Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study seeks to explore students’ subjective and collective experience of an experiential family therapy module within the Clinical Psychology Masters training programme. It looks at the perceptions of nine trainee therapists who used genograms and family sculpting to present their family of origin. The study takes place after the completion of the practical internship year with the purpose of exploring relevant emotional, cognitive, social and therapeutic effects of this module. A literature survey reveals that the use of genograms and family sculpting during training has received little research interest as most studies have primarily focused on their use during therapy with clients and in supervision. There is a scarcity of literature available that pertains directly to psychologists themselves and their wider social context. An exploratory review has been made to supplement the literature and pertains to experiential programmes in training in general and the psychologist’s self in training. The epistemology that directs this research falls within a postmodern frame. The experience is viewed from within the broad systems perspective. This approach acknowledges the dynamic and recursive interactions which occur between and within systems, and permits a broad perspective to be taken that is inclusive rather than exclusive. A qualitative research design was selected as it lends itself particularly well to the study of the ‘lived realities’ of people within their context and allows the information gained from the study to guide the research process. Semi-structured open-ended in-depth interviews were used as they allow for greater freedom and fewer restrictions regarding direction for the participant. A thematic analysis was carried out in order for the central themes of the experience to emerge. These themes were discussed extensively and integrated with the literature available. The multigenerational family presentation seems to create greater awareness of patterns and roles and these insights have a pervasive impact in many contexts. Understandably, the trainees feel emotionally overwhelmed as they become both observer and observed, viewing their interaction from a third-person perspective. This awareness of process results in a loss of spontaneous response and initial debilitation which is associated with feelings of loss and isolation. The self-exploratory behaviour gives rise to a reflexive reconstruction of self as a result of the access to new meanings regarding the dynamics and relationships within the family system, which enhances understanding of the complex interplay of systems, and ultimately facilitates the processes of integration, repair and resolution. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

Hierdie verhandeling bestaan uit die ongepubliseerde manuskrip (gedigte) ʼn blaar hierdie boot, ʼn mini-verhandeling en ʼn tuisvervaardigde CD met ʼn paar gedigte. Die studie bespreek teoretiese terme en begrippe soos outoëtnografie, individuasie en vaslegging (imprinting), uit die vakgebiede van Sielkunde, Sosiologie, Opvoedkunde en Kommunikasiekunde. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie terme ten opsigte van geselekteerde literêre tekste word genoem en geïllustreer aan die hand van spesifieke skrywers. Daar word kortliks gekyk na die verstradisies van Sjina en Japan om die verwantskap met die Afrikaanse gedigte vas te stel. Sogenaamde “close reading” word geteleskopeer op geselekteerde verse uit ʼn blaar hierdie boot. ENGLISH : This dissertation consists of an unpublished anthology of poetry, ʼn blaar hierdie boot and a dissertation of limited scope, together with a home-recorded CD of poems. The study takes stock of theoretical terms and concepts like autoethnography, individuation and imprinting from the disciplines of Psychology, Sociology, Education and Communication. The relevance of these terms regarding selected literary texts is illustrated by the mention of specific authors and poets. A brief view on poetry traditions in China and Japan is offered, to illustrate the relation to Afrikaans poetry in general and the candidate’s poems in particular. So-called close reading is applied to selected poems from ʼn blaar hierdie boot Additional information available on a CD, stored at the Merensky Library on Level 3 Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Orientadores: Elisabeth Bauch Zimmermann, Lucia Helena Reily / Acompanha 1 DVD-R com video vinculado a uma midia de hipertexto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T01:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcellino_VeraCristina_M.pdf: 1749599 bytes, checksum: 3c53b456e1fb73cc5bd869b054ee1d64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Essa pesquisa se propõe à identificação da dinâmica e interação entre o processo de criação em performance contemporânea e o processo de individuação, conceito junguiano de realização humana. Considerando a priori o entrelaçamento entre o processo de criação e o processo de individuação, descrito por Carl Gustav Jung como um processo que todo ser humano percorre buscando realizar-se como indivíduo singular. O objetivo desse entrelaçamento é buscar uma resposta aproximada a intrigantes questões como, por exemplo: num percurso de investigação intensa, o dançarino amplia sua capacidade em reproduzir uma gestualidade gerada em laboratórios? Há instantes na performance em que a percepção da totalidade do ser pode ser mais bem identificada? Caso haja essa identificação, que pontos manifestos da totalidade acessados na performance gestual permitem-me identificar como singular (arte e Self)? A base metodológica consiste-se em vivências sensoriais, investigativas e reflexivas sobre o movimento num ambiente dialógico e discursivo para que alteridades corporais e psíquicas se manifestem. A avaliação e controle dos dados deu-se a partir de depoimentos do grupo em laboratório e da filmagem, fotografia e registros plásticos decorrentes das vivências. Como registro do processo foi desenvolvido um vídeo e vinculado a uma mídia de hipertexto / Abstract: This research proposes itself to the identification of the dynamics and interaction between the creation process in contemporary performance and the individuation process, a Jungian concept of human realization. A priori, considering the interconnection between the creation process and the individuation process, as described by Carl Gustav Jung, as a process which each human being goes through, seeking for its fullfilment as a unique individual. The aim of this interconnection is to get an approximated answer to some intriguing question like, for example: during a time of intense investigation, does the dancer enlarge his or her capacity for reproduction of a gestuality originated from the laboratories? Are there moments during the performance where the perception of the wholeness of the being can be identified? If there is such an identification, which manifested aspects of totality, accessed during the gestual performances allow themselves to be identified as unique (art and Self) ? The methodological basis of this research consists in some sensorial experiences, investigative and reflexive, in a dialogical and discursive environment, in order to the body and psyche differentiations manifest themselves. The evaluation and control of the datas came out from the group assessments during laboratories development, film and photograph process, as well as the plastic register that resulted from these experiences. As a register of the process it was developed a video which is presented in hypertext / Mestrado / Mestre em Artes

L’analyse phénoménologique du mouvement du Soi a été menée auprès de dix-sept sujets, des intervenants en soins spirituels (ISS), ayant cheminé en direction d’une profession ouverte à la spiritualité et s’ouvrant à leur spiritualité. Notre démarche de recherche s’appuie sur la phénoménologie et s’ancre dans un paradigme constructiviste. Nous avons cherché à appréhender la formalisation d’un nouveau métier qui donne accès à une forme de psychologie spirituelle et laïque mise en pratique au moyen de soins spirituels non-confessionnels. Cette pratique particulière du soin spirituel au sein d’institutions de santé laïques nous a fait interroger les sources épistémologiques de l’herméneutique du Soi qui subit à la fois l’impact de l’histoire de la sécularité qui reconnaît la rupture culturelle et religieuse. Cette recherche a permis d’accéder à une meilleure compréhension du parcours spirituel des ISS et de comprendre la nature d’un soin spirituel laïque qui engage la spiritualité personnelle de l’ISS. Elle a aussi permis de proposer un modèle d’accompagnement qui se situe à l’interface des soins spirituels et de la psychothérapie. Le mouvement du Soi s’exprime d’abord, chez l’ISS, dans la connaissance de ses propres blessures, de son humanité et dans un rapport à soi envisagé du point de vue de la normativité culturelle, religieuse, sociale et/ou institutionnelle. Ensuite, le Soi cherche à advenir à un nouveau rapport à l’existence que le sujet construit au fur et à mesure qu’il avance en direction d’une autonomie à conquérir – le gouvernement de soi – qui décrit une forme de maturité spirituelle ouverte à la spiritualité d’autrui. Enfin, l’atteinte de cette maturité se réalise pour le sujet au sein d’une création poétique de Soi qui est acceptation de Soi et permet au sujet ISS de déployer sa spiritualité au cœur d’un espace laïque au service du besoin spirituel des patients. L’analyse de contenu du mouvement de l’être a permis de formaliser quatre étapes évolutives à travers lesquelles s’accomplit le déploiement d’une psychologie spirituelle propre aux sujets spirituels : (1) la figuration en tant que pensée spirituelle qui se cherche dans un mouvement causal ; (2) la configuration qui renvoie à la pensée spirituelle engagée dans la construction d’un sens sur elle-même, d’une histoire à soi et d’une spiritualité à vivre ; (3) la refiguration comme la pensée qui se critique et se Remet en question (c’est la récursivité selon Morin 2006) ; (4) la transfiguration qui est le moment où la pensée se valide, advient et repart en mouvement rétrocausal. Cette dernière et quatrième étape du mouvement du Soi permet de mettre à jour les éléments constitutifs de la sagesse qui se centre sur la découverte, la construction et l’expression du Soi. Elle permet au sujet spirituel de se découvrir et de se prendre lui-même pour objet de conscience à portée universel, c’est-à-dire qu’il se projette adéquatement dans l’espace commun, entre sa spiritualité et la pensée dominante laïque. Cet entre-deux est ce qui caractérise la sagesse – Sophia en grec – dans la mesure où le sujet est capable de trouver un point de rencontre entre son histoire individuelle et l’histoire commune. Cette sagesse le fait s’inscrire au bon moment et au bon endroit (c’est le kairos) et l’aide à construire sa propre histoire soumise aux aléas de l’existence. Son expérience humaine et spirituel exprime alors son désir de l’indéterminé enchainé à la causalité. Les résultats concernant la psychologie spirituelle et laïque ont donné lieu à une distinction entre la croyance religieuse et la spiritualité religieuse. Dans le premier cas, le sujet se retrouve dans une forme de culture de soi (Foucault, 1979) qui vise le seul rapport authentique à soi ; dans le second, il place le sujet dans une situation relevant du dépassement de soi (Hadot, 1993) qui le positionne dans une quête de sens continuelle. En somme, ce mouvement du Soi apparaît être soumis à une organisation spécifique de la pensée faisant que la quête de sens s’accomplie dans une récurrence qui l’abolit sans répit (il n’y a pas de sens) tout en l’affirmant sans arrêt (le sens est le sens lui-même). Ce mouvement de la pensée est en fait un mouvement du soi qui se perd dans l’élaboration d’un savoir sur soi inductif et déductif et qui décrit l’idée que « le sens du sens est un sens qui n’a pas de sens ». Mais qui permet d’arriver à un point de rencontre entre le soi et l’autre, entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur, entre le dedans et le dehors. Finalement, la Sophia (Reconnaissance de Soi) est portée par le principe de récursivité (la critique de Soi qui permet de juger ses jugements, de critiquer sa critique et de dépasser les préjugés sur soi ou sur le monde) et est le point d’ancrage à notre construction clinique axée sur la compréhension de l’ensemble du mouvement de l’être. / The phenomenological analysis of the movement of the Self was carried out with seventeen subjects, speakers in spiritual care (ISS), having journeyed towards a profession opened to spirituality and opening to their spirituality. Our research approach is based on phenomenology and is anchored in a constructivist paradigm. We sought to understand the formalization of a new profession which gives access to a form of spiritual and secular psychology put into practice by means of non-confessional spiritual care. This particular practice of spiritual care within secular health institutions made us question the epistemological sources of self hermeneutics which goes through both the impact of the history of secularity, which recognizes the cultural and religious rupture. This research provided a better understanding of the spiritual journey of the ISS and an understanding of the nature of secular spiritual care that engages the personal spirituality of the ISS. It had also made it possible to propose a model of accompaniment which is located at the interface of spiritual care and psychotherapy. The movement of the Self is first expressed in the knowledge of one's own wounds, of one's humanity and in a relationship to oneself from the point of view of cultural, religious, social and / or institutional normativity. Then, the subject seeks to come to a new relationship with himself that he builds while moving in the direction of an autonomy to conquer - self-government - which describes a form of spiritual maturity opened to other people’s spirituality. Finally, the achievement of this maturity is made by a poetic creation of the Self which is the acceptance of the Self that allows the ISS to deploy its spirituality in the heart of a secular space at the service of the spiritual need of patients. The content analysis of the movement of the Self has made it possible to define four evolutionary stages through which the deployment of a spiritual psychology specific to spiritual subjects is accomplished: (1) figuration as a spiritual thought that is sought in causal movement; (2) the configuration which refers to the spiritual thought engaged in the construction of a sense of itself, of a story of its own and of a spirituality to live; (3) refiguration as a thinking that criticizes and questions itself (this is recursion according to Morin 2006); (4) the transfiguration which is the moment when the thought is validated, occurs and starts again in a retrocausal movement. 6 This last and fourth stage of the movement of the Self allows to reveal a form of wisdom which approach is centered on the discovery, the construction and the expression of the Self. Indeed, the spiritual subject can discover himself and take himself as the object of consciousness with an universal scope, in other words, that he projects himself adequately in the common space, between his spirituality and the dominant secular thought . This in-between is what characterizes wisdom - Sophia in Greek - insofar as the subject is able to find a meeting point between his individual history and the common history. This wisdom makes him find himself at the right time, at the right place (this is the kairos) and helps him to build his own story subjected to the vagaries of existence. Then, his human and spiritual experience are expressing his desire for the indeterminate chained to causality. The results regarding the spiritual and secular psychology gave rise to a distinction between religious belief and religious spirituality. In the first case, the subject finds himself in a form of self-culture (Foucault, 1979) which aims at the only authentic relationship with the self; in the second one, it places the subject in a situation to surpass oneself (Hadot, 1993) which positions him in a continuous quest for meaning. In short, this movement of the Self appears to be subjected to a specific organization of thought where the quest for meaning is accomplished in a recurrence which abolishes it without respite (there is no meaning) while affirming it without stopping (the meaning is the meaning itself). This movement of thought is in fact a movement of the self which is lost in the formation of an inductive and deductive self-knowledge and which describes the idea that "the sense of meaning is a meaning that has no meaning". However, it makes it possible to reach a meeting point between the self and the other, between the interior and the exterior, between the inside and the outside; it also allows to judge the judgments, criticize the criticism and overcome prejudices about oneself or the world. Finally, Sophia (Self-recognition) is the anchor point of the whole movement of the Self, making the object of our clinic essentially focused on the principle of recursion (Selfcriticism).

The theme of the thesis is the use of a questionnaire GPOP (Golden Profiler of Personality) in international research, specifically in the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The theoretical part is devoted to the three basic thematic areas, which are interconnected through the influence of C. G. Jung: cross-cultural comparison of the Czech Republic and Switzerland, Jung's typology, from which GPOP questionnaire derives from and mid-life issues described by Jung as individuation process. The emphasis is placed mainly on various forms of cross- cultural research and cultural standards in both countries on the basis of thereof the results are interpreted. The empirical part includes a detailed description of the questionnaire method and a sample of studied people. It is followed by a quantitative study in which there are statistically compared results of the four basic dimensions GPOP test pro-bands in the Czech Republic and Switzerland. An overview of personality types in individual countries and comparison of personality differences on cross-cultural background comes after. Finally, it assesses the work with GPOP method and its application.

Cette thèse se déploie dans un espace de discours et de pratiques revendicatrices, à l’inter- section des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques, euro-américaines contempo- raines. La problématique se dessinant dans ce croisement culturel examine des métaphores et analogies au coeur d’un traffic intense, au milieu de voies de commmunications imposantes, reliant les technologies informatiques et biotechniques comme lieux d’expression médiatique. L’examen retrace les lignes de force, les médiations expressives en ces lieux à travers leurs manifestations en tant que codes —à la fois informatiques et génétiques— et reconnaît les caractères analogiques d’expressivité des codes en tant que processus de convergence. Émergeant lentement, à partir des années 40 et 50, les visions convergentes des codes ont facilité l’entrée des ordinateurs personnels dans les marchés, ainsi que dans les garages de hackers, alors que des bricoleurs de l’informatique s’en réclamaient comme espace de liberté d’information —et surtout d’innovation. Plus de cinquante ans plus tard, l’analogie entre codes informatiques et génétiques sert de moteur aux revendications de liberté, informant cette fois les nouvelles applications de la biotechnologie de marché, ainsi que l’activité des biohackers, ces bricoleurs de garage en biologie synthétique. Les pratiques du biohacking sont ainsi comprises comme des individuations : des tentatives continues de résoudre des frictions, des tensions travaillant les revendications des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques. Une des manières de moduler ces tensions s’incarne dans un processus connu sous le nom de forking, entrevu ici comme l’expérience d’une bifurcation. Autrement dit, le forking est ici définit comme passage vers un seuil critique, déclinant la technologie et la biologie sur plusieurs modes. Le forking informe —c’est-à-dire permet et contraint— différentes vi- sions collectives de l’ouverture informationnelle. Le forking intervient aussi sur les plans des iii semio-matérialités et pouvoirs d’action investis dans les pratiques biotechniques et informa- tiques. Pris comme processus de co-constitution et de différentiation de l’action collective, les mouvements de bifurcation invitent les trois questions suivantes : 1) Comment le forking catalyse-t-il la solution des tensions participant aux revendications des pratiques du bioha- cking ? 2) Dans ce processus de solution, de quelles manières les revendications changent de phase, bifurquent et se transforment, parfois au point d’altérer radicalement ces pratiques ? 3) Quels nouveaux problèmes émergent de ces solutions ? L’effort de recherche a trouvé ces questions, ainsi que les plans correspondants d’action sémio-matérielle et collective, incarnées dans trois expériences ethnographiques réparties sur trois ans (2012-2015) : la première dans un laboratoire de biotechnologie communautaire new- yorkais, la seconde dans l’émergence d’un groupe de biotechnologie amateure à Montréal, et la troisième à Cork, en Irlande, au sein du premier accélérateur d’entreprises en biologie synthétique au monde. La logique de l’enquête n’est ni strictement inductive ou déductive, mais transductive. Elle emprunte à la philosophie de la communication et de l’information de Gilbert Simondon et découvre l’épistémologie en tant qu’acte de création opérant en milieux relationnels. L’heuristique transductive offre des rencontres inusitées entre les métaphores et les analogies des codes. Ces rencontres étonnantes ont aménagé l’expérience de la conver- gence des codes sous forme de jeux d’écritures. Elles se sont retrouvées dans la recherche ethnographique en tant que processus transductifs. / This dissertation examines creative practices and discourses intersecting computer and biotech cultures. It queries influential metaphors and analogies on both sides of the inter- section, and their positioning of biotech and information technologies as expression media. It follows mediations across their incarnations as codes, both computational and biological, and situates their analogical expressivity and programmability as a process of code conver- gence. Converging visions of technological freedom facilitated the entrance of computers in 1960’s Western hobbyist hacker circles, as well as in consumer markets. Almost fifty years later, the analogy drives claims to freedom of information —and freedom of innovation— from biohacker hobbyist groups to new biotech consumer markets. Such biohacking practices are understood as individuations: as ongoing attempts to resolve frictions, tensions working through claims to freedom and openness animating software and biotech cultures. Tensions get modulated in many ways. One of them, otherwise known as “forking,” refers here to a critical bifurcation allowing for differing iterations of biotechnical and computa- tional configurations. Forking informs —that is, simultaneously affords and constrains— differing collective visions of openness. Forking also operates on the materiality and agency invested in biotechnical and computational practices. Taken as a significant process of co- constitution and differentiation in collective action, bifurcation invites the following three questions: 1) How does forking solve tensions working through claims to biotech freedom? 2) In this solving process, how can claims bifurcate and transform to the point of radically altering biotech practices? 3) what new problems do these solutions call into existence? This research found these questions, and both scales of material action and agency, in- carnated in three extensive ethnographical journeys spanning three years (2012-2015): the first in a Brooklyn-based biotech community laboratory, the second in the early days of a biotech community group in Montreal, and the third in the world’s first synthetic biology startup accelerator in Cork, Ireland. The inquiry’s guiding empirical logic is neither solely deductive or inductive, but transductive. It borrows from Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of communication and information to experience epistemology as an act of analogical creation involving the radical, irreversible transformation of knower and known. Transductive heuris- tics offer unconvential encounters with practices, metaphors and analogies of code. In the end, transductive methods acknowledge code convergence as a metastable writing games, and ethnographical research itself as a transductive process.

Ce mémoire porte sur la réponse leibnizienne à la question de l’utilité des mathématiques pour la connaissance de la nature, c’est-à-dire, en l’occurrence, pour la connaissance des phénomènes corporels et de leurs relations. Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la façon dont les notions abstraites mathématiques entrent dans la connaissance la plus immédiate des choses. à travers le mode par lequel nous apparaît l’individualité des phénomènes. Après avoir fourni des éclaircissements métaphysiques sur la conception leibnizienne de l’individuation, nous nous plongeons dans l’étude de la position spatiale à la lumière de l’analyse géométrique leibnizienne. Ce dernier prédicat fournit une manière de déterminer les individus qui ne sont pas bien distingués par nous au moyen de leurs qualités réelles. Considérés sous le seul angle de leur individuation spatiale, les phénomènes ont un caractère idéal et indéterminé qui les rend immédiatement susceptibles d’un traitement mathématique. Dans le second chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la question de savoir pourquoi les explications physiques qui font usage des mathématiques sont pour Leibniz préférables épistémologiquement. Nous nous tournons en conséquence vers ses raisons d’adhérer à la philosophie mécanique, qui contient une composante mathématique essentielle, afin d’étudier celle qui tient à la plus grande intelligibilité du mécanisme. Nous tentons de montrer que la composante mathématique du mécanisme contribue à cette intelligibilité parce que les mathématiques proposent une mode de raisonnement valide et expressément adapté à la situation épistémologique des esprits finis. Ce mode produit des raisonnements nécessaires aux moyens de notions incomplètes. Il suscite également la découverte de nouvelles vérités en offrant à l’imagination un support sensible, contrôlable et évident. / This thesis explores Leibniz’s solution to the problem of how mathematics are useful to our understanding of the world, i.e., to our understanding of corporeal phenomena and their relations. In the first chapter, it focuses on how abstract mathematical notions enter in our most immediate understanding of the world. Here, the aim is connecting the pervasiveness of mathematics to the peculiar way by which the individuality of phenomena manifests itself to us. After some metaphysical remarks on Leibniz’s conception of individuation, we study spatial position in the light of the new leibnizian geometrical analysis : Analysis Situs. Spatial position provides us with a way to further distinguish between individual phenomena whose qualities relevant to their real individuation remain ignored. In the sole light of spatial individuation, phenomena are ideal and indeterminate. This situation renders them susceptible to mathematical treatment without further elaboration. In the second chapter, we turn our attention to the question of why mathematical methods in philosophy of nature are epistemologically superior in Leibniz’s eyes. We explore Leibniz’s reason to espouse a mechanical philosophy which comprise indispensable mathematical notions. Leibniz believes that mechanical philosophy is the most intelligible explanation of nature and we mean to assess how mathematics enter this picture. We try to show that the mathematical aspects of mechanical philosophy make it more intelligible by virtue of mathematics’ peculiar mode of reasoning. This mode of reasoning is valid as well as most suited for our finite minds. It provides necessary arguments through incomplete notions. It also encourages the discovery by assisting the imagination with controlled and sensible support that makes knowledge more evident.

Therapeutic outcomes are explored in a series of case studies where art therapy and storytelling interventions are used with clients. Stories utilized in the study include picture book stories, fairytales, and self-generated narratives. Additionally, the study’s participants created art responses that took such forms as illustrations and altered books. Research questions that were investigated were: When children receiving art therapy engage with stories created by others or the author, how do they respond?; When children receiving art therapy create their own stories, how do they respond?; and Is there archetypal or other psychologically meaningful content in the author’s picture book? Main subjects of the study were clients ages 9 to 12 receiving individual and group therapy services from the author at The Whole Child in Whittier, California. The author was also a subject in the study. She studied her picture book for significant content. A case study approach was used to highlight themes of psychological or therapeutic relevance for all participants. Biographical data as well as responses to interventions were recorded in assessment and progress notes. Additionally, the therapist shared a piece of her own creative writing for each case study in order to understand clients through the storytelling process. Then the biographical data, story, art responses, and creative writing pieces were studied to look for any connections and to draw conclusions. Based on these results, it appears that sharing pre-existing stories with clients or asking clients to create their own stories has therapeutic value. Not only did these interventions appear to aid clients’ expressions, but they also helped the therapist gain important understandings about clients. Similar analysis of the author’s picture book brought to light themes of psychological importance that increased her self-understanding.

Universally across modern cultures children acquire the meaning of the words one, two, and three in order. While much research has focused on how children acquire this knowledge and what this knowledge represents, the question of why children learn numbers in order has been comparatively neglected. To address this question, a non-verbal anticipatory looking task was implemented. In this task, 35 14- to 23-month-old infants were assessed on their ability to form implicit category structures for the numbers one, two, and three. We hypothesized that children would be able to form the implicit category structure for the number one but not for two or three because sets of two and three objects would exceed the working memory capacities of infants. We found results consistent with this hypothesis; infants (regardless of age) were able form a category for sets with one object, as evidenced by their looking behavior while the looking behavior for the numbers two and three did not demonstrate a statistically significant pattern. We interpret our results as consistent with our hypothesis and discuss implications for parallel individuation, number acquisition theories, and the development of working memory resources.