Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif d'apporter un éclairage et une compréhension sur l'évolution du droit des affaires en Chine et plus particulièrement sur les outils de protection des investissements pour les étrangers dans ce pays. Cet ouvrage analyse les incidents liés à la protection juridique des investissements étrangers ainsi que l'effectivité des voies de recours en cas de différents. / The objective of this thesis is to bring insights into the understanding of the evolution of business law in China and in particular on the tools of investment protection used by foreigners in this country. This paper analyses the events related to the protection of foreign investments as well as the efficiency of arbitrative solutions in the case of problems.

O objeto do presente trabalho é a análise das mudanças no regime jurídico do investimento estrangeiro ocorridas na última década. Após o estudo histórico sobre o desenvolvimento desse regime, as quatro tendências que conduziram a elaboração das regras daquele período são examinadas. A primeira delas foi a criação de regimes regionais, como as regras sobre o investimento internacional do NAFT A, ASEAN, APEC e Mercosul. A segunda, as tentativas de estabelecimento de um regime multilateral, como comprovam não só as negociações do MAI e das TRIM\'s, nos quadros da OCDE e OMC, como a consolidação pelo Banco Mundial das Diretivas sobre o investimento direto estrangeiro. Em terceiro lugar, o surgimento de normas internacionais setoriais, a exemplo do Tratado da Carta da Energia. E, por último, o crescimento extraordinário do número de acordos bilaterais sobre a matéria. O estudo leva em consideração a jurisprudência internacional, principalmente as sentenças proferidas pelo CIRDI. O exame dessas quatro tendências é seguido pelo estudo de dois regimes regionais que dizem respeito aos interesses brasileiros: o do Mercosul e o da ALCA. Se comparado com os regimes anteriores, aquele dos anos 90 se distingue por privilegiar a flexibilização das regras sobre o fluxo de capitais e o incremento de seu ganho. Preocupações com regras concernentes à proteção do investimento estrangeiro parecem estar ultrapassadas em razão de dois motivos. Inicialmente, pela implementação de seguros e garantias contra riscos políticos que, além de contornar o risco decorrente das interferências governamentais nos investimentos, também minimizou as discussões sobre as indenizações. Em segundo lugar, pelo endosso dado pela maioria dos países em desenvolvimento às políticas neoliberais -o que inibiu a ação governamental no regime doméstico do investimento internacional- e pela concorrência entre esses países em atrair esse investimento. O direito internacional dos investimentos passou a contar com poucas lacunas, a basear-se menos no costume e a formalizar-se em instrumentos. Questões vitais em décadas anteriores, como aquelas relativas à cláusula Calvo e aos critérios indenizatórios, foram resolvidas por tratados ou pela jurisprudência. Esta tomou-se abundante, consolidando um entendimento conservador. Objetivamente, pouco restou do discurso inflamado dos anos 60 e 70 sobre a NOEI. Desmontou-se o binômio investimento e desenvolvimento, desarticulando-se um sistema anterior chamado de Direito Internacional do Desenvolvimento. Essa desarticulação deu-se por caminhos diversos. O direito internacional dos investimentos, antes objeto de Resolução da ONU, teve seus debates transpostos para outras organização, como o Banco Mundial A preocupação com o desenvolvimento foi realocada de capítulo do Direito Econômico Internacional para o campo dos Direitos Humanos. Das quatro tendências acima, uma delas parece que não terá continuidade: o tratamento setorial da matéria. Todavia, nos próximos anos, as outras três continuarão a ser seguidas: não há indicação de refluxo nos acordos bilaterais; a busca por um regime multilateral irá continuar, como aponta o compromisso assumido na reunião da OMC, em Doha de assinatura das TR!M\'S em 2005; e, finalmente, as negociações da ALCA, que incluem disposições sobre investimentos, indicam continuidade na tendência regional. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the changes introduced in the international legal regime applicable to foreign investment in the last decade. After an historical study on the development of this regime, the four trends that shaped the elaboration of these rules during this period are examined. Firstly, the tendency to the creation of international regional regimes -like NAFTA, Mercosur, ASEAN and APEC\'s special rules on investment- is analyzed. Secondly, the several attempts to establish a multilateral regime on foreign investment -as evidenced by the negotiation of the MAL in the OECD, and of the TRIM\'s, in the WTO, as well as the edition of the Guidelines on Foreign Direct Investment by the Word Bank- are reviewed. In the third place, the international rules applicable to investments in special sectors, as is the case of the Energy Chart Treaty, are focused. Finally, the increase in number of the bilateral treaties is examined. This study takes into account the international jurisprudence, mainly the awards rendered by the lCSID. This exam is followed by the study of two regional regimes that affect Brazilian interests: the Mercosur and the FTAA. If compared with the previous regimes, the one that prevailed in the nineties appears to be more concerned with both the flexibility of the rules on the flow of capitals and the increase of earnings. Concerns about rules on the investment protection have vanished for two main reasons. Initially, the availability of insurance and guaranties against political risks besides minimizing the risks presented by any governmental interference on the investor\'s control over its investment, also contributes to make issues on the value of indemnities irrelevant. In the second place, the majority of the developing countries not just endorsed neo-liberal policies, which made governmental restrictive postures on foreign investment difficult, but have started to compete against each other to attract foreign capitals. The International Law on Investments turned into a system with few gaps, based rather on written treaties than on customary law. Crucial issues of the past few decades, like these related to the Calvo doctrine or to indemnities criteria, were solved by treaties and arbitral decisions. Not only did the jurisprudence become abundant, but also consolidated conservative views on the matter. Objectively, very little remained of the fiery speech on the NEIO. The dual investment and development was undone and the previous system of the International Law of Development collapsed. This collapse was caused by different reasons. The most determining, however, is the fact that the International Law on Investment, based before on customary roles and precariously settled by UN\'s resolutions, were relocated to different fora, like the World Bank. The concern with development switched from an important chapter of the International Economic Law to Human Rights\' domain. Amidst the four trends pointed out in this work, apparently just one will be discontinued in the near future: the sectorial treatment of foreign investment. Nonetheless, the others will continue to be present: there is no evidence of reflux in the signing of bilateral treaties; the search for a multilateral regime will continue, as shown in the commitment made in the WTO Conference of Doha, in 2001, fixing for 2005 the signing of the agreement on TRIM\'s; and finally, the negotiation of FTAA, including dispositions on investments, indicates that the regional tendency will remain.

Le droit international économique a pour fonction la réglementation des flux économiques internationaux. Ce dernier émane de la volonté déjà ancienne des nations d’instaurer, dans l’économie mondiale, un ensemble de règles à même de structurer leurs rapports. À la faveur de ces dernières les échanges marchands, les investissements, la circulation des capitaux ont donc progressivement étaient des faits, des réalités économiques saisies dans des qualifications juridiques. Or, l’une des difficultés majeures, qui alimente ces controverses, tient à la relation du droit international économique avec d’autres branches du droit, également appelées à structurer juridiquement le marché. Dans la mise en œuvre de sesnormes, le droit international économique est en effet appelé à rentrer en contact avec de nombreuses branches du droit. Il est toutefois remarquable que dans l’ensemble, celles-ci n’occupent pas un rôle comparable. Si certains ensembles de règles apparaissent primordiaux, en vue d’assurer le fonctionnement d’une économique mondialisée, d’autres entretiennent des rapports plus distendus. Pour les besoins de notre recherche, il convient donc de cerner la nature des liens qui existent entre le droit du travail et le droit international économique. Si la connexité de ces deux branches a induit le développement des clauses sociales, elle n’a pas eu pour conséquence, à l’heure actuelle, une réelle modification du droit international économique. À défaut, certaines des caractéristiques irréductibles du droit du travail continuent à limiter la fécondité de leurs rapports. Pour autant, l’existence de cette connexité permet d’envisager, pour l’avenir, un approfondissement des relations entre ces deux branches par des voies jusqu’ici inexploitées. Loin d’être chimérique, l’avènement de synergies nouvelles entre le droit international et le droit du travail apparaît envisageable à la lueur de la réception juridique qu’a connue le concept de développement durable. Une modification profonde des rapports entre ces deux branches du droit se donne déjà à voir et pourrait se poursuivre. L’explication de l’influence déterminante du concept peut être recherchées dans son positionnement au regard des activités économiques transnationales. Ce dernier se projette en effet sur les répercussions et plus uniquement le développement de l’économie. Se faisant, le développement durable se présente comme une voie alternative pour penser et évaluer la croissance. Au regard de l’apport du droit international économique à l’application du droit du travail, ce changement de perspective est déterminant. Il conduit eneffet à voir dans le premier un outil de diffusion du second. Cette relation se déduit en effet de l’interdépendance des piliers qui fondent le concept de développement durable. L’imbrication du pilier social et économique invite à n’envisager la croissance économique qu’à la condition qu’elle puisse, entre autres, satisfaire à une durabilité sociale impliquant le respect du droit du travail. L’existence de cette synergie est d’ailleurs signalée par l’adoption, au nom du développement durable, de nouvelles clauses sociales.Le développement durable augure également l’évolution vers une prise en compte accrue du droit du travail au vu d’une autre de ses particularités, son positionnement dans le champ juridique. Il ressort en effet des propositions de la doctrine autant que d’interprétations issues d’organes contentieux internationaux que le développement durable est susceptible d’assurer un rôle de matrice conceptuelle. À ce titre, il est en capacité et pourrait à l’avenir conduire à interpréter le droit international économique en prenant également en compte le respect du droit du travail précisément au regard de sa contribution à la recherche de durabilité. / The function of international economic law is to regulate international economic flows. The latter stems from the long-standing will of nations to establish, in the global economy, a set of rules capable of structuring their relations. As a result of the latter, trade, investment and capital movements were gradually becoming facts, economic realities captured in legalqualifications. However, one of the major difficulties, which fuels these controversies, lies in the relationship of international economic law with other branches of law, which are also called upon to structure the market legally. In the implementation of its norms, international economic law is indeed called upon to come into contact with many branches of law. However, it is remarkable that, overall, they do not play a comparable role. While some sets of rules appear essential to ensure the functioning of a globalised economy, others maintain more relaxed relations. For the purposes of our research, it is therefore necessary to identify the nature of the links that exist between labour law and international economic law. While the connection of these two branches has led to the development of social clauses, it has not, at present, led to any real change in international economic law. Failing this, some of the irreducible characteristics of labour law continue to limit the fertility of their relationships. For all that, the existence of this connection makes it possible to envisage, for the future, a deepening of relations between these two branches by hitherto unexploited ways. Far from being a pipe dream, the emergence of new synergies between international law and labour law seems conceivable in the light of the legal reception of the concept of sustainable development. A profound change in the relationship between these two branches of law is already apparent and could continue. The explanation of the decisive influence of the concept can be sought in its positioning with regard to transnational economic activities. The latter projects itself on the repercussions and not only on the development of the economy. In doing so, sustainable development presents itself as an alternative way to think and evaluate growth.With regard to the contribution of international economic law to the application of labour law, this change of perspective is decisive. It leads us to see the former as a tool for disseminating the latter. This relationship can be deduced from the interdependence of the pillars that underpin the concept of sustainable development. The interweaving of the social andeconomic pillar calls for economic growth to be considered only on condition that it can, among other things, satisfy social sustainability implying respect for labour law. The existence of this synergy is also indicated by the adoption, in the name of sustainable development, of new social clauses.Sustainable development also augurs well for the evolution towards greater consideration of labour law in view of another of its particularities, its position in the legal field. Indeed, it emerges from the proposals of the doctrine as much as from interpretations coming from international contentious bodies that sustainable development is likely to ensure a role ofconceptual matrix. As such, it is capable and could in the future lead to interpret international economic law by also taking into account the respect of labour law precisely with regard to it contribution to the search for sustainability.

Money is a public good. The regulation of its creation, supply and distribution is of national and international interest. Monetary stability is an important regulatory goal conducted through an interaction of economic, political, religious factors as well as legislative action. The state plays an intermediary role, bridging domestic interests and international interests. Increasing interdependence between national economic systems and international obligations sometimes leads to the manipulation of systems as well as currency wars. Regulation is done through co-operative international action since domestic regulators are no longer sufficiently equipped to do so. Resultantly, there is an emergence of new structural paradigms to deal with it. Meanwhile, states still enjoy certain residual competences of sovereignty. Numerous legal factors act as constraints on sovereignty with far reaching implications on states’ regulatory space. In light of the divergence of regulatory objectives, there is an apparent need to balance municipal with international interests on the regulation of the monetary system. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-10-02T19:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Essa dissertação é norteada pela análise dos instrumentos oriundos dos tratados bilaterais e convenções internacionais que permitem a tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros diretos. A abordagem deve examinar também a eficácia das organizações internacionais e dos organismos de fiscalização das relações entre investidores e Estados hospedeiros. Desta forma, a finalidade deste estudo é a apreciação da regulação dos tratados e convenções internacionais e conclusão no sentido de êxito ou não na defesa do equilíbrio entre os agentes envolvidos nos investimentos estrangeiros no setor energético brasileiro, e de qual modo é possível a busca pelo desenvolvimento local enquanto forma de contrapartida. A metodologia aplicada será a hipotético-dedutiva, como forma de promoção do enfrentamento da eficácia das normas de tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros em face do protecionismo praticado pelos Estados. A produção desta dissertação terá por fundamento análise bibliográfica, das legislações internacionais, regionais e locais, e casos levados a cabo principalmente nos tribunais arbitrais. / This dissertation is guided by the analysis of instruments of discussion of bilateral treaties and international conventions that allow the administration of foreign direct investments. One of the approaches is the effectiveness of international organizations and oversight bodies for investor-host States relations. Therefore, the main objective is to assess whether the regulation of international treaties and conventions have been successful in defending the balance of power between the agents involved in foreign investments in the Brazilian energy sector, and to what extend it is possible to achieve local development to counterbalance the policies supported. An applied methodology is a hypothetical-deductive one, as a form of promotion of the confrontation of the effectiveness of the norms of protection of the foreign investments in the face of the protectionism practiced by the States. The development of this dissertation is based on bibliographical analysis, international, regional and local laws and cases carried out in the arbitral tribunals.

L’Union européenne est associée à l’activité de toutes les institutions qui encadrent l’économie internationale, qu’il s’agisse d’organisations internationales ou d’autres organismes multilatéraux. L’inclusion de l’Union dans ces communautés juridiques présente des avantages mutuels. L’Union, désireuse d’émerger comme acteur sur la scène internationale, peut promouvoir ses valeurs et ses intérêts. En même temps, intégrée aux espaces normatifs des institutions économiques internationales, elle contribue à la mise en œuvre de l’activité de celles-ci. Toutefois, cette intégration soulève aussi des difficultés. L’Union est soucieuse de préserver la maîtrise de sa propre organisation et une marge d’appréciation dans la régulation des phénomènes économiques. Les institutions économiques internationales, quant à elles, sont a priori peu habituées au fonctionnement de l’Union, notamment en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ses compétences avec celles de ses Etats membres. La participation de l’Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales est un processus d’interaction institutionnelle permanente qui vise le dépassement de ces difficultés et l’adaptation réciproque. Projetant vers l’extérieur ses politiques publiques, qui constituent à leur tour la mise en œuvre de politiques des institutions économiques internationales, l’Union favorise la continuité des niveaux de la gouvernance économique mondiale. Ainsi, l’Union influence et est influencée par la libéralisation et la régulation multilatérales de tous les phénomènes économiques internationaux : le commerce, l’investissement, la finance et la coopération au développement. / The European Union is involved in the activity of all institutions that shape and supervise the world economy, be they international organizations or other multilateral fora. The Union’s inclusion in these legal communities is mutually beneficial. On the one hand, the Union is eager to assert itself as an actor on the international scene and can promote its values and interests. On the other hand, the Union helps to implement norms produced by host institutions and to achieve their goals, as it is integrated in their legal order or network. However, this integration also gives rise to some problems. The Union tries to protect its own organization and margin of appreciation in regulating economic phenomena. Moreover, in principle host institutions are not accustomed to its functioning, especially as far as relations with member states are concerned. The European Union’s participation in international economic institutions is a process of continuous institutional interaction which aims at overcoming these problems through reciprocal adaptation. As the Union promotes its public policies within international economic institutions, which shape in turn the Union’s policies, this process boosts the coherence between levels of economic governance. Thus, the Union influences and is influenced by multilateral liberalization and regulation of all economic phenomena: trade, investment, finance, and development cooperation.

Money is a public good. The regulation of its creation, supply and distribution is of national and international interest. Monetary stability is an important regulatory goal conducted through an interaction of economic, political, religious factors as well as legislative action. The state plays an intermediary role, bridging domestic interests and international interests. Increasing interdependence between national economic systems and international obligations sometimes leads to the manipulation of systems as well as currency wars. Regulation is done through co-operative international action since domestic regulators are no longer sufficiently equipped to do so. Resultantly, there is an emergence of new structural paradigms to deal with it. Meanwhile, states still enjoy certain residual competences of sovereignty. Numerous legal factors act as constraints on sovereignty with far reaching implications on states’ regulatory space. In light of the divergence of regulatory objectives, there is an apparent need to balance municipal with international interests on the regulation of the monetary system. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.

La finalité du droit international économique contemporain est en principe de réaliser une meilleure harmonisation entre l’expansion du commerce d’une part et la croissance des pays en développement (PED) d’autre part. Cette harmonisation n’est pas toujours évidente dans certains domaines du droit international économique notamment les services. Les rapports juridiques entre un accord multilatéral comme l’AGCS (Accord général sur le commerce des services) et les PED représentent en effet, une dialectique tant au niveau du statut des PED dans le cadre de cet Accord que de ses conséquences juridiques à leur égard. L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de cette dialectique et tente de cerner la dimension juridique et les enjeux de développement de ces rapports. Elle se place dans ce contexte à montrer la flexibilité formelle de l’AGCS à l’égard des PED dans un premier lieu et la relativité de ses effets dans un second lieu. / The aim of the contemporary international economic law is in principle to achieve a better harmonization between the expansion of trade and the growth of the developing countries. This harmonization is not always evident or clear in some areas of the international economic law particularly in the services sector. The legal aspects of the relationship between a multilateral Agreement such as the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) and developing countries are indeed dialectic especially in the context of their status in the framework of this Agreement on the one hand and its legal consequences on the other hand. The study takes its place in this dialectic and attempts to identify the legal dimension and the development challenges of this relationship. It is within this context that the research will present the formal flexibility of the GATS against the developing countries in the first place and the relativity of its effects in a second.

International investment agreements largely cover today’s transnational investments. These agreements confer certain substantive rights to foreign investors while simultaneously obliging host-states to act in a given manner so as to not interfere with the investments. Most international investment agreements further contain an arbitration clause which provides the investor with the means to enforce the substantive rights of the agreement by directly bringing a claim against the host-state before an arbitral tribunal. Consequently, privately contracted arbitrators have the authority to scrutinize and overrule essentially any sovereign act of the host-state that may affect the investment – judicial and legislative acts included. This practice affects not only the parties of the dispute; when the arbitral award claims superiority to the state’s electoral choices, it further constrains the exercise of sovereignty by the population of the host-state. As a result, the arbitrators who manage the disputes and the investors who initiate them have become central power-holders in the context of both international and domestic law. Meanwhile, the arbitrators and investors alike seem to be unaccountable to the states and individuals who are adversely affected by their power assertions. A commonly accepted feature of democracy is that those who govern and wield power should be accountable to those who are governed and subjected to this power. This thesis relates this notion to a Foucauldian understanding of power, domination and resistance. The primary aim of the thesis is to examine the interplay between the prominent subjects involved in investor-state arbitration and to what degree these subjects hold power in the form of transformative capacity. After this investigation into the relations of power, the thesis scrutinizes the subjugated subjects’ ability to exercise effective resistance through institutionalized accountability mechanisms. The thesis detects an accountability deficit in the regime and concludes that foreign investors and arbitrators hold a dominant position within the context of investor-state arbitration, while states and individuals find themselves in a state of domination. The international investment regime, as it currently stands, is thus found to suffer from a democracy deficit, while it concurrently seems to undermine domestic democratic institutions.

Notre planète recèle dans sous-sol des gisements d’hydrocarbure, à l’origine depuis près d’un siècle, de la puissance de l’homme moderne. La présente étude porte sur les modalités juridiques d’extraction et d’appropriation de ces énergies fossiles. A l’état naturel, ces ressources n’ont pas d’existence juridique propre et leurs régimes suivent celui des territoires dans lesquels elles gisent. Aussi, pour que l’extraction des gisements puise avoir lieu, il convient d’abord d’identifier les titulaires des droits sur les territoires pétrolifères et prendre en compte non seulement la diversité de ces territoires mais également la diversité des acteurs et intérêts en présence. Les détenteurs primaires des droits d’accès aux ressources identifiés, pourront alors se déployer des contrats de prospection et d’exploitation des gisements, adaptées à l’ensemble des spécificités du secteur et des particularismes locaux, aux fins notamment d’une optimalisation de l’accès aux ressources fossiles / Our planet contains underground fossil deposits powering the Modern man, since nearly a century. The present study deals with the legal issue regarding the extraction and appropriation of fossil fuels. In their natural state, these resources have no legal existence and their regimes follow the one of the territories in which they lie. Therefore, in order to extract the deposits, it is first necessary to identify the rights owners of the oil regions and to take into account not only the diversity of these territories but also the diversity of the actors and interests at stake. Once the primary access rights owners identified, deposits may be discovered and developed, through specific mining contracts, adapted to all the specific features of the sector and local particularities for the optimization of the access to fossil fuels