La tesi esplora le sfide poste al diritto del lavoro e alla politiche europee dal distacco di lavoratori, illustrando le sue complesse relazioni con le libertà economiche da un lato e con i diritti sociali dall’altro. In particolare, si propone una analisi della normativa europea alla luce della sua interpretazione da parte della Corte di Giustizia Europea e della concreta applicazione da parte delle autorità pubbliche. Il lavoro è arricchito da evidenze di tipo quantitativo e qualitativo sui flussi e sulle condizioni lavorative dei lavoratori distaccati, incluse le attività e i risultati di progetti volti a migliorare la comprensione del fenomeno rafforzando, al contempo, le capacità di ispettorati e sindacati. Le conclusioni propongono diversi percorsi di riforma, ispirati da visioni alternative dell’equilibrio tra libertà economiche e diritti sociali. / The thesis explores challenges posed to labour law and to European policies by the posting of workers, highlighting its complex relations with economic freedoms on the one side and with social rights on the other side. This is done by providing an analysis of EU-level law provisions in the light of their interpretation by the European Court of Justice and implementation by public authorities. The work is integrated by quantitative and qualitative evidences on flows and working conditions of posted workers, including activities and outcomes of projects meant to improve understanding of the phenomenon while empowering stakeholders, such as inspectorates and unions. The conclusions propose different pathways to reform posting rules, inspired by alternative visions on the balance between economic freedoms and social rights.

O direito internacional da concorrência sofre profunda influência do processo de globalização econômica em um cenário no qual a convergência da aplicação das legislações de diversos países é possibilitada pela cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais. O Brasil adequa-se à cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência através dos acordos bilaterais, da participação nos foros regional e internacional e das normas do ordenamento jurídico interno, sendo que ao Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) é atribuída a competência para realizar os procedimentos cooperativos. Nesse contexto, a finalidade da presente dissertação é analisar a institucionalização da cooperação jurídica internacional pelas autoridades concorrenciais como mecanismo disponível à defesa da concorrência, especialmente no que tange aos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis ao Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC) e ao papel do CADE. Para desenvolver os objetivos propostos, o estudo divide-se em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo é abordada a cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais na função de mecanismo de convergência ao direito internacional da concorrência. Para tal, discorre-se sobre a cooperação bilateral e a estrutura institucional das autoridades concorrenciais em seu papel de protagonismo, além da influência das iniciativas multilaterais e regionais de cooperação em matéria concorrencial. O segundo capítulo dedica-se à análise dos instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico nacional. Do ponto de vista internacional, estudam-se os acordos bilaterais firmados pelo Brasil ou no âmbito do SBDC, a participação do Brasil nos foros regionais e internacionais e a internalização e a utilização destes instrumentos pelo SBDC. Do ponto de vista interno, estuda-se o aparato jurídico nacional que fundamenta a cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência, o papel do CADE e as decisões do Tribunal Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, apresentando-se as dificuldades e perspectivas da disciplina. Por fim, ressalta-se que a cooperação jurídica internacional conforme realizada entre as autoridades de defesa da concorrência é instrumento indispensável para o bom funcionamento do sistema internacional. No âmbito do SBDC houve uma clara evolução na institucionalização dos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis, sendo que o CADE representa a autoridade adequada para o endereçamento das questões relativas à cooperação em matéria concorrencial. / International competition law is deeply influenced by economic globalization in a scenario where the convergence of application of laws from different countries is made possible by international cooperation between competition authorities. Brazil adapts to international cooperation through celebration of bilateral agreements, participation in regional and international forums and also through rules of domestic law. The Brazilian Council of Competition Defense (CADE) is responsible for the cooperative procedures in competition matters. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the institutionalization of international cooperation as conducted by competition authorities as a mechanism to ensure the defense of competition, especially in the case of instruments of domestic and international law available in the Brazilian Competition Policy System (SBDC) and the role of CADE. In order to develop the proposed objectives, the study is divided into two chapters. The first chapter examines the international cooperation between competition authorities as a useful tool for competition law. In order to perform such examination, discussions on bilateral cooperation between competition authorities, the institutional structure of competition authorities and the influence of multilateral or regional initiatives for cooperation are presented. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of domestic and international law tools that exist in the Brazilian legal system. From an international point of view, bilateral agreements celebrated by either Brazil or the SBDC, Brazilian participation in regional and international forums, and the practical use of these instruments by SBDC. Domestically, both the role of CADE and the practical application of these instruments in the administrative case law are studied, revealing the perspectives and difficulties of the discipline. Finally, it is highlighted that international legal cooperation, as held between competition authorities, is essential to the proper functioning of the international system. In the framework of SBDC, there was a clear evolution in the institutionalization of instruments of international and domestic law, with CADE being the appropriate authority for addressing issues relating to cooperation on competition matters.

O direito internacional da concorrência sofre profunda influência do processo de globalização econômica em um cenário no qual a convergência da aplicação das legislações de diversos países é possibilitada pela cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais. O Brasil adequa-se à cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência através dos acordos bilaterais, da participação nos foros regional e internacional e das normas do ordenamento jurídico interno, sendo que ao Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) é atribuída a competência para realizar os procedimentos cooperativos. Nesse contexto, a finalidade da presente dissertação é analisar a institucionalização da cooperação jurídica internacional pelas autoridades concorrenciais como mecanismo disponível à defesa da concorrência, especialmente no que tange aos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis ao Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC) e ao papel do CADE. Para desenvolver os objetivos propostos, o estudo divide-se em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo é abordada a cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais na função de mecanismo de convergência ao direito internacional da concorrência. Para tal, discorre-se sobre a cooperação bilateral e a estrutura institucional das autoridades concorrenciais em seu papel de protagonismo, além da influência das iniciativas multilaterais e regionais de cooperação em matéria concorrencial. O segundo capítulo dedica-se à análise dos instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico nacional. Do ponto de vista internacional, estudam-se os acordos bilaterais firmados pelo Brasil ou no âmbito do SBDC, a participação do Brasil nos foros regionais e internacionais e a internalização e a utilização destes instrumentos pelo SBDC. Do ponto de vista interno, estuda-se o aparato jurídico nacional que fundamenta a cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência, o papel do CADE e as decisões do Tribunal Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, apresentando-se as dificuldades e perspectivas da disciplina. Por fim, ressalta-se que a cooperação jurídica internacional conforme realizada entre as autoridades de defesa da concorrência é instrumento indispensável para o bom funcionamento do sistema internacional. No âmbito do SBDC houve uma clara evolução na institucionalização dos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis, sendo que o CADE representa a autoridade adequada para o endereçamento das questões relativas à cooperação em matéria concorrencial. / International competition law is deeply influenced by economic globalization in a scenario where the convergence of application of laws from different countries is made possible by international cooperation between competition authorities. Brazil adapts to international cooperation through celebration of bilateral agreements, participation in regional and international forums and also through rules of domestic law. The Brazilian Council of Competition Defense (CADE) is responsible for the cooperative procedures in competition matters. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the institutionalization of international cooperation as conducted by competition authorities as a mechanism to ensure the defense of competition, especially in the case of instruments of domestic and international law available in the Brazilian Competition Policy System (SBDC) and the role of CADE. In order to develop the proposed objectives, the study is divided into two chapters. The first chapter examines the international cooperation between competition authorities as a useful tool for competition law. In order to perform such examination, discussions on bilateral cooperation between competition authorities, the institutional structure of competition authorities and the influence of multilateral or regional initiatives for cooperation are presented. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of domestic and international law tools that exist in the Brazilian legal system. From an international point of view, bilateral agreements celebrated by either Brazil or the SBDC, Brazilian participation in regional and international forums, and the practical use of these instruments by SBDC. Domestically, both the role of CADE and the practical application of these instruments in the administrative case law are studied, revealing the perspectives and difficulties of the discipline. Finally, it is highlighted that international legal cooperation, as held between competition authorities, is essential to the proper functioning of the international system. In the framework of SBDC, there was a clear evolution in the institutionalization of instruments of international and domestic law, with CADE being the appropriate authority for addressing issues relating to cooperation on competition matters.

This thesis consists of four self-contained papers on job turnover, productivity and state- local finance. Paper [I] deals with the determinants of the rate of job turnover defined as the change in distribution of employment between and within industries in Swedish manufacturing. The rate of inter-industry job turnover is driven by the dispersion of profit changes among industries. Shifts in international competitiveness among industries seem to play a central role in the explanation of this pattern. The rate of intra-industry job turnover has been higher in industries with many small plants, low profit margins and high import penetration. Paper [II] analyzes the impact of openness on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using Swedish industry level data the results show that economically integrated industries tend to be more engaged in research and development (R&D) and have more entry and exit activity than other industries. The domestic R&D intensity does not contribute to the TFP growth rate. Instead, the results imply that openness to international markets, which helps facilitate technology spillovers, has a significant impact on the growth rate. There is also some evidence suggesting that producers exiting the market are less productive, implying that such exits will increase the average productivity of the industry concerned. The purpose of Paper [III] is to design and implement a test of whether the external effect from tax base sharing among local and regional governments is internalized via the intergovernmental transfer system. The test is based on the observation that if the external effect is internalized, an increase in the income tax rate at one level of government will induce the other level to reduce its income tax rate by the corresponding amount, leaving the effective tax rate unchanged. By using panel data for the Swedish local and regional public sectors, we estimate the reaction function for the local income tax rate. The results imply that an increase in the regional income tax rate induces the municipalities in the region to decrease their income tax rates. In addition, we are able to reject the null hypothesis that the external effect from tax base sharing is internalized. Paper [IV] concerns risk-sharing, in terms of how the central government smooths personal income among municipalities via the tax and transfer systems. Using Swedish panel data, the results show that the national tax and transfer systems mitigate an adverse shock to income of one krona so that disposable income falls by 67 öre, on average. However, there are large differences across regions, where the effect on disposable income varies between 32 and 78 öre in the krona. / digitalisering@umu

Beginning in 1939, the Concours International d'Exécution Musicale de Genève (CIEM; Geneva International Music Competition) is unique among international music competitions in its multidisciplinary approach. To date, fifteen works have been commissioned for clarinet for the years in which the clarinet was involved. The most well-known of these works is the unaccompanied work by Heinrich Sutermeister, Capriccio for Solo Clarinet in A, written in 1946 for the 1947 competition. This work is a staple in the unaccompanied clarinet repertoire. However, the other fourteen works commissioned for the competition are little known and to date no document has been prepared that examines each of these works in the context of the competition and clarinet literature. While perhaps less notable, works were also commissioned for a sight reading portion of the competition for many of the years in which the clarinet was a discipline chosen for the competition, two of which were published. These works are examined as well. This survey provides a critical, analytical, historical, performance-related and biographical review of the published and unpublished works commissioned for the clarinet by CIEM. The composers, competitors and the significance of these works and winners in the clarinet literature and history are included. A chapter is dedicated to each piece which includes performance considerations, critical, analytical, and historical information as well as biographical information regarding the composer and the competitors where available.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. XXXVII - LIII.

This research uses the ‘demand-side thesis’ to examine the decline of the Dundee jute industry. In particular, it examines the effect of international competition and the strategic response of the industry during the inter-war (1919-1939) and the post-war (1945-1960s) period to counter this challenge. The strategic response is studied by examining strategies employed at the firm and the industry level. Strategy at the firm level is studied in the form of capability development using the capabilities approach. The thesis also makes an attempt to redress the issue of determinism in the capabilities approach which suggests that the pattern of capability development is governed by path-dependency. By drawing on the techniques employed in the history literature, this research identifies strategic options that were being considered by firms at the time of capability development and examine why certain alternatives were not pursued. This will bring to light aspects other then those associated with path-dependency that played a role in the pattern of capability development. The capabilities developed by firms during the two periods are compared and contrasted in order to understand the pattern over this period. These findings are juxtaposed with the British cotton textile industry, a related sector, to examine the effectiveness of the demand-side thesis in explaining the decline of the jute industry in particular and the textile industry in general. This thesis makes contribution to three areas of literature: First, the thesis helps to further develop the demand-side framework by introducing a new case (Dundee jute industry) and developing a better understanding of strategic response within the jute and textile industry in general. Second, this thesis contributes to the theoretical development of capabilities approach in two specific areas: a) it helps to address the issue of determinism inherent in the capabilities approach through the notion of path-dependency. This was done by also examining the strategic options that were available to firms while developing their capabilities and underlining the reasons for not pursuing them. b) the analysis sheds new light on the nature of branching of capabilities in an industry over a long period. Third, this research makes significant contribution to the existing literature on the business history of the Dundee jute industry, which is sparse. The contributions can be categorised into four key aspects which have not been examined in the current literature: a) period (inter-war and post-war), b) issue (systematic examination of the Dundee jute industry’s decline, strategic response and role of collective strategies), c) method (detailed study of individual firm’s strategies), and d) cross comparison of industry’s experience with related sectors (for example, the cotton industry). Focusing on these issues has helped to throw new light on the challenges, especially technological, facing the industry in developing its strategic response.

This dissertation offers a framework for understanding the strategies of states engaged in competition for regional hegemony. Although international relations literature refers extensively to such competition and obliquely to states' strategies, to date little has been done to show how states' strategies in such competition may be analyzed. Drawing on a variety of strategic literature, this dissertation synthesizes a theoretical approach to analyzing the strategies of states engaged in regional security competition. Employing insights drawn from business strategy, this dissertation argues for an essentially asymmetric understanding of fundamental policy goals for states engaged in competition for regional hegemony, with one state attempting to maintain a dominant position and another attempting, by focusing limited resources, to supplant it. The competition is understood metaphorically (based on an anecdote from the end of the Cold War) as a “race with no finish line,” with the reigning hegemon attempting to extend the race and the challenger attempting to create a finish line and cross it. With homage to realism, liberalism, and constructivism, possible state goals are categorized as belonging to three realms: security, welfare, and intangible goals. These are used as metrics for a state's success or failure in any given competitive scenario, as well as the resources at its disposal. Drawing on military strategic literature, this thesis then applies decision-cycle analysis to state competitive behavior. The conclusions from this analysis are then synthesized into a framework for analysis of similar regional competitive scenarios, the first such framework yet devised for such purposes. A case study: the “Dreadnought Race” between Britain and Germany prior to World War One, is then examined, in which states' performance is analyzed in the competitive scenario in light of the above strategic precepts.

Les dernières décennies ont témoigné d’un important accroissement des concentrations transnationales dans le monde et d’une multiplication des systèmes de contrôle des concentrations. Alors que les enjeux économiques revêtent désormais une dimension internationale, les mécanismes juridiques de régulation demeurent cantonnés à une échelle nationale ou régionale. En effet, la soumission d’une même opération de concentration à différents régimes de contrôle engendre plusieurs problématiques juridiques, dont le risque d’être confronté à des décisions contradictoires ou incohérentes rendues par différentes autorités de la concurrence. Ceci dit, il nous semble que des mécanismes juridiques pour réguler les concentrations transnationales s’imposent. S’agissant d’une réalité au niveau européen, la « régionalisation » du droit de la concurrence apporte une aide précieuse à ces problématiques. Au niveau mondial, différentes approches de solution sont envisageables. Cette thèse soutient, à court terme, la convergence des règles et des pratiques, afin de réduire les inconvénients associés au contrôle des concentrations transnationales, accompagnée, à long terme, par l’adoption de certaines règles contraignantes au sein de l’OMC. / In the past decades, the number of transnational mergers worldwide has significantly increased. Merger control systems follow the same trend and have proliferated during this period. While economic issues are globalized, legal mechanisms remain national or regional. The notification of one single merger to different merger control systems raises several legal issues, in particular with respect to the risk of achievingcontradictory or incoherent decisions from different competition agencies. Thus, revised legal mechanisms are required in order to adequately regulate transnational mergers. A“regionalization” of merger control, as set by the European experience, offers useful insights towards proposals to deal with these issues. In a global perspective, several alternative approaches are possible. This thesis supports, on the short-term, a permanent convergence of rules and practices to reduce problems related to transnational merger control, followed, on the long-term, by the adoption of certain binding rules within the WTO.

Cette thèse s’applique à explorer dans quelle mesure et par quels mécanismes lamondialisation, au travers de ses différentes composantes, impacte la santé des travailleurseuropéens. Dans une première partie, nous exposons les conséquences socio-économiques de cephénomène. Dans une deuxième partie, nous montrons que l’exposition concurrentielleinternationale constitue un facteur de risque pour la santé des travailleurs non qualifiés. Lesfacteurs individuels et organisationnels sont néanmoins les plus à même d’expliquer la prévalencede troubles physiques et mentaux chez l’ensemble des travailleurs. La mondialisation impliqueaussi de nouvelles pratiques organisationnelles liées à l’internationalisation des firmes, une autrefacette de la mondialisation. Nous soulignons que les travailleurs doivent ainsi trouver lesressources nécessaires pour rester attractifs dans ce monde en perpétuelle évolution. Dans unetroisième partie, nous exposons que la mondialisation favorise le développement des activités deservices dans les pays industrialisés. En parallèle, l'organisation de type "lean" est mise en placedans ces secteurs et la pression concurrentielle s’accroit. Ces changements impactent les conditionsde réalisation du travail. Dans ce contexte, la santé se trouve dégradée par des facteurs de risqueen évolution, parmi eux l’intensité du travail liées aux relations interpersonnelles. Enfin, nousmontrons que la Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise apparait comme une solution dont lesentreprises peuvent s’emparer pour améliorer la santé de leurs travailleurs et par conséquent, leurperformance sociale et financière. / This thesis aims at exploring to what extent globalization, through its diversecomponents, impacts the health of European workers. In a first part, we expose the socio-economicconsequences of this multi-faceted phenomenon. In a second part, we show that internationalcompetition, one of the essential components of globalization, is a risk factor for non-skilledworkers. Nevertheless, individual and organizational factors are the most likely to explain mentaland physical disorders prevalence in the population as a whole. Globalization also implies newpractices linked to firms’ internationalization strategy, another component of globalization. Weunderline that workers must acquire the skills to stay attractive in a constantly changing worldand they do not find much support in their companies. In a third part, we show that globalizationenhances the surge of the service sector in industrialized countries. In addition, the leanmanagement is implemented in those sectors and competitive pressure increases. These changesimpact the way the work is performed. Within this context, the health of workers deterioratesbecause they are exposed to changing risk factors, among them: intense of work related tointerpersonal relationships. Finally, we find that the Corporate Social Responsibility comes as ananswer to improve workers’ health and as a consequence, firms’ social and financial performance.