La responsabilité des entreprises en matière de droits de l’homme implique une série d’obligations et des responsabilités de nature diverse, tant pour les États que pour les entreprises mêmes, afin d’identifier, prévenir ou réparer les atteintes aux droits de l’homme. Toutefois, le droit international est appelé à jouer un rôle de « guide », tandis que la pratique étatique de droit interne et des entreprises peuvent éventuellement se cristalliser en une série d’obligations contraignantes permettant de mettre en œuvre les principes, les droits et les responsabilités établies à l’échelle internationale. / Corporate responsibility in the field of human rights implies a series of obligations and responsibilities of diverse nature, both for States and businesses, in order to identify, prevent and redress potential human rights violations. Nevertheless, international law is called to play merely a "guiding role", while State practice at the domestic level, as well as corporate practice, can eventually transform into a series of binding obligations allowing to put in practice the principles, rights and responsibilities established at the international level.

Ne bis in idem est bien défini dans les droits nationaux comme un principe fondamental du procès pénal selon lequel un individu ne peut pas être poursuivi deux fois pour les mêmes faits. Mais, en passant au niveau international, le principe familier se change en objet juridique non identifié. Les cours supranationales qui l'abordent en matière pénale (Cour interaméricaine des droits de l'homme, Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, Cour de justice de l'Union européenne, Cour pénale internationale) interprètent des formulations disparates de ne bis in idem à partir desquelles elles forgent leurs variantes. Si l'identité de ne bis in idem semble alors se déliter, il ne s'agit pas d'une disparition. Modelé par les discours de ces cours qui se croisent, se rencontrent ou s'ignorent, ne bis in idem se métamorphose. Au-delà des variantes il est possible d'identifier des mouvements communs dans la fabrique de ne bis in idem : la recherche de cohérences spatiale et temporelle ainsi que le besoin de répondre à la dialectique du bis et de l'idem. De plus, la métamorphose est tantôt création tantôt déconstruction. Les cours consacrent ne bis in idem autant qu'elles le malmènent en établissant de nouveaux contournements. Par exemple, elles permettent de plus en plus de rejuger pour lutter contre l'impunité après une parodie de procès. Ces mouvements contraires conduisent à interroger la nature ambivalente de ne bis in idem entre facettes garantiste et structurelle et entre règle et principe. Enfin, ne bis in idem étant un catalyseur de leurs échanges, cette étude offre une perspective unique sur le rôle des cours supranationales dans l'internationalisation de la justice pénale. / Ne bis in idem (prohibition of double jeopardy) is well defined in national legal frameworks as a fondamental principle of criminal proceedings according to which an individual cannot be prosecuted twice for the same conduct. But, when moving to the international level, the familiar principle becomes an unidentified legal object. The supranational courts that deal with it in criminal matters (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Court of Justice of the European Union and International Criminal Court) interpret disparate ne bis in idem formulations from which they construct their variations. If the identity of ne bis in idem then seems to be diluting, it is not disappearing. Shaped by the discourses of these courts that cross paths, meet or ignore each other, ne bis in idem is metamorphosed. Despite the variants, it is possible to identify common movements in the making of ne bis in idem : the search for spatial and temporal coherency and the need to respond to the dialectics of bis and idem. Moreover, metamorphosis is construction as much as deconstruction. The courts enshrine ne bis in idem as much as they circumvent it by establishing new limits and bypasses. For instance, they allow more and more a second procedure to fight impunity if the first procedure constituted a sham trial. These contrary movements lead to questioning the ambivalent nature of ne bis in idem between its two facets as guarantee and structural element and between rule and principle. Finally, as ne bis in idem is a catalyst for their exchanges, this study offers a unique perspective on the role of supranational courts in the internationalization of criminal justice.

La existencia o no de ancestros en la Amazonía indígena ha sidoobjeto de importantes debates. Sin embargo, los líderes de la región no dudan en llamar ‘ancestrales’ sus saberes, normas o territorios,en un sentido que, desde un punto de vista académico, puede parecer enigmático. «Ancestrales, pero… ¿con o sin ancestros?», preguntaría entonces, confuso, el antropólogo. En este artículo propongo aportar elementos de respuesta a estapregunta a través del caso peruano. Primero analizo cómo los líderes indígenas amazónicos, conectándose al circuito del derecho internacional, adoptan la noción jurídica de ‘posesión ancestral’ del territorio para adaptarla al ámbito político. Este planteamiento rinde cuenta de la generalización y uniformización reciente del vocablo ‘ancestral’ pero deja pendiente el problema de su eventual articulación con las cosmologías indígenas que pretende reflejar. Por eso, en la segunda parte, intento sondear sobre la pertinenciade la categoría de ‘ancestro’ en la Amazonía indígena, recordando brevemente el debate académico para ir definiendo en qué medida esta categoría puede cobrar sentido. A partir del testimonio de un experimentado líder awajún, la tercera parte permite, entonces, volver más explícitos los diferentes sentidos y planos referenciales que despliega la referencia a lo ancestral, mostrando cómo los indígenas amazónicos no solo adoptan elementos conceptuales y discursivos externos, sino que al mismo tiempo los transforman a partir de sus propias singularidades cosmológicas y perspectivas políticas. / The existence —or not— of the concept of ancestors in the indigenous Amazon has been the subject of much debate. However, regional leaders do not hesitate to call upon ‘ancestral’ knowledge, customs, or territories in the sense that, from an academic point of view, could appear enigmatic. «Ancestral, but… with or without ancestors?» is the question a confused anthropologist might ask. In this article, I propose to offer elements of a response to this question,based on a case study in Peru. First I analyze how Amazonian indigenous leaders, following international law, have adopted the legal notion of ‘ancestral possession’ of their territory to adapt it to the political sphere. This approach accounts for the recent generalization and uniformization of the term ‘ancestral’, but poses the problem of how it articulates with the indigenous cosmologies that it supposes to reflect. For this reason, I explore in the second section the pertinence of the category of ‘ancestor’ in the indigenous Amazon, briefly drawing upon the academic debate in order to define inwhat way this category takes on meaning. Based on testimony from an experienced Awajún leader, we thus return in the third section more explicitly to the different meanings and planes of reference that unfold when one uses the term ‘ancestral’, showing how Amazonian indigenous people not only adopt external conceptual elements and arguments, but also transform them based on their own cosmological singularities and political perspectives.

La réparation des dommages causés aux particuliers est une thématique ancienne en droit international. Toutefois, elle a été longuement appréhendée au seul prisme des relations interétatiques, l’individu n’étant perçu que comme un objet du droit international. Le bouleversement introduit par la protection internationale des droits de l’homme quant au statut de l’individu dans cet ordre juridique invite donc à une relecture de cette question. Les obligations substantielles contractées par les Etats en matière de protection internationale des droits de l’homme devraient logiquement trouver un prolongement dans l’existence d’une obligation de ces derniers de réparer les dommages causés aux particuliers. Or, l’identification d’une telle obligation s’avère délicate, tant au regard de ses créanciers que de son étendue. Sa réalisation est quant à elle laissée en grande partie aux mains du juge. Il s’avère donc malaisé de dégager un véritable régime juridique de la réparation des dommages causés par la violation des droits de l’homme. / The reparation of damage caused to individuals is a former thematic issue of international law. However, its development has been studied only from the point of view of interstate relations as soon as the individual was conceived and treated as an object, not as a subject of international law. The change, brought by the international protection of human rights relating to the status of individual, in this legal order, suggests to re-open the debate on this matter. As a result, the compelling obligations undertaken by member states regarding international protection of human rights, should logically lead to the existence of an obligation for the latter to repair the damage caused to the private individuals. But identifying such an obligation remains delicate both with regard to his creditors and with regard to its scope. Its implementation is left largely with the hands of the judge. It is therefore difficult to find a genuine legal regime for the reparation of damages caused by the violation of human rights.

Pas de résumé<p> / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[pt] A presente pesquisa visa à fundamentação teórica do reconhecimento dos povos indígenas como verdadeiros sujeitos do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, através do resgate do pensamento jurídico e teológico dos autores da Escola Ibérica da Paz, cujos escritos, datados dos séculos XVI e XVII, colocaram em causa os fundamentos éticos, jurídicos e políticos do processo de conquista e colonização do Novo Mundo. Trata-se de um momento histórico particularmente privilegiado para esta análise, em primeiro lugar, pelo ineditismo do contato civilizacional proporcionado pela chegada das naus espanholas e portuguesas na América, sob os auspícios das Coroas ibéricas e do Papa, impulsionando os autores do Renascimento peninsular a adequar toda a tradição filosófica mediterrânea cristã a uma nova realidade, resultando na reinvenção do direito natural e das gentes no quadro de uma realidade cultural bastante distinta daquela do orbis christianus medieval. Em segundo lugar, este contexto histórico e geográfico permite uma análise do Direito Internacional, ainda como jus gentium, ou seja, antes do modelo westfaliano de repartição das soberanias estatais pós 1648. Para a compreensão do problema de pesquisa proposto em toda sua amplitude, o trabalho divide-se em três partes principais. A primeira dedica-se ao estudo do fenômeno da coletivização da proteção internacional dos direitos humanos, analisando de início as fontes de inspiração utilizadas para a redação da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e o processo decisório que gerou a divisão dos Pactos Internacionais das Nações Unidas em dois instrumentos com a previsão de direitos civis e políticos separadamente dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais e com mecanismos de implementação distintos, o que resultou na proteção dos direitos humanos individuais mais amplamente desenvolvida que aquela em dimensão coletiva. Demonstra-se, ao final, que, apesar de resistências teóricas, as coletividades humanas possuem, contemporaneamente, um lócus standi nos sistemas de peticionamento internacional em casos de graves e sistemáticas violações de direitos humanos. A segunda parte destaca a trajetória dos povos indígenas de objetos a sujeitos do direito internacional, assim como examina o processo emancipatório dos povos indígenas no Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano. Esta parte intermediária do trabalho demonstra ainda o reconhecimento da condição de sujeitos coletivos dos povos indígenas por meio do estudo da casuística indigenista da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, sobretudo após o caso paradigmático do povo Kichwa de Sarayaku v. Equador (2012). Entretanto, por este trabalho não objetivar uma análise apenas hermenêutica e normativista do Direito Internacional dos Povos Indígenas, a terceira parte revela o papel da Escola Ibérica da Paz, nos séculos XVI e XVII, na defesa dos direitos dos povos indígenas do Novo Mundo. Graças à perspectiva do direito natural e das gentes, os povos indígenas eram considerados pelos autores ibéricos como comunidades humanas livres e soberanas que, como qualquer outro reino cristão, tinham o direito de se autogovernar e dispor de suas terras. / [en] The aim of this thesis is to research the theoretical basis for the recognition of indigenous peoples as true subjects of the international law for human rights, by means of recovering the legal and theological thought of the authors of the Iberian School of Peace. Their written work which dates of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries discuss the ethical, legal and political basis for the process of conquer and colonization of the New World. Their debates occurred in a privileged moment for the analysis, firstly because of the unprecedented contact of civilizations created by the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese caravels in America, under patronage of the Iberian kings and the Pope. This contact stimulated the authors of the Renascence in the Iberian Peninsula to adapt the Christian Mediterranean philosophy tradition to a new reality which resulted on reinvention of the natural law and the law of nations under the frame of a cultural reality very different from that of the medieval orbis christianus. Secondly, the historic and geographic context of the Iberian School of Peace allows an analysis of the International Law still as jus gentium, i.e. before the Westphalian model of state sovereignty established in 1648. For complete understanding the research problem, the thesis is divided in three parts. The first part is dedicated to the study of phenomenon of the collectivization of the international law of the human rights. It analyses the sources that provide inspiration for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the decision process that divided the International Pacts of the United Nations in two instruments, one for civil and political rights and other for economic, social and cultural rights. The fact that the two instruments have distinct implementation mechanisms resulted on the protection of individual human rights being more widely developed than the protection of the collective dimension of human rights. It is demonstrated that besides the resistance in the tradition of human rights theory, human collectivities currently have locus standi in the international petitioning systems for the systematic violation of human rights. The second part emphasizes the trajectory of indigenous peoples from objects to subjects of international law, and examines their emancipatory process under the New Latin American Constitutionalism. This intermediate part of the work demonstrates the recognition of the condition of collective subjects for the indigenous peoples by means of the study of indigenous case law brought to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, especially after the paradigmatic case of the people Kichwa de Sarayaku v. Ecuador (2012). As this thesis does not aim to analyze the international law of the indigenous peoples resorting only to legal hermeneutics and normative studies, the third part reveals the role of the Iberian School of Pace of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the protection of indigenous peoples rights in the new world. Due to the perspective of the natural law and the law of nations, the indigenous peoples were considered by the Iberian authors as free and sovereign human communities that, as any other Christian kingdom, had the right of self-government and control of their lands.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza un análisis de la evolución jurisprudencial de la distribución gratuita de la píldora del día siguiente y sus consecuencias en los derechos reproductivos y sexuales de la mujer en el Perú. El desarrollo se hace en el marco de los derechos fundamentales, principalmente en el ejercicio del derecho a la autonomía reproductiva de las mujeres, contenido en el más genérico derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Además, se analizan y discuten sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional peruano y sentencias del Poder Judicial d el Perú. El análisis se realiza en cuatro capítulos. En el primero, se examina los derechos reproductivos y sexuales de la mujer; en el segundo, se estudia los procesos constitucionales que han permitido discutir y dilucidar la evolución jurisprudencial de la píldora del día siguiente; en el tercero, se describe la problemática del acceso y distribución de la píldora del día siguiente en los últimos 20 años, como consecuencia de las decisiones emanadas por el Tribunal Constitucional, Poder Judicial y, por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo se abordan los resultados y conclusiones respecto al tema analizado. / This research work will be analyzed the jurisprudence evolution of the free distribution of the morning-after pill and the consequences on the reproduction and sexual rights of women in Peru. Development will be carried out within the framework of fundamental rights, mainly in the exercise of the right to reproductive autonomy of women, contained in the most generic right to free development of the personalit y. In addition, judgments of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights, judgments of the Peruvian Constitutional Court and judgments of the Judicial Power of Peru will be analyzed and discussed. The analysis will be carried out in four chapters. In the first, the reproductive and sexual rights of women are examined; in the second, the constitutional processes that have allowed discussing and elucidating the jurisprudential evolution of the morning-after pill are studied; the third describes the problem of access to and distribution of the morning after pill in the last 20 years, as a consequence of the decisions issued by the Constitutional Court, the Judiciary and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Finally, the fourth chapter addresses the results and conclusions regarding the subject analyzed. / Tesis

Le droit international, notamment le droit international des droits de l’homme, a établi des obligations étatiques pour affronter les défis des sociétés en transition : la recherche de la vérité autour des crimes du passé, la poursuite et la sanction pénale aux auteurs de ces crimes, et la réparation aux victimes. Les limitations politiques, sociales et juridiques de la justice transitionnelle sont énormes et elles représentent de grands défis pour les États et pour la communauté internationale en général. Cette recherche a pour but l’analyse du processus de la justice transitionnelle au Pérou après le conflit armé interne et le régime autoritaire de l’ex-présidente Alberto Fujimori à la lumière du droit international. L’étude conclut que le Pérou a accompli les obligations imposées par le droit international en utilisant une approche intégrale de la justice de transition. Néanmoins, il reste encore quelques défis à surmonter liés aux facteurs politiques et sociaux de la réalité péruvienne. / The international human rights law has established obligations on States concerning how they must deal with the challenges inherent to transitioning societies: searching for the truth related to past crimes, persecuting and sanctioning those responsible of these crimes, and providing redress to the victims. Transitional justice has many political, social, and legal limitations that pose a challenge for States as well as for the international community at large. The objective of this research is to analyze – according to international law's parameters – the transitional justice's process that took place in Peru after the internal armed conflict and Alberto Fujimori's authoritarian regime. This study concludes that Peru has implemented international law's obligations while applying an integral approach to transitional justice. Nevertheless, there are still challenges linked to Peruvian society's political and social dimensions.

The protection of Indigenous women in the context of Inter-American Human Rights System Abstract The aim of the thesis is to identify the means of protection of Indigenous women's rights. The author rises the subsequent questions: (i) which documents of this regional system offers protection to Indigenous women and based on what reason; (ii) what bodies operate in the Inter-American framework and Indigenous women can turn on them; (iii) what violations of rights have been addressed in the jurisprudency of the Inter-American Court of Human rights and what meaning does it have regarding to protection of Indigenous women? The first part contains the crucial documents in the topic of protection of indigenous women's rights. The author refers to the role and relation of both basic regional catalogues of human rights, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Men and American Convention on Human Rights. She also refers to a quite recent document, American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples that offers expressis verbis some protection to Indigenous women. Apart from that, other documents providing special protection to certain groups are analysed: Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, Inter-American Convention on Forced Dissappearence...