Universiẗat, Diss.--Jena, 2004.

Seit dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion kamen in diesem Raum neue Migrationsprozesse wie die Arbeitsmigration zwischen den südlichen GUS-Republiken und Russland, aber auch grenzüberschreitende Bevölkerungsbewegungen ethnischer Gruppen in ihre „historischen Herkunftsgebiete“ auf. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten, dynamischen Wanderungsprozesse von Kasachen zwischen der Mongolei und Kasachstan weisen Kennzeichen dieses Migrationstypus, aber auch einige Besonderheiten auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat längere Forschungsaufenthalte in Kasachstan und der Mongolei von 2006 bis 2009 zur Grundlage. Aus der Mongolei stammende kasachische Migranten im Umland von Almaty und Kasachen im westlichsten aymag der Mongolei, Bayan-Ölgiy, wurden mittels quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden empirischer Sozialforschung befragt. Ergänzend wurden in beiden Staaten Befragungen von Experten aus gesellschaftlichen, wissenschaftlichen und politischen Institutionen durchgeführt, um eine möglichst ausgeglichene Sicht auf die postsowjetischen Migrations- und Inkorporationsprozesse zwischen beiden Staaten sicherzustellen. Zwischen den Migranten in Kasachstan und ihren – noch bzw. wieder – in der Mongolei lebenden Verwandten haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten enge soziale Netzwerke entwickelt. Die Aufrechterhaltung der Bindungen wird durch eine Verbesserung der Transport- und Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten zwischen beiden Staaten gefördert. Zirkuläre Migrationsmuster, regelmäßige Besuche und Telefongespräche sowie grenzüberschreitende sozioökonomische Unterstützungsmechanismen haben sich insbesondere in den vergangenen Jahren intensiviert. Diese Interaktionen sind im Kontext der rechtlichen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen im Migrationssystem Mongolei-Kasachstan – und insbesondere in Wechselwirkung mit der staat¬lichen Migrations- und Inkorpora-tionspolitik – einzuordnen. Die Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung lassen sich in aller Kürze so zusammenfassen: (I) Die in sozialen Netzwerken organisierten Interaktionen der Kasachen aus der Mongolei weisen Merkmale von, aber auch Unterschiede zu Konzepten des Transnationalismus-Ansatzes auf. (II) Die sozialen Bindungen zwischen Verwandten generieren Sozialkapital und tragen zur alltäglichen Unterstützung bei. (III) Die lokalen und grenzüberschreitenden Aktivitäten der Migranten sind als Strategien der sozioökonomischen Eingliederung zu deuten. (IV) Ein wesentlicher Teil der aus der Mongolei stammenden Kasachen artikuliert von der Mehrheitsbevölkerung abweichende, hybride Identifikationsmuster, die die politischen Eliten in Kasachstan bisher zu wenig wahrnehmen. / Since the collapse of the USSR new migration processes such as labour migration between the southern republics of CIS and Russia, and transborder mobility of ethnic groups to their „regions of historical provenance“ emerged on its territory. The dynamic migration processes of ethnic Kazakhs between Mongolia and Kazakhstan analyzed here shows features of the latter type of migration, but also some specific characters. The present dissertation is based on sustained fieldwork carried out in Kazakhstan and Mongolia from 2006 to 2009. Surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted among Mongolian-Kazakh migrants in the environs of Almaty and Kazakhs in Mongolia’s westernmost aymag Bayan-Ölgiy. Additional interviews were held among experts from public, scientific and political institutions to ensure a balanced view on the post-soviet migration and incorporation processes. In the last two decades dense social networks developed between Mongolian-Kazakh migrants in Kazakhstan and their relatives – still or again – living in Mongolia. These networks were perpetuated by the improvement of transportation and communication links connecting both states. Circular migration patterns, regular visits and phone calls as mechanisms of transborder socioeconomic support have intensified during the last years. This interaction has to be classified in the context of legal, political and economical conditions, and, especially, in interdependency with the migration and incorporation policies of the state. The insight of the present analysis can be summarized in short in the following way: (I) The transborder interaction of the Mongolian Kazakhs, which is organized in social networks, is characterized by features of, but in the same way differs from concepts of transnationalism theory. (II) The social relations among Mongolian-Kazakh relatives generate social capital and contribute to everyday support. (III) The local and transborder activities of the Mongolian Kazakhs are to be explained as strategies of socioeconomic incorporation. (IV) A significant part of Mongolian Kazakhs articulate hybrid identification patterns that differ from the majority population and that are yet insufficiently perceived by the political elites in Kazakhstan.

Förutsättningar för inkorporation – upplevelsen av möjligheten är en studie, skriven av Hanna Öfors, som sätter fokus på invandrares upplevelse av sin möjlighet att bli en del av det svenska samhället. Detta har gjorts genom fyra djupintervjuer med invandrare som har kommit till Sverige i vuxen ålder och som kan betraktas som relativt sätt tillfredsställande fall, om deras egna upplevelser.  Studiens syfte är att teckna en bild av hur nysvenskar upplever sin inkorporationsprocess och möjlighet till delaktighet i det svenska samhället.  Dessutom är studiens strävan att identifiera vilka komponenter som är av betydelse för en upplevelse av delaktighet respektive utanförskap. Den teoretiska referensram som studien utgår ifrån innefattar dels kapitalteori med särskilt fokus på socialt kapital, och dels av teorier om delaktighet och utanförskap samt identitet, vilket har infogats som komplement till dig förstnämnda. Den tidigare forskning som presenteras lyfter fram äktenskap och samboskap som positivt för inkorporationen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det är viktigt att individen har ett högt socialt kapital inom minst ett fält för att hen ska kunna känna delaktighet och tillhörighet i det svenska samhället.  Att ha ett arbete lyfts av flera informanter fram som extra viktigt för denna möjlighet.  Vidare visar resultatet också, vilket understöds av tidigare forskning, att en relation, såsom äktenskapet, innebär ett ökat socialt kapital och därmed ökad möjlighet till delaktighet och tillhörighet i det svenska samhället. Genom att ta reda på vad som förutsätts för att en inkorporationsprocess skall upplevas som tillfredsställande skulle det kunna bli möjligt att påverka diskursen kring invandring och inkorporation i en positiv och mer gynnsam riktning för de individer som framgent kommer till Sverige. / Conditions for incorporation – experience of possibility is a study written by Hanna Öfors. It focuses on immigrants and their experience of the possibility to be included as a part of the Swedish society. This is done, by interviewing four people who moved too Sweden as grownups and whom, relatively speaking, could be looked at as cases of satisfying incorporation,   about their experiences of incorporation. The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand how immigrants look at their incorporation process and the degree to which it is possible for them to be a part of the Swedish society. Moreover, it is meant to identify the components that are important for them to feel included in or excluded from the Swedish society.  The frame of reference that this study is based on is built on three components, capital theory, concentrated on social capital, and theories about participation, alienation and identity. The three latest terms has added as a complement to capital theory. Recent research says that partnership and marriage has a positive effect on incorporation.    The results show that an individual ought to have a large amount of social capital, in at least one field, for them to feel a part of the Swedish society.  Employment is pointed out to be an extra important factor for this possibility. It is also shown that a relationship, such as marriage, leads to an increase in social capital. The same results are also proved in earlier studies.  By finding what is needed, for an incorporation process to be satisfying, it could be possible to influence the discourse around immigration and incorporation in a positive way. Hopefully this could lead to more favorable conditions for immigrants in the future.

Actinides, especially plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am), are of large concern for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The rather long half-lives of the isotopes Pu-239, Am-241 and Am-243, are causing them to govern the radiotoxicity of SNF from about 500 to 1 million years after removal from the reactor core. Therefore, the safety of a final high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository largely depends on the mobility of these actinide isotopes. In a worst-case scenario, where water enters a HLW repository, the dissolution of the SNF matrix may lead to the mobilization of actinides. In sub-surface environments under reducing conditions, these actinides can be expected to exist in their tetravalent or trivalent oxidation states, of which the latter one is more soluble and, thus, more mobile. Therefore, the trivalent oxidation state can be considered especially important. Following a release of these trivalent actinides, the multi-barrier concept of a final repository is designed to hinder their spreading into the environment through immobilization reactions such as adsorption to a surface or incorporation via secondary phase formation. One of the first possible interaction partners for actinides is the corrosion layer on the cladding material surrounding the fuel rods, consisting of zirconia (ZrO2). ZrO2 is capable to act as adsorber material for actinides as well as of incorporating large quantities of actinides. Furthermore, zirconia is a promising solid phase for the immobilization of certain waste streams from SNF reprocessing. Therefore, the possible interaction mechanisms between trivalent actinides and zirconia were studied in this thesis. In this work, various methods have been combined to gain comprehensive understanding of the macro scale as well as the molecular interactions taking place in the presence of zirconia. Information of macro scale phenomena in sorption and incorporation studies was obtained in batch-sorption experiments and with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), respectively. Luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS, from time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy) was used in sorption and incorporation investigations to study molecular level interactions of trivalent elements on the surface or in the bulk of ZrO2. The incorporation studies were complemented with extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Most experiments were performed using Eu3+ (batch-sorption, TRLFS), or Y3+ (EXAFS) as actinide analogues. Spectroscopic sorption studies and complementary incorporation experiments were performed using the actinide Cm3+ (TRLFS). To study zirconia solid solutions, co-precipitation synthesis of M3+ doped hydrous zirconia, followed by calcination of the resulting phase was performed. A low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis procedure, adapted with the intent to simulate conditions potentially present in a HLW repository, was applied to selected Eu3+ doped ZrO2 compositions. The aim of these studies was to investigate how solid solution formation occurs under such hydrothermal conditions and to compare the incorporation behavior with that of the calcination method. Batch-sorption experiments revealed a favorable pH-dependent behavior for the retention of trivalent actinides in a HLW repository, as complete sorption of Eu3+ was achieved at a pH < 6 for low trivalent metal ion concentrations. The formation of three pH-dependent inner-sphere sorption complexes could be derived with TRLFS. Here, the spectroscopic signature of the third sorption complex differs from the other two. A very strong redshift of the Cm3+ emission peak (612.5 nm) and a long luminescence lifetime (190 ± 40 μs) allows for speculation, whether differing complexing anions, such as carbonates, could play a role or whether differing interaction processes, such as a surface layer incorporation could take place. The incorporation of trivalent cations into zirconia leads to a phase transformation from monoclinic (m) ZrO2, stable without any dopant to the stabilized tetragonal (t) and cubic (c) ZrO2 phases. At doping fractions high enough to stabilize the tetragonal or cubic phase, TRLFS revealed the presence of three differing dopant sites. The introduction of the aliovalent Eu3+ cation into the Zr4+ crystal structure results in the formation of oxygen vacancies to preserve charge neutrality in the crystal structure. Two of these dopant environments could be assigned to structurally incorporated Eu3+ with differing coordination numbers of 8 and 7, i.e. sites with zero or one oxygen vacancy in the first coordination sphere, respectively. The third Eu3+ species could be assigned to incorporation into surface or near-surface layers of zirconia. EXAFS revealed a constant environment of the host (Zr4+) and the dopant (Y3+) within the low doping range as well as within the stabilized zirconia phases. Therefore, the differing sites observed via TRLFS could not be observed here. Incorporation into t- or c-ZrO2 has shown a non-distinguishable spectroscopic behavior meaning that the dopant’s environment in t-ZrO2 and c-ZrO2 is very similar. TRLFS shows a low site symmetry of the dopant in both cases, despite of the high bulk symmetry, i.e. tetragonal or cubic. In the non-stabilized monoclinic crystal structure, Eu3+ incorporation was found to be accompanied by the formation of a secondary phase. The secondary phase is assumed to be nano clusters of the dopant’s oxide, forming inside the zirconia matrix. The hydrothermal synthesis of Eu3+ doped ZrO2 revealed a different phase composition as a function of dopant concentration than observed with the calcination method. At low dopant concentrations where the m-ZrO2 prevails after high-temperature treatment, t- and c-ZrO2 are very abundant after hydrothermal treatment. This is a result of the small crystallite size resulting from the low synthesis temperature and short synthesis time, which causes the stabilization of the tetragonal phase even without any dopant present. At higher doping fractions, phase compositions comparable to the calcination synthesis are obtained. Both, the sorption as well as the incorporation behavior of zirconia studied here show properties advantageous for the retention of trivalent actinides within the environment of a HLW repository. TRLFS studies of the sorption speciation showed the formation of inner-sphere complexes and, possibly surface layer incorporated species, which are more stable under environmental conditions than interactions based on Coulomb interactions only. The speciation of the Cm3+ sorption on zirconia was studied and thermodynamic data was derived via surface complexation modeling for the first time. The very systematic approach of studying the doping throughout a large range resulted in basic understanding of the dopant behavior in zirconia. The incorporation capabilities of actinides into the lattice was observed to be high for t- and c-ZrO2 while rather limited for m-ZrO2. Therefore, the monoclinic structure seems to be unsuitable for incorporating trivalent dopants. Under conditions potentially present in a HLW repository, i.e. hydrothermal synthesis conditions, the amount of m-ZrO2 was observed to be strongly reduced for low overall dopant concentrations. This could facilitate the incorporation of actinides into zirconia even at low concentration levels and therefore, increase its capabilities to act as a retention barrier in a HLW repository. The conclusions of this thesis are of importance in the field of nuclear waste management as they help closing gaps in the understanding of retention processes of trivalent actinides. The obtained molecular information can be built on with experiments designed to obtain reliable thermodynamic data, used in the safety analysis of a HLW repository. Furthermore, the interaction of zirconia with other actinides can be studied in a targeted manner based on the knowledge obtained in this thesis. In the field of material sciences, the molecular information obtained here is of interest as well, as zirconia is a very versatile material. This is due to its abundance of applications ranging from electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cells to building materials.

Dem Zahlwort NEUN wird seit jeher eine besondere Bedeutung zugeschrieben, da es im übertragenen Sinn für „NEU“ stehen soll und dementsprechend so gedeutet wird. Auch in der unmittelbaren Geschichte der Stadt Radeberg spielt die NEUn eine Rolle. Radeberg feiert seine Ersterwähnung von 1219 nach 800 Jahren in diesem Jahr 2019. Ganz Deutschland feiert in eben diesem Jahr 2019 die friedliche Revolution von 1989 mit der Öffnung der Grenze und dem Beginn des Wiedervereinigungsprozesses. Und auch das kleine Dorf Lotzdorf darf in diesem Jahr 2019 auf ein besonderes Jubiläum zurückblicken, denn genau vor 100 Jahren wurde der Vertrag am 6. Oktober 1919 unterzeichnet, der auf Grundlage des neuen Radeberger Ortsgesetzes die geplante Einverleibung Lotzdorfs mit Radeberg ab dem 1. Januar 1920 besiegelte. Lotzdorf existierte damit nur noch bis zum 31. Dezember 1919 als eigenständige Gemeinde, um ab 1. Januar 1920 zum Stadtteil bzw. zur Ortslage von Radeberg zu werden.

Photoreceptors are highly specialized neurons within the eye and the key retinal cells sensing light. They are indispensable for our visual perception and loss of photoreceptors consequently leads to loss of vision, a sense that alone is responsible for more than 30% of the input to our brain. Vision impairment and blindness is a leading cause of disability in the industrialized world and is in many cases ultimately due to a degeneration of the photoreceptors, which cannot be halted or reversed. Retinal degenerative diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of etiologies, mainly caused by various mutations in a plethora of proteins involved in the visual process. Currently, several therapeutic options are being explored, with so far one gene therapy for a rare inherited blinding condition being clinically approved. However, the gene therapy approach requires not only the presence of remaining photoreceptors but the tailoring of the therapy to each individual mutation. An alternative, more generally applicable approach is to restore vision through photoreceptor replacement therapy. As such, research on mouse-to-mouse photoreceptor transplantations has been carried out for many years, though with mixed results. In the last decade, it has however also become possible to generate large quantities of human photoreceptors through retinal organoid technology, allowing to instead transplant human cells. While promising, this field is still in development and principal conditions for successful photoreceptor transplantation have yet to be defined. Here, human-to-mouse photoreceptor transplantations were performed and assessed with the aim to receive insights into retinal cell replacement technology with specific focus on photoreceptor maturation, polarization and functional integration. Using a cone-degeneration host line, large-scale incorporation of human photoreceptor grafts into the murine retina was shown for the first time. It was found that for human photoreceptors, the choice of developmental stage strongly affects incorporation and maturation capacity. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the necessity of adequate graft-host interaction for successful transplant maturation and function, suggesting that photoreceptor replacement strategies might benefit from transplantation in earlier rather than late stages of retinal degeneration. Taken together, this thesis lays important groundwork for the further development of human photoreceptor replacement strategies to treat retinal degenerative disease.:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I ABSTRACT III ZUSAMMENFASSUNG V PUBLICATIONS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS IX LIST OF FIGURES XIII LIST OF TABLES XIV GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS XV GENE AND PROTEIN ABBREVIATIONS XVII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE RETINA AND LIGHT PERCEPTION 1 1.1.1 General structure of the eye 1 1.1.2 General structure of the retina 1 1.1.3 General photoreceptor structure 3 1.1.4 Phototransduction 4 1.1.5 Signal transmission to the brain 6 1.1.6 Major differences between rods and cones 7 1.1.7 The role of Müller glia in photoreceptor support and light perception 9 1.2 RETINAL DEGENERATION DISEASES AND TREATMENT OPTIONS 11 1.2.1 Retinal degeneration diseases 11 1.2.2 Therapeutic approaches to treat retinal degeneration diseases 12 1.3 CELL REPLACEMENT AS TREATMENT APPROACH FOR RETINOPATHIES 14 1.3.1 Transplantations of rodent retinal tissue and cells 14 1.3.2 Transplantations of human retinal tissue and cells 17 1.4 AIM OF THIS THESIS 22 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CRX-MCHERRY HUMAN RETINAL ORGANOIDS AS PHOTORECEPTOR CELL SOURCE 23 2.1 AIMS 23 2.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CRX-MCHERRY REPORTER-EXPRESSING CELLS 23 2.2.1 Crx-mCherry expression overlaps with endogenous CRX expression and increases over time 23 2.2.2 Crx-mCherry organoids contain an outer and an inner nuclear layer 24 2.2.3 Crx-mCherry+ cells express early and mature rod and cone markers 25 2.2.4 Crx-mCherry+ cells do not express proliferation markers 27 2.3 ENRICHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CRX-MCHERRY+ DONOR CELLS 28 2.3.1 Enrichment of Crx-mCherry+ cells by FACS 28 2.3.2 Characterization of Crx-mCherry enriched cells by single cell sequencing 29 2.3.3 Characterization of D200 Crx-mCherry-enriched cells by immunocytochemistry 30 2.4 SUMMARY 31 3 TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN CRX-MCHERRY+ GRAFTS AGED D100, D200 AND D300 INTO CPFL1 MICE 33 3.1 AIMS 33 3.2 CRX-MCHERRY+ CELLS OF ALL AGES CAN BE TRANSPLANTED AND SURVIVE IN THE MURINE RETINA 33 3.2.1 Human grafts can be identified by RCVRN staining 34 3.2.2 D100 Crx-mCherry+ transplants are larger than D200 and D300 grafts 34 3.2.3 Graft volume increase over time is not due to in vivo proliferation 36 3.3 GRAFT MORPHOLOGY DIFFERS WITH DONOR AGES 37 3.3.1 Human grafts can adopt an intraretinal position 37 3.3.2 Graft positioning changes over time 37 3.3.3 Qualitative differences in graft morphology between donor ages 38 3.4 GRAFT MATURATION 41 3.4.1 D200 but not D100 or D300 grafts develop large quantities of inner segments 41 3.4.2 Inner segment development is associated with close proximity to the host retina 42 3.5 HUMAN IDENTITY OF INTRARETINAL GRAFTS 43 3.5.1 Intraretinal Crx-mCherry+ grafts are largely a result of true morphological incorporation 43 3.5.2 Rare indications of potential human-to-mouse material transfer 45 3.6 SUMMARY 47 4 IN DEPTH CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSPLANTED D200 CRX-MCHERRY+ CELLS 49 4.1 AIMS 49 4.2 EARLY POST TRANSPLANTATION DYNAMICS IN GRAFT POSITIONING AND GRAFT-HOST INTERACTIONS 49 4.2.1 Intraretinal and proximal D200 grafts interact with the host retina while isolated and distal clusters show only little interaction 49 4.2.2 Incorporation of D200 grafts is first evident at 8 weeks post transplantation 50 4.2.3 Host Müller glia extend processes into the graft before host bipolar cells 51 4.2.4 MG staining in D200 grafts originates from host MG 51 4.3 INCORPORATING D200 GRAFTS POLARIZE AND FORM STRUCTURES OF MATURE PHOTORECEPTORS 53 4.3.1 Grafts and host form an outer limiting membrane (OLM)-like structure 53 4.3.2 Inner segment formation occurs where an OLM is formed 54 4.3.3 Incorporating grafts form outer segment-like structures 55 4.3.4 Incorporating grafts form synaptic structures 57 4.3.5 Transplanted Crx-mCherry+ cells become enriched for cones 58 4.3.6 Higher levels of mature photoreceptor markers in ex vivo compared to in vitro cones 60 4.4 INCORPORATION AND MATURATION CAPACITY DEPEND ON THE HOST ENVIRONMENT 63 4.4.1 Graft morphology and maturation in C57BL/6JRj recipients resembles that in Cpfl1 hosts 63 4.4.2 Graft morphology and maturation in highly degenerated rd1 and tgCR host lines differs strongly from the outcome in models with an ONL 63 4.5 SUMMARY 67 5 FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPLANTED CRX-MCHERRY+ CELLS 69 5.1 AIMS 69 5.2 HIGH-LEVEL FUNCTION 69 5.2.1 Light-Dark Box 69 5.3 TISSUE-LEVEL FUNCTION 71 5.3.1 Multi-electrode array assessment of D200+26w grafts in Cpfl1 mice 71 5.3.2 Isolation of cone-mediated RGC response through photopic light stimulation and L-AP4 addition 71 5.3.3 Graft-containing retinal portions exhibit cone-mediated light responses 72 5.4 SUMMARY 74 6 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 75 6.1 HUMAN GRAFTS CAN MORPHOLOGICALLY INCORPORATE INTO THE MODERATELY DEGENERATED MOUSE RETINA 75 6.2 INTRARETINAL GRAFTS MOSTLY REPRESENT TRUE INCORPORATION EVENTS, NOT MATERIAL TRANSFER 76 6.3 GRAFT MATURATION DEPENDS ON GRAFT-HOST INTERACTION 77 6.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF GRAFT-HOST INTERACTION AND GRAFT INCORPORATION 78 6.5 D200 CRX-MCHERRY+ CELLS ARE THE PREFERABLE DONOR POPULATION COMPARED TO D100 AND D300 80 6.6 CONES SHOW PREFERENTIAL SURVIVAL POST GRAFTING 81 6.7 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF TRANSPLANTED ANIMALS 82 6.8 FUTURE CLINICAL TRANSLATION 85 6.9 MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO OTHER WORK 88 7 FINAL CONCLUSION 89 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS 91 8.1 STUDY APPROVAL 91 8.2 MATERIALS 91 8.2.1 Materials and Chemicals 91 8.2.2 Cell Line 92 8.2.3 Mouse Lines 92 8.2.4 Antibodies 93 8.3 METHODS 95 8.3.1 Cell culture 95 8.3.2 Transplantations 96 8.3.3 Functional analyses 98 8.3.4 Immunohistochemistry and Immunocytochemistry 100 8.3.5 Imaging and image processing 103 8.3.6 Statistics 106 8.3.7 Single cell sequencing 107 8.3.8 Bioinformatic analysis 108 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 111 10 APPENDIX 128 10.1 APPENDIX 1: ERKLÄRUNGEN ZUR ERÖFFNUNG DES PROMOTIONSVERFAHRENS 128 10.2 APPENDIX 2: BESTÄTIGUNG ÜBER EINHALTUNG DER AKTUELLEN GESETZLICHEN VORGABEN 129

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.

Während die Verdolmetschung lautsprachlicher Theateraufführungen in die Gebärdensprache in vielen Ländern selbstverständlich und regelmäßig angeboten wird, handelt es sich in Deutschland dabei noch um Einzelerscheinungen. Eine Ausnahme stellt das Hans Otto Theater Potsdam dar, das seit 1996 regelmäßig gedolmetschte Aufführungen anbietet und dabei die Methode des Shadow Interpreting nutzt. Am Beispiel einer gedolmetschten Aufführung von „My Fair Lady“ am Hans Otto Theater werden in dieser Arbeit folgende Aspekte der gebärdensprachlichen Verdolmetschung von Theateraufführungen untersucht: Stückauswahl, Dolmetscheranzahl und Rollenverteilung, Auswahl und Einführung von Namensgebärden der Figuren, Positionierung der Dolmetscher, Rollendarstellung und Rollenwechsel, Übertragung der akustischen Ebene des Aufführungstextes (linguistische und paralinguistische Informationen, Musik, Geräusche), äußere Erscheinung der Dolmetscher, Beleuchtung der Dolmetscher und die Inkorporation der Dolmetscher in die Aufgabe.

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.

Diese Dissertation untersucht das variable Verhalten von sogenannten „bare nouns“ (Nominale ohne Artikel) im Persischen. Dieses Verhalten kann jedoch nicht verstanden werden ohne eine Reihe von entscheidenden Eigenschaften der persischen Satzstruktur zu betrachten. Dazu gehören Informationsstruktur, Prosodie und Wortstellung, sowie die semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen verschiedener morphologischer Markierungen im Persischen. Die vorliegende Dissertation kann daher zum besseren Verständnis von satzinterner Syntax, Semantik und Prosodie des Persischen beitragen. Ich beginne meine Untersuchung mit dem Vergleich der BNs in verschiedenen Positionen mit Nominalen, die mit verschiedenen Morphemen gekennzeichnet sind. Die quasi-inkorporierten Nominale im Persischen scheinen zur Klasse der diskursintransparenten inkorporierenden Sprachen zu gehören. Doch dies scheint nicht immer zu stimmen, unter bestimmten Umständen zeigen persische BNs Diskurstransparenz. In Kapitel 3 untersuche ich daher, unter welchen Umständen BNs Diskurstransparenz zeigen und warum. In Kapitel 3 präsentiere ich einen Alternativvorschlag zu Farkas & de Swart, in dem ich darlege, dass ein BN tatsächlich einen neuen Diskursreferenten einführt. Aber der Numerus von BNs ist neutral (numerusneutralen Diskursreferenten).In der zweiten Hälfte der Dissertation wird die Interpretation von BNs in verschiedenen Positionen und mit unterschiedlichen grammatischen Funktionen diskutiert. Kapitel 4 konzentriert sich auf BNs in Objektposition. Wir stellen einen direkten Vergleich an zwischen BNs als tatsächliche BNs, d.h. Nominale, die nicht mit einem Morphem markiert sind, und Kontexten, in denen sie mit dem Morphem -ra auftreten. Ich werde argumentieren, dass -ra lediglich markiert, dass ein BN oder auch ein anderes Nominal nicht in seiner VP-internen Position interpretiert, sondern in eine VP-externe Domäne bewegt wird. Das bedeutet, das Morphem -ra ist ein syntaktisches Morphem auf Phrasenebene. / This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.