disease transmitted by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in tropical and subtropical areas in South America. Definitive diagnosis can be made by detecting infected erythrocytes in blood smears. However, the parasitemia in peripheral blood is often too low for this method to be used for diagnostic purposes. For this reason, several serological tests, including complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) have been used to detect antibodies in infected cattle. Although these tests allow the detection of persistently infected animals, they have limitations in specificity and/or sensitivity. The IIF has been the most sensitive, but cross-reactivity between species, subjective interpretation, and low production has limited its usefulness. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have found wide application in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. The cELISA format (competitive) can provide an additional level of specificity, because the antibody is directed to a single epitope, specific for the organism to be detected. For these reasons, this study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of cELISA compared to IIF and nested PCR (nPCR) for diagnosis babesiosis caused by B. bovis. Therefore, blood samples were collected from cattle in Brazil and Argentina, and processed for the diagnosis of B. bovis. The nPCR was used as the gold standard to validate the cELISA and the IIF as a comparative test. The cELISA for the diagnosis of B. bovis presented is easily processed with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. It is easily performed in a high number of samples, making it useful in cases of outbreaks of bovine babesiosis. / A babesiose bovina, causada por Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina, é a doença mais importante transmitida por carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em áreas tropicais e subtropicais da América do Sul. O diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito através da detecção de eritrócitos infectados em esfregaços sanguineos, porém a parasitemia em sangue periférico é frequentemente muito baixa para que esse método seja utilizado de forma confiável para fins de diagnóstico. Por esse motivo, vários testes sorológicos, incluindo a fixação de complemento, hemaglutinação indireta e imunofluorescência indireta (IIF) têm sido usados para detectar anticorpos em bovinos infectados. Embora estes testes permitam a detecção de animais persistentemente infectados, eles têm limitações na especificidade e/ou sensibilidade. O IIF tem sido o mais sensível, mas a reatividade cruzada entre as espécies, interpretação subjetiva, e baixa produção tem limitado a sua utilidade. Os ELISA têm encontrado ampla aplicação no diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas. O formato cELISA (competitivo) pode fornecer um nível adicional de especificidade, pois o anticorpo é dirigido para um epitopo único específico para o organismo a ser detectado. Por estas razões, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do cELISA comparado com IIF e nested PCR (nPCR) para diagnóstico de babesiose causada por B. bovis. Para tanto, amostras de sangue bovino foram coletadas no Brasil e na Argentina e processadas para o diagnóstico de B. bovis. Utilizou-se o nPCR como teste padrão para a validação do cELISA, e a IIF como teste comparativo. O cELISA para diagnóstico de B. bovis apresentou-se de fácil processamento, com altos níveis sensibilidade e especificidade, além da rapidez no processamento de amostras em larga escala, sendo de grande utilidade para casos de surtos de babesiose bovina

The presence of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in wastewater effluent and surface waters has raised attention due to their health and environmental effects. Some TOrCs are naturally attenuated via biodegradation, photo-degradation and/or adsorption, but some persist in the environment as contaminants in surface and ground waters. Thus, it is crucially important to understand their transformation pathways and their mechanisms following their discharge into the environment. This work presents research in three parts: • The first part represents an investigation of photo-transformation of TOrCs (e.g., furfuryl alcohol, p-cresol, gemfibrozil) under UV254, UVA and natural sunlight, and involving reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, triplet excited states, and specific inorganic radicals that are created by effluent organic matter (EfOM). Singlet oxygen was the only ROS, generated from effluent organic matter (EfOM) that mainly contributed to the photo-transformation of these selected TOrCs. A comprehensive mechanism and complementary kinetic model were proposed to predict the trajectories of TOrC removals via reaction with singlet oxygen. Simulations built on predicted quantum efficiencies accounted for light shading and competitive effects. Agreement between measurements and simulations was excellent. • The second part of the dissertation summarizes expected removal efficiencies for fifty-five TOrCs in alternative engineered and natural treatment processes including conventional biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), reverse osmosis (RO), granular activated carbon (GAC), and sunlight photolysis. • The last section of the dissertation follows the trajectories of a series of TOrCs and total estrogenic activity in the Santa Cruz River, following their discharge from a wastewater treatment plant in the Tucson area. The study suggests that some TOrCs tend to persist in the environment while others experience photo (or other) transformations that diminish their concentrations or activities with distance and time of travel in the river. The attenuation of estrogenic activity was dependent on sunlight and the presence of specific (unidentified) wastewater components.

Cette thèse consacrée à l’oeuvre narrative de l’écrivain suisse contemporain Adolf Muschg a pour ambition de faire apparaître la spécificité de son style, tout en démontrant la cohérence de sa démarche. Abordant un corpus encore peu connu, elle donne la priorité au texte dans sa singularité, sans renoncer aux outils d’analyse fournis par la narratologie, la stylistique et la narratologie énonciative. Les travaux de M. Bakhtine constituent un fil directeur de l’étude qui s’appuie en particulier sur la notion de « polyphonie » pour analyser les différents modes de combinaison des « voix » qui assument la narration, à l’échelle du texte comme de la phrase. Ces analyses permettent de montrer que l’oeuvre de Muschg, en plaidant pour une nouvelle conception de la réalité, devient une réflexion en acte sur le rôle de la littérature dans la société contemporaine. Une deuxième partie s’attache à l’aspect « anthropologique » de l’oeuvre qui présente l’homme comme un « être dialogique », tourné vers l’échange avec autrui. L’étude des récits que les personnages se font les uns aux autres montre que l’acte de narration est présenté comme la forme de communication humaine par excellence, tandis que la littérature est conçue comme un espace de dialogue : avec le lecteur d’une part, invité à participer à la création de l’oeuvre ; avec les auteurs d’autre part, qui sont cités, parodiés ou simplement évoqués. La présence de nombreuses références à des poètes justifie le choix du dernier axe de la thèse, qui montre que Muschg cherche à renouveler les règles de la narration en y laissant entrer les procédés de la poésie. / This thesis deals with the work of the contemporary Swiss writer Adolf Muschg and focuses on his writing technique. Since this corpus has never been studied in France yet, we have paid particular attention to the text, using the methods of narratology, stylistic and statement linguistics. Mikhail Bakhtine’s theory, especially the notion of “polyphony” has guided the study of the different “voices” contributing to the narration. The result of these analyses leads us to conclude that Muschg wants to underline the crucial role of literature in a world dominated by technical concerns and material cares. By showing reality under an original point of view and enhancing the ambivalence of all phenomenons, literature becomes a way of resisting. The second part of this study sets out to investigate the “anthropological” aspect of Muschg’s work. The author shows that man is in first place a “dialogical being”, thus giving high significance to the act of narration, which he presents as the best medium for communicating. Consequently, he tries to leave much space for the reader in his works, inciting him to take part in the creation of the novels. His texts are also opened to the influences of other writers and can be studied under the aspect of intertextuality: not only does Muschg evocate and quote many writers, he also tries to subvert the rules of narration by inserting poetry into it.

Organisations must change in order to be able to follow the expansion in the world and be competitive along with other organisations at the global market. To successfully efficient the organisations reduce their purchasing costs for material and products. One way to reduce the purchasing costs is to centralise all purchases in an organisation. When a big organisation does that, they use, among other things, the economies of scale. (Personal communication,Department Manager, 2005-06-17 and Senior adviser, IMS ITP, 2005-08-15) While studying Information Logistics, 140 p, at the Centrum för Informationslogistik in Ljungby, has IKEA IT been our co-operating company. When we talked with our Department Manager during our internship, she describes co-operation problems between the units when they purchase IT-related indirect material. Indirect material is products that support the daily work within the organisation. Since IKEA recently started a central purchasing function for indirect material our assignment was to see how IKEA could be more efficient when purchasing IT-related indirect material. Different units at IKEA are involved during central purchases of IT-related indirect material. The fact that many conflicts arise when different units are to co-operate is well known (Gadde &amp; Håkansson, 1998). We found this very interesting and therefore our chose of subject. The co-operation conflicts that have arose during our investigation shows clear signals in the theory about why they arise. According to Danermark (2000) it is more a rule than an exception that it anticipates a competition. Different occupational groups have different prestige and power, the bigger the difference is the bigger is the probability that a problem regarding co-operation arise. One difficulty with centralized purchases is to get the different units at the organisation to co-operate. Co-operation problems could be caused by many factors for example did the different units use different terminologies and could therefore be misunderstood.(Gadde &amp; Håkansson, 1998) Unique for IKEA’s organisation is that all different units work against the same business concept, goal and vision (Personal communication, Senior adviser, 2005-08-15). As long as the involved units are independent and do not have identical purposes will there always be conflicts (Gadde &amp; Håkansson, 1998). Heide, Johansson and Simonsson (2005) considers that the visions are build up on different goals. These goals are in its parts build up on a number of strategies. All IKEA-units struggle towards the same vision and goal, but the different units use different strategies to reach the goals. This different strategy creates conflicts when the different IKEA-units should co-operate. To make the most optimized purchase for IKEA should the purchasing department handle the contacts with the suppliers (Personal communication, Purchase Process Manager, 2005-08-27). That generates a conflict when the other involved units also want to make the first contact (Personal communication, Process Owner, 2005-09-07 and Project Manager 2005-09-23). One problem is that the purchasing department today have a lack of resources and do not have time to handle all purchases and delegate some purchases to the other involved units. This gives a double message about how IKEA want the purchasing process to work. / Organisationer har blivit tvingade att effektivisera sina verksamheter, för att vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. För att lyckas med detta behöver organisationen sänka kostnaderna, på material och produkter som organisationen köper in. Ett sätt att effektivisera och sänka inköpskostnaden är att centralisera inköpen. När en stor organisation gör detta utnyttjar de bland annat skalfördelarna. (Personlig kommunikation, Department Manager, 2005-06-17 och Senior adviser, IMS ITP, 2005-08-15) Vi har under våran utbildning, Informationslogistik 140p, haft IKEA IT som fadderföretag. Efter att vi genomfört en 20 veckors praktik på IKEA IT beslutade vi tillsammans med våran dåvarande chef att vi skulle skriva våran C-uppsats om hur IKEA kan genom bättre samverkan och kommunikation effektivisera sina inköp av indirekt material. IKEA: s centraliserade inköpsavdelning är nyuppstartad och det finns ännu ingen inarbetad arbetsrutin hur ett inköp skall gå till. Då IKEA nyligen startat upp sin centrala inköpsenhet för indirekt material, blev vår uppgift att se till hur IKEA kan bli mer ffektiva när de skall köpa in IT-relaterat indirekt material. Olika enheter inom IKEA är involverade under inköpsprocessen. Att det uppstår konflikter när olika enheter skall samarbeta är väl känt sedan innan (Gadde &amp; Håkansson, 1998). Vi fann detta intressant och därav vårt val av ämne. Enligt Danermark (2000) är det snarare en regel än ett undan tag att det förekommer konkurrens inom en organisation. Olika yrkesgrupper har olika prestige och makt, ju större dessa skillnader är desto större är sannolikheten att problem med samverkan uppstår. Innan inköpsavdelningen för indirekt material startades hanterade de olika enheterna själva sina inköp. Detta medförde att det förekom flera leverantörsrelationer från flera olika enheter. En av svårigheterna med centraliserade inköp, är att få organisationens olika enheter att samverka. Samverkningsproblem kan bero på många faktorer, exempelvis att de enheterna använder sig av olika terminologier och därför missuppfattar varandra. (Gadde &amp; Håkansson,1998) Unikt för IKEA organisationen är att alla dess enheter arbetar mot ett och samma mål (Personlig kommunikation, Senior adviser, 2005-08-15). Så länge de involverade parterna är självständiga och inte har identiska målsättningar, kommer det alltid att finnas konflikter (Gadde &amp; Håkansson, 1998). Heide, Johansson och Simonsson (2005) anser att visionen byggs upp av olika mål. Dessa mål bygger i sin tur på ett antal strategier. Alla enheter inom IKEA strävar efter samma vision och mål, men de olika enheterna använder olika strategier för att uppnå dessa mål. Detta leder också till konflikter då de olika enheterna inte är ense om vilka inköp som skall prioriteras. IKEA vill att den första leverantörskontakten skall tas av inköpsavdelningen, detta för att inköp och förhandlingsprocessen skall bli så optimal som möjligt för IKEA organisationen (Personlig kommunikation, Purchase Process Manager, 2005-08-27). De andra involverade enheterna motsäger sig detta då de anser att de behöver kontakta leverantören av olika anledningar innan en inköpsförhandling påbörjas (Personlig kommunikation, Process Owner, 2005-09-07 och Project Manager 2005-09-23). Ett problem är att inköpsavdelningen idag har en resursbrist i form av tid, därav överlåter de vissa inköp till de andra enheterna. Detta leder till ett dubbelt budskap om hur inköpsprocessen skall gå till.

Élucider le mystère de la matière noire est l’un des plus grands défis de la physique moderne, à l’interface entre l’astrophysique, la cosmologie et la physique des particules. Dans cette thèse, j’aborde différents aspects de la recherche indirecte des particules de matière noire, approche complémentaire à la détection directe et à la production dans des collisionneurs. Nous entrons dans une nouvelle ère grâce à des instruments remarquables et c’était donc le moment opportun pour s’attaquer au problème du profil de densité de matière noire au centre des galaxies par des méthodes originales. C'est la motivation principale de ma thèse. Dans ce travail, je tire parti des avancées technologiques afin d’explorer de nouvelles façons d’étudier la région centrale des halos de matière noire. Je me concentre en particulier sur les pics de matière noire, qui correspondent à des augmentations extrêmement fortes de la densité de matière noire pouvant être induites par les trous noirs supermassifs. Je montre qu’il est possible d’aller au-delà des recherches standards en étudiant les photons émis par des électrons et positrons produits dans les processus d’annihilation des particules de matière noire. Dans ce contexte, je décris une nouvelle technique pour modéliser la propagation des rayons cosmiques pour des profils d'injection très piqués. Je développe des modèles originaux de l’émission diffuse dans les régions centrales des galaxies, pour la Voie Lactée mais également pour d’autres galaxies, ce qui permet d’expliquer certaines observations récentes et de faire des prédictions pour des observations futures. / Unveiling the nature of dark matter is one of the greatest challenges of modern physics, at the interface between astrophysics, cosmology and particle physics. In this thesis, I tackle various aspects of indirect searches for dark matter particles, which provide a complementary approach to direct detection or collider experiments. We are now entering into an era of instruments with outstanding capabilities, so it was timely to tackle the problem of the dark matter density profile at the centers of galaxies with novel methods, which motivated this thesis. Taking advantage of these technological advances, I investigate new ways of probing the very central part of dark matter halos, especially focusing on dark matter spikes, i.e. very strong enhancements of the dark matter density that can form around supermassive black holes. I show that we can go beyond standard dark matter searches by studying photon emission from electrons and positrons produced in dark matter annihilation processes. In this context, I describe a new cosmic-ray propagation technique to account for injection by spiky distributions at the centers of galaxies. I develop novel models of the diffuse emission in the central regions of galaxies, focusing not only on the center of the Milky Way, but on the central regions of other galaxies as well. This allows me to explain recently reported observations and make predictions for future observations.

In this thesis, we will explore direct and indirect measures of learning in a visual search task commonly called contextual cueing. In the first part, we present a review of the scientific literature on contextual cueing, in order to give the readers of this thesis a better general idea of existing evidence and open questions within this relatively new research field. The aims of our own experimental studies presented in the succeeding chapters are the following ones: (1) to replicate and extend the findings described in the various papers by Marvin Chun and various colleagues on contextual cueing of visual attention; (2) to explore the nature of memory representations underlying the observed learning effects, especially whether learning is actually implicit and whether memory representations are distinctive, episodic and instance-based or rather distributed, continuous and graded; (3) to extend the study of contextual cueing to more realistic visual stimuli, in order to test its robustness across various situations and validate its adaptive value in ecologically sound conditions;<p>and (4) to investigate whether such knowledge about the association between visual contexts and “meaningful” locations can be (automatically) transferred to other tasks, namely a change detection task.<p><p>In a first series of four experiments, we tried to replicate the documented contextual cueing effect using a wide range of various direct measures of learning (tasks that are supposed to be related to explicit knowledge) and we systematically varied the distinctiveness of context configurations to study its effect on both direct and indirect measures of learning. <p><p>We also ran a series of neural network simulations (briefly described in the general discussion of this thesis), based on a very simple association-learning mechanism, that not only account for the observed contextual cueing effect, but also yield rather specific predictions about future experimental data: contextual cueing effects should also be observed when repetitions of context configurations are not perfect, i.e. the networks were able to react to slightly distorted versions of repeating contexts in a similar way than they did to completely identical contexts. Human participants, we conjectured, should therefore (if the simple connectionist model captures some relevant aspects of the contextual cueing effect) become faster at detecting targets surrounded by context configurations that are only partially identical from trial to trial compared to those trials where the context configurations were randomly generated. These predictions were tested in a second series of experiments using pseudo-repeated context configurations, where some distractor items were either displaced from trial to trial or their orientation changed, while conserving their global layout. <p><p>In a third series of experiments, we used more realistic images of natural landscapes as background contexts to establish the robustness of the contextual cueing effect as well as its ecological relevance claimed by Chun and colleagues. We furthermore added a second task to these experiments to study whether the acquired knowledge about the background-target location associations would (automatically) transfer to another visual search task, namely a change detection task. If participants have learned that certain locations of the repeated images are “important”, since they contain the target item to look for, then changes occurring at those specific locations should lead to less “change blindness” than changes occurring at other irrelevant locations. We used two different types of instructions to introduce this second task after the visual search task, where we either stressed the link between the two tasks, i.e. telling them that remembering the “important” locations for each image could be used to find the changes faster, or we simply told them to perform the second task without any reference to the first one. <p><p>We will close this thesis with a general discussion, combining findings based on our review of the existing research literature and findings based on our own experimental explorations of the contextual cueing effect. By this we will discuss the implications of our empirical studies for the scientific investigation of contextual cueing and implicit learning, in terms of theoretical, empirical and methodological issues. / Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on balance of nutrients and efficiency of energy of steers. The experiment was conducted in a Latin Square design, with eight Holstein steers (338 ± 32,2 kg body weight (BW)). The animals have been housed in metabolism cages, fed on a diet composed by 90% corn silage and 10% concentrate at two levels of intake with or without the inclusion of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. The treatment structure was a 2 × 2 factorial; intake, 1.2 versus 1.8 × NEm and tannin addition vs. control. The experiment was conducted in four periods of 21 days, of which the first 14 days were intended for the adaptation of the animals to the diets and the last 7 days to evaluate whole body energy balance and endogenous heat production. For measurement of heat production and nutrient balance, expired respiratory gases, urine, and feces were collected. Fecal and urine collections were taken during 7 days. Whole-body heat production (HP) was calculated by indirect calorimetry from O2 consumption and CO2 production and corrected for CH4 production and urinary N excretion using the equation proposed by Brouwer (1965). The inclusion of tannin extract had no effect on energy and nitrogen balance. The two levels of intake had effect on energy retention and whole-body heat production (P<0.001). / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii a dois níveis de consumo da dieta total de bovinos sobre o balanço de nutrientes e eficiência da utilização de energia. Foram utilizados oito bovinos machos, castrados, da raça Holandês (338 ± 32,2 kg de peso corporal (PC), aleatoriamente alocados em um Quadrado Latino replicado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (com ou sem a inclusão de extrato tanífero x níveis de consumo). A dieta experimental foi composta de silagem de milho, milho moído e premix mineral, a relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada foi de 90:10. Foram ofertados dois níveis de consumo: 1,5 e 1,8 × Energia Líquida de mantença (Elm). O experimento foi constituído de quatro períodos de 21 dias cada, sendo 14 dias de adaptação às dietas e 7 dias de coleta de amostras. Coletas fecais e urinárias foram realizadas durante os 7 dias de coleta. A produção de calor foi calculada pela calorimetria indireta a partir do consumo de O2 e a produção de CO2 corrigido para a produção de CH4 e excreção de nitrogênio urinário utilizando equação proposta por Brouwer (1965). A inclusão do extrato tanífero não teve efeito sobre o balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Os níveis de ingestão influenciaram a retenção de energia e a produção de calor (P<0,001).

This thesis is an investigation into ambiguity and irony in Kierkegaard’s The Concept of Dread [Begrebet Angest]. The frequent ambiguities in Kierkegaard’s texts have been discussed by several scholars, and Kierkegaard’s interest in irony is evident not only from his master’s thesis On the Concept of Irony, but also from his other texts. The irony in Kierkegaard has especially been expounded on by Roger Poole and Jacob Bøggild, who both consider irony to be at the heart of Kierkegaardian writing. Furthermore, the ambiguity in Kierkegaard can also be considered typical for the existentialist line of philosophy in general. Finally, both of these subjects tie in to the difficult subject of Kierkegaard’s ”indirect communication”, a subject discussed at length by Poole. The investigation falls into three parts. The first part is essentially a preparation: the concepts of ambiguity and irony are introduced, as is their relation to each other, and the discussion of these pertaining to Kierkegaard is paraphrased. An introduction to Kierkegaard’s indirect communicationis also provided. The second part constitutes the main body of the thesis. This part consists of a reading of The Concept of Dread with special attention brought to the ambiguities of this text. These ambiguities are numerous and in most cases fundamental concepts in the book’s line of reason including things such as dread itself, sin, guilt and the demonic. This reading follows the basic layout of the book itself, interspersed with remarks and topics discussed by other scholars, notably Jonna Hjertström Lappalainen and Gordon Daniel Marino. At the end of this part, the ironic readings of Poole and Bøggild are discussed in relation to the more “direct” reading proposed previously. Such readings put even greater emphasis on the ambiguity, as the text in its entirety is ambiguous. The third part is a tentative discussion of the conflicting accounts of Bøggild, Poole and Hjertström Lappalainen, and an attempt at reconciling these into a coherent view of The Concept of Dread. It is argued that ambiguity, while not equatable with indirect communication, is nonetheless a necessary prerequisite for communicating without compromising the individual’s subjective and concrete experience of the human condition. Finally, the Kierkegaardian notion of absolute freedom as discussed by Hjertström Lappalainen is considered in relation to the “existential concepts” fundamental to existentialist philosophy and, once again, the necessity of ambiguity is shown. The task of the ambiguous or ironic text is then to communicate the subjective, that which cannot be grasped in language, making necessary a certain “emptiness” or openness with regards to the central concepts.