De récents développements en théorie de la decision ont largement enrichi notre connaissance de la notion d'incertitude knightienne, usuellement appelée ambiguïté. Néanmoins ces dévelopement tardent à être intégrés au coeur de la théorie économique. Nous suggérons que l'analyse de phénonèmes économiques tel que l'innovation et la Recherche et Développement gagnerait à intégrer les modèles de décision en situation d'ambiguïté. Nous étayons notre propos en analysant l'allocation des droits de propriété d'une découverte. Les deux premières parties de la présentation s'inspire d'un modèle d'Aghion et de Tirole, The Management of Innovation, portant sur l'allocation des droits de propriété entre une unité de recherche et un investisseur. Il est démontré qu'un désaccord entre les agents sur la technologie de recherche affecte leur niveau d'effort, l'allocation des droits de propriété et l'allocation des revenus subséquents. Finalement, nous examinons une situation où plusieurs chercheurs sont en compétition en s'inspirant du traitement de l'incertitude de Savage. La présence d'ambuïgité affecte le comportement des agents et l'allocation des droits de propriétés de manière qui n'est pas captée en assumant l'hypothèse de risque. / Recent developments in decision-theory have shed light on the concept of Knightian Uncertainty, or Ambiguity. However, this apparatus is still not fully integrated in economic theory. This presentation argue that the analysis of innovation and Research and Developments will gain substantial insights by modelling these activities as decision-making under Ambiguity. The main subject of of interest of this paper is the allocation of the property rights of a discovery. The first part of the analysis draws on a paper of Aghion and Tirole, The Management of Innovation, where they look at the optimal allocation of the property rights between a Research Unit and its financier. Allowing for heterogeneous beliefs affects the level of effort of the two agents, the sharing rule of the revenue of a discovery and the allocation of property rights. The second part follows Savage's framework to model an innovation competition between multiple researchers. The presence of Ambiguity impacts the behaviour of the agents and the allocation of the property rights in a way that could not be captured assuming Risk.

Cette thèse vise à combler le fossé entre l'analyse de l’économie réelle et l’économie monétaire dans la théorie du commerce international. À cette fin, j’analyse l’effet Cantillon, i.e. l'impact différentiel de l'expansion monétaire sur les prix, la production, les patrimoines et la structure du commerce international. Dans la première partie, je passe en revue la littérature en économie internationale, à partir du 19e siècle jusqu’aux théories contemporaines. Dans la deuxième partie, j’utilise les contributions de Ludwig von Mises à la théorie de la monnaie et des cycles économiques comme fondement de l'analyse de l’impact de l'expansion monétaire sur le commerce international. Dans le chapitre 4, j’examine la relation entre le développement du marché financier et le commerce. Dans le chapitre 5, je discute l'impact de l'inflation monétaire sur les modes de financement du commerce et sur la transmission des cycles économiques. Les principaux résultats de ma recherche sont que l'expansion monétaire modifie la direction, la composition, le volume et la valeur des flux commerciaux et de capitaux. J’applique ce cadre théorétique dans le chapitre 6, pour expliquer l'évolution des ventes de marchandises et des flux de capitaux au cours des dernières décennies, et d'illustrer mes conclusions avec les données statistiques de la plus récente crise financière et de l'effondrement du commerce mondial de 2008-2009. Dans la troisième partie, j’analyse l’impact de l'expansion monétaire sur l’organisation industrielle internationale et la distribution mondiale des revenus et des patrimoines. Dans la section finale, je présente les implications majeures de mon analyse pour le commerce international et les politiques monétaires, et son importance pour des recherches futures. / This dissertation endeavors to offer a way to bridge the gap between the analysis of real and monetary phenomena in international economics. To this end, I analyze Cantillon effects, i.e. the differential impact of monetary expansion on prices, production, wealth, and the pattern of international trade. In Part I review the standard literature in international economics from the 19th century to contemporary theories. In Part II I use the contributions of Ludwig von Mises to the theory of money and business cycles as the foundation for the analysis of monetary expansion and international trade. In Chapter 4, I focus on the relationship between financial development and international trade. In Chapter 5, I analyze the impact of inflation and5fractional reserve banking on trade finance, and the transmission of business cycles across national borders. The main findings of my research are that monetary expansion modifies the direction, composition, volume and value of trade and capital flows. I apply this framework in Chapter 6, to explain the evolution of merchandise and capital flows over the last decades, and illustrate my findings with statistical evidence from the most recent financial crisis and the global trade collapse of 2008-2009. In Part III I analyze the impact of monetary expansion on international industrial organization, and the global distribution of income and wealth. In the concluding section, I draw out the major implications of my analysis for international trade and monetary policies, and its importance for future research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo H Consoli.pdf: 464724 bytes, checksum: 730bce2c6c19d7b07068073111c8514d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-19 / Among the ways that companies can coordinate they activities and define the sources of resources, two are opposite: make or buy in market. In this way, companies choose one of these options or use hybrid coordination forms, that will define the level of vertical integration used by the company. The aim of this research is analyze and classify the main factors regarded by managers when deciding about the level of vertical integration to use in their strategies. Following this objective, it was made a review in the publications related to this subject, like strategy, decision making process, transaction cost economy, industrial organization and finance. The procedures to develop the research used case study methodology applied in the sugar cane sector, where three different sugar mills with distinct vertical integration levels were analyzed through secondary data and interviews. As results it shows a list of factors and situations to be analyzed and pondered to assist managers to organize their production systems and make most efficient decision making about make or buy / Dentre inúmeras maneiras possíveis para as empresas organizarem suas atividades e definirem suas fontes de obtenção de recursos, destaca-se duas formas polares, são elas: produzir internamente ou comprar no mercado. Dessa maneira, a opção por uma dessas formas ou até mesmo a opção por uma forma híbrida, define o grau de integração vertical adotada pela empresa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e classificar quais são os principais fatores considerados pelos gestores no processo decisório de definição do grau de integração vertical adotado pela empresa. Para tanto, foram revisadas as principais obras relacionadas aos temas: estratégia, processo decisório, economia de custos de transação, organização industrial e finanças. Utilizou-se ainda neste trabalho, para alcançar os objetivos propostos, a metodologia de estudo de caso aplicado, em três empresas pertencentes ao sistema agroindustrial da cana, com diferentes graus de integração vertical. Ao término do mesmo, lista-se uma série de situações, que analisadas e ponderadas, permitem escolher qual a melhor forma de organizar a produção e, conseqüentemente, qual a melhor decisão a ser tomada: produzir ou comprar

The main aim of this study is to examine the interrelationship of finance and government intervention in explaining the rise of co-productions in the international film industry in the time period between 1997 and 2004. Mainstream economic geography literature presents the film industry typically as a case study for embeddedness and agglomeration effects, with successful industry clusters drawing their strength from process knowledge, networks and local interaction. However, there is an increasing disparity in the literature between what mainstream theory suggests, and what empirical studies find with respect to the importance of cluster-external relations and dynamics. This, as I will argue, is particularly evident when looking at the picture of the whole film industry production system that emerges from the literature, which fails to include the alternative and complimentary pattern of co-productions. Co-productions are collaborations between film producers from at least two different countries, pooling their resources across distance to produce a feature film project. In the past fifteen years, the number of films made as co-productions has risen continuously in Europe, with co-productions accounting for more than 30 per cent of European film production activity. As a mode of production based on temporary, cross-border collaboration that is supported in its coordination by temporary clusters, such as trade fairs and industry events, the coproduction phenomenon poses a conundrum to economic geography literature and challenges its explanatory framework. As I will argue, in order to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon, it is necessary to look beyond social factors associated with locality, and to examine instead dynamics impacting on the industrial organization of the whole production system. I will argue that in the context of the pervasive demand uncertainty characterizing the film industry, the analytical focus should be on financial dynamics, as production activity and its organizational form are ultimately dependent on finance as an enabling force. Based on a description of the film financing process as the primary process in which the relationship between the economic categories of financial and production capital are played out, I propose that in order to explain the growth of co-productions empirically, it is necessary to examine changes in the film financing environments of the increasingly interrelated European and US film industries. As the State is the most important provider of financial capital in the European film industry through the provision of public aid, the focus will lie in particular on the consequences of a paradigm change in the rationale of State intervention in Europe moving away from funding film for cultural reason, to supporting the industry on economic grounds since the mid 1990s. As will be shown, the most important consequence of this paradigm change has been the introduction of tax incentives to encourage investment into film in a number of European and international countries within a short period of time. As will be demonstrated, this has led to the formation of significant, locally confined capital pools that can dis-embed production; and to the emergence of a distinct capital cycle in international film financing, which has strongly impacted on the productive system of the film industry. Finally, a dynamic explanation for the growth of co-productions in Europe in the time period between 1997 and 2004 will be provided. I will argue that co-productions have firstly grown in order to overcome a lack of finance, but have in the context of a capital cycle based on tax incentives from Germany and the UK, increasingly become driven by the opposite dynamic, namely an abundance of financial capital seeking profitable investment opportunities. The study will conclude with a discussion of policy implications, a summary of contributions to the literature and a brief overview of future research opportunities.

A review of the literature on strategy implementation reveals that there is limited knowledge on how strategies should be implemented. This thesis focuses on a case study of strategy implementation at a major Eastern Cape component supplier company in the automotive industry, for purposes of establishing how the company implemented its strategies to become one of the best cost leaders in the manufacture of automotive pressed metal body components in South Africa. Data collated from the company is analysed and discussed with a resultant description of how the research participants understood the process of strategy implementation within the research company during the period January 2006 to December 2007. Interviews were undertaken within the levels of top management, middle management and the operational employees. Interpretations were made of the constructs made by the research participants in their understanding of how the research company implemented its strategy to become one of the best cost leaders in the manufacture of automotive pressed metal body components. It transpired from the findings of the research that the research company manufactured 70% of its products for one major client. During the manufacture of its products, the research company had to conform to the quality standards required by the main client. The main client was therefore offered the desired service at the best price. The strategy of the research company was to strive to be one of the best cost leaders in the manufacture of its products. It sought to do this by producing high quality products. Analysis is made of the strategic content, strategic context, operational processes and outcomes for the research company after the implementation of its strategy. It emerges in the case study that the strategy implementation factors cannot be considered separately in linear models but holistically, since one implementation factor may influence the others, resulting in a context and process based approach.

Submitted by Rodrigo Abrantes Lamas (lamas.rodrigo@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T14:16:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-09-21T14:08:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-09-23T12:39:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T12:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / It presents a stylized model which aims to measure the gain expected by Brazilian companies when they decide to deliberately evade their profits, incurring therefore in some probability of financial loss due to successful enforcement. To verify the adherence of the Brazilian business environment model, needed to the creation of a database containing the historical series of empirical probability of audits by the Receita Federal in domestic companies. Observing the data created and policy actions available based on the own Receita Federal publications, it is concluded that (i) present the probability of a Brazilian company being audited by the Receita Federal is less than 0.5%, (ii) actions recent Receita Federal are aligned with the expected by the inspection agent model and (ii) tax evasion can be seen as a rational investment decision in risky asset when done by 'small taxpayers'. / Apresenta-se um modelo estilizado onde se pretende mensurar o ganho esperado por empresas brasileiras quando as mesmas decidem deliberadamente sonegar os seus lucros, incorrendo, portanto, em alguma probabilidade de prejuízo financeiro decorrente de fiscalização bem sucedida. Para se verificar a aderência do modelo ao ambiente empresarial brasileiro, necessitou-se da criação de uma base de dados contendo a série histórica da probabilidade empírica de auditorias por parte da Receita Federal nas empresas nacionais. Observando a base de dados criada e ações de política disponíveis em publicações da própria Receita Federal, conclui-se que (i) atualmente a probabilidade de uma empresa brasileira ser auditada pela Receita Federal é menor do 0,5%, (ii) as ações recentes da Receita Federal são alinhadas com as esperadas pelo agente fiscalizador do modelo e que (ii) a sonegação pode ser vista como uma decisão racional de investimento em ativo de risco quando feita pelos 'pequenos contribuintes'.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro Moretti_Dissertacao Quem e Quem no Grande ABC.pdf: 1022991 bytes, checksum: 5ab376cac829b5ca1ddc66efa1e389a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study investigates empirically the performance of companies in the Grande ABC region increasingly industrialized and economically representative for the country. The seven cities that represent the region, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra, have in recent years economic growth considerably above the country's growth and development has stimulated the growth of the country. The empirical analysis uses panel data and examines the performance of firms in the seven cities that make up the Grande ABC during the years 2001 to 2008 using the multilevel methodology and three performance measures: ROA, ROE and OROA. The multilevel approach allowed the identification of key factors that are associated or not to performance of these companies and these effects are the year, the company itself, the sub sector, the sector and the city that the company is located. Among the tree performance measures used there was significant convergence, in addition the study identified that there is a significant effect on corporate performance associated with the year and the company itself, and show that the sectors, subsectors and the city that the company is do not have a significant effect associated with these firm performance. / Essa pesquisa investiga empiricamente o desempenho das empresas do Grande ABC, região industrializada e cada vez mais representativa economicamente para o país. As sete cidades que representam a região, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires e Rio Grande da Serra, tiverem nos últimos anos um crescimento econômico consideravelmente acima do crescimento do país e seu desenvolvimento tem impulsionado o crescimento do país. A análise empírica utiliza dados em painel e investiga o desempenho das firmas das sete cidades que compõe o Grande ABC durante os anos de 2001 a 2008 utilizando a metodologia multinível e três medidas de desempenho: ROA, OROA e ROE. A metodologia multinível possibilitou a identificação dos principais efeitos que estão associados ou não ao desempenho das empresas, entre esses efeitos estão o ano, a própria empresa, o subsetor, o setor e a cidade que a empresa se localiza. Entre as três medidas de desempenho utilizadas houve significativa convergência e, além disso, o estudo identificou que há um significativo efeito no desempenho das empresas associado ao ano e à própria empresa, além de mostrar que os setores, os subsetores e a cidade que a empresa se localiza não apresentam um efeito significativo associado ao desempenho dessas firmas.

Esta é uma etnografia sobre práticas de trabalho que visa a entender os dispositivos presentes na constituição de um tipo específico de trabalhador que emerge na região industrializada no nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no Brasil, conhecida como Serra Gaúcha. A pesquisa coloca em perspectiva uma fábrica de calçados na cidade de Farroupilha. Focalizo as experiências dos trabalhadores migrantes em processo de inserção na fábrica como uma forma estratégica de acompanhar, por meio dos estranhamentos iniciais, as experiências pelas quais passam a incorporar capacidades de ação e propensões para pensar, sentir e emocionar-se naquele contexto. Ao inserirem-se na fábrica, os sujeitos aprendem novas competências para trabalhar que também se tratam de uma competência social. Destaco, nesse contexto, os discursos do mito do imigrante e do mito neoliberal, que convergem e participam das ações dos sujeitos motivados a aderir a práticas econômicas como a intensificação do trabalho. As dinâmicas geridas são parte de acontecimentos econômicos mais amplos de um processo dialético que evidencia os impactos da expansão dos mercados nas circunstâncias materiais, nas práticas culturais e nos novos arranjos espaciais locais que colocam em funcionamento o amplo “sistema” do capitalismo. / This is an ethnography of work practices which intends to understand the present devices in the constitution of a specific kind of worker who emerges in the industrialized region in the northwest of the Rio Grande do Sul state, in Brazil, also known as Serra Gaúcha. The research puts a shoes factory of Farroupilha city into perspective. We focus on migrant workers in process of adaptation as a strategic way to follow the experiences they live, based on the initial unfamiliarity, to incorporate capacity to act and tendency to think, to fell and to become moved in that context. When they become part of the factory, the subjects learn new skills to work which can be considered a social skill. We highlight, in this sense, the speech of the immigrant myth and the neoliberal myth, which converge and take part in the actions of the subjects who are motivated to adhere to the economic practices as work intensification. The managed dynamics are part of broader economic events of a dialectic process which points the impacts of market expansion in material circumstances, in cultural practices and in the new local spatial arrangements which make the large capitalism “system” work.

Diante do contexto econômico global, dois modelos de organizações que merecem destaque por sua importância econômica e social no país é a indústria da construção civil e a indústria de manufatura. Contudo existem particularidades que distinguem estes dois segmentos. Enquanto a maioria das indústrias passam por um processo intenso de transformação, buscando agilidade e eliminando o desperdício, indispensáveis para a sobrevivência, a construção civil ainda está tímida nesta transformação. Nesse sentido foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa aplicada, descritiva e de natureza quantitativa com o objetivo de comparar as características organizacionais e estratégicas entre os segmentos da indústria da construção civil e da indústria da manufatura e identificar quais destas características apresentam diferenças, ou eventualmente afinidade. A comparação entre processos e características são benéficas para contribuir no desenvolvimento e crescimento das empresas, com o propósito de otimizar os recursos através da profissionalização e padronização dos processos. A metodologia adotada para levantamento dos dados foi o método survey por aplicação de questionários. Utilizou-se para as análises técnicas de estatística descritiva, análise inferencial não-paramétrica e análise discriminante. Observou-se que ambos segmentos apresentaram preocupações semelhantes para a maioria das características, porém algumas com intensidades diferentes que permitem inferir ser consequência do segmento de atuação. / Given the global economic context, two models of organization that deserve to be highlighted for their economic and social importance in the country are the construction industry and the manufacturing industry. However there are particularities that distinguish these two segments. While most industries go through an intense process of transformation, seeking agility and eliminating wastage, indispensable for survival, construction is still timid in this transformation. In this sense, an applied, descriptive and quantitative research was developed with the purpose of comparing the organizational and strategic characteristics between the segments of the civil construction industry and the manufacturing industry and to identify which of these characteristics present differences, or possibly affinity. The comparison between processes and characteristics is beneficial to contribute to the development and growth of companies, with the purpose of optimizing resources through professionalization and standardization of processes. The methodology used to collect the data was the survey method by application of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics techniques, nonparametric inferential analysis and discriminant analysis were used for analysis. It was observed that both segments had similar concerns for most of the characteristics, but some with different intensities that allow inferring to be a consequence of the segment of performance.

La présente thèse propose une étude théorique et empirique des déterminants de la tarification des services publics et de leurs conditions d’efficacité. La prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux et sociaux, le déploiement des réseaux intelligents et la contrainte forte de maîtrise des coûts ont conduit à la mise en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques en matière tarifaire et organisationnelle dans les services publics. Cette thèse propose trois essais consacrés à l’impact de ces nouvelles pratiques dans l’eau potable en France. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons le passage d’un tarif affine à un tarif progressif sur le comportement des consommateurs d’eau potable, à partir d’une expérience naturelle menée à Dunkerque. Un premier résultat indique que la demande a baissé avec ce nouveau tarif, tout en créant des distorsions. Un deuxième résultat indique que la réaction des consommateurs au signal-prix a été ambivalente. Ces travaux suggèrent de repenser le design tarifaire et l’accompagnement des consommateurs dans leurs choix pour limiter les biais cognitifs. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons comment l’organisation politique locale (en France, le niveau de la commune, du syndicat de communes ou de l’intercommunalité) et le mode de gestion (public ou privé) peuvent influencer la performance du service public. L’incidence de ces configurations organisationnelles sur les coûts n’a jamais été étudiée simultanément par la littérature. Nous proposons un modèle théorique, validé par une étude empirique à partir d’un panel des services d’eau français, qui met en évidence l’impact de ces différentes configurations organisationnelles sur le prix. / The present thesis proposes a theoretical and empirical study of the determinants of the pricing of public services and their conditions of effectiveness. Taking into account environmental and social issues, the deployment of smart grids and the strong constraint on cost control have led to the implementation of new pricing and organizational practices in public services. This thesis proposes three essays devoted to the impact of these new practices in drinking water in France. First, we analyze the transition from an affine tariff to a progressive tariff on the behavior of consumers of drinking water, starting from a natural experiment conducted in Dunkerque. A first result indicates that demand has decreased with this new tariff, while creating distortions. A second result indicates that the consumer reaction to the price signal has been ambivalent. This work suggests to rethink the tariff design and the accompaniment of the consumers in their choices to limit the cognitive biases. In a second step, we analyze how the local political organization (in France, the level of the single municipality, the union of communes (Syndicats) or super-municipality (communauté de communes) and the management mode (public or private) can influence the performance of the public service. The impact of these organizational configurations on costs has never been studied simultaneously by the literature. We first propose a theoretical model to analyze them together. Then, from a panel of French water services, we observe empirically that these different organizational combinations have an impact on the price.