Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / La présente thèse, composée de deux études, visait à mieux cerner la complexité des dynamiques de violence conjugale qui représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique au Canada. Selon les statistiques canadiennes de 2013 (Beaupré, 2015), la violence entre les partenaires conjugaux était responsable du quart des crimes violents déclarés à la police. L’ampleur des conséquences associées à ce phénomène justifie l’importance accordée dans la littérature à l’analyse de ses facteurs explicatifs. Parmi les éléments contribuant à l’émergence et à la perpétuation des dynamiques de violence conjugale, cette thèse a ciblé l’attachement des partenaires. Dans cette thèse, l’objet d’étude était la dyade conjugale. En effet, les chercheurs s’entendent aujourd’hui pour dire que pour bien cerner les dynamiques conjugales, il importe d’étudier les facteurs sous-jacents en employant une approche dyadique (Bartholomew et Allison, 2006; Doumas et al., 2008; Kenny et al., 2006; Mikulincer et Shaver, 2016). Cependant, malgré ceci, la majorité des recherches portant sur les liens entre l’attachement et la violence conjugale ne se sont intéressées qu’aux patrons individuels d’attachement des individus. Quant aux recherches s’étant intéressées aux liens entre l’attachement des deux partenaires et la violence conjugale, elles étudiaient les représentations d’attachement des participants de façon indépendante. Ceci signifie que ces études ne tenaient pas compte de l’effet interactionnel des représentations d’attachement des partenaires sur les dynamiques conjugales. Ainsi, les coûts associés au recrutement des dyades étant élevés, la première étude visait à vérifier s’il était possible d’obtenir des informations justes quant au fonctionnement des deux partenaires en n’en sondant qu’un seul. Ceci a été fait en vérifiant si les partenaires faisaient une évaluation similaire des variables à l’étude (c.-à-d. traits psychopathiques de l’homme, représentations d’attachement des partenaires et violence dans le couple). Plus précisément, le degré d’accord entre les mesures autorapportées et celles obtenues par l’évaluation du partenaire a été étudié. Dans la deuxième étude, l’interaction entre l’attachement des partenaires et la violence conjugale a d’abord été mesurée. Ensuite, puisqu’il est bien documenté dans la littérature que les traits psychopathiques des individus modulent le type ainsi que l’intensité des dynamiques de violence conjugale, ces caractéristiques ont été intégrées comme variable modératrice dans le modèle proposé. Pour répondre à ces objectifs de recherche, 266 couples hétérosexuels ont été recrutés dans la population générale. Les résultats de la première étude ont révélé que les partenaires n’avaient pas une perception similaire de l’occurrence de la violence au sein du couple, mais qu’ils faisaient une évaluation similaire des représentations d’attachement de l’un et de l’autre. En ce qui a trait à l’évaluation du degré de traits psychopathiques de l’homme, bien que les évaluations des partenaires étaient positivement corrélées, les hommes avaient tendance à autorapporter un degré de traits psychopathiques plus élevé que leurs conjointes. En ce qui concerne la deuxième étude, celle-ci a permis de formuler diverses hypothèses quant aux facteurs associés à la perpétration de la violence dans les couples de la population générale. D’une part, les résultats ont révélé que lorsque les auteurs de violence conjugale étaient en couple avec un partenaire qui possédait un attachement sécurisant, plus ils présentaient un attachement marqué par un niveau élevé d’insécurité d’attachement, plus les probabilités qu’ils aient commis de la violence envers leur conjoint étaient élevées. Ceci semblait d’autant plus vrai lorsque l’homme possédait un faible niveau de traits psychopathiques. Dans ces cas, la violence commise envers le partenaire pourrait être en partie interprétée comme une tentative inconsciente du sujet de rencontrer un objet d’amour en mesure de survivre à son agressivité, ce qui permettrait éventuellement de réparer les blessures associées aux échecs passés de destructivité. Cependant, lorsque l’homme présentait un degré élevé de traits psychopathiques et que la victime possédait un attachement marqué par un degré élevé d’insécurité d’attachement, les probabilités de violence dans le couple étaient plus élevées si l’agresseur possédait également un attachement caractérisé par un degré élevé d’insécurité. Dans ces cas, cette violence pourrait être comprise comme une forme de décharge surgissant en réaction à un débordement des ressources psychologiques de l’individu. / This thesis, composed of two studies, aimed to a greater level of understanding the complexity of domestic violence dynamics, which is a major public health issue in Canada. According to Statistics Canada (2013; Beaupré, 2015), violence between partners is accounted for a quarter of violent crimes reported to the police. The magnitude of the consequences associated with domestic violence justifies the abundance of literature analyzing its explanatory factors. Among the elements contributing to the emergence and perpetuation of this type of violence, the influence of partner attachment was investigated in this thesis. In this thesis, the marital dyad was the object of study. In fact, researchers agree to say that, in order to fully comprehend the marital dynamics, it is important to study the underlying factors by using a dyadic approach (Bartholomew and Allison, 2006; Doumas and al., 2008; Kenny and al., 2006; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2016). However, the majority of the studies based on the connection between attachment and intimate partner violence has only focused on individuals patterns of attachment. As for the research based on the attachment connection between the two partners and the intimate partner violence, they studied the attachment representations of the participants in an independent way, meaning that these studies did not consider the interactional effect of the attachment representations of partners on the marital dynamics. Considering the recruitment of the dyad is expensive, the first study aimed to verify the possibility of obtaining accurate information about the internal processes of the two partners by probing only one. This has been done by verifying if the partners did a similar evaluation of the studied variables (that is to say, men psychopathic traits, partners attachment representations and intimate partner violence). More precisely, the agreement degree between the self-reported measures and the ones that were obtained by the partner evaluation have been studied. In the second study, the interaction between the partners attachment and the intimate partner violence has been foremost measured. Afterwards, considering it is well documented in the literature that psychopathic traits of individuals are modulating the type and the intensity of the intimate partner violence dynamics, these characteristics have been integrated as moderators variables in this proposed model. To meet these research objectives, 266 heterosexual couples were recruited in the general population. The results of the first study revealed that the partners did not have a similar perception of the occurrence of domestic violence, but they did have a similar evaluation of the attachment representations to each other. Regarding the assessment of the degree of men’s psychopathic traits, although that the partners evaluations were positively correlated, men tended to self-report a higher degree of psychopathic traits compared to their partner’s ratings. About the second study, the results made it possible to formulate diverse hypothesis related to the associated factors of violence perpetration in the general population. On one hand, the results revealed that when the author of the intimate partner violence were in couple with a partner that had a secure attachment, the more they presented an attachment marked by a high level of attachment insecurity, the more likely they had committed violence toward their partner. This seamed truer when the man possessed a low level of psychopathic traits. In these cases, the violence committed toward the partner could be interpreted like an unconscious attempt of the agressor to meet an object of love that could survive his aggressiveness: this could eventually repair past failures of destructivity. However, when the man presented a high degree of psychopathic traits and the victim had an attachment marked by a high degree of attachment insecurity, the probabilities of violence in the couple were higher if the aggressor possessed an attachment characterized by a high level of insecurity too. In theses cases, the violence could be interpreted like a form of emotional discharge appearing in reaction of an overflow of the individual’s psychological resources.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The study investigated the phenomena of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in women in Ehlanzeni District, Mpumulanga, South Africa in order to develop coping guidelines. This is because, one in every four, or a quarter (25%) of all women in South Africa, are assaulted by their partners every week. The study adopted a qualitative approach utilising an exploratory, hermeneutic phenomenological research design. A non-probability sample of ten women, who were victims of IPV, was used. The theoretical framework for the study was Afrocentric theory. This framework was used so that the investigation was underpinned by truly African concepts. The study was conducted at Victim Empowerment Programmes in Mkhuhlu and Acornhoek, Ehlanzeni District in Mpumalanga Province. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection instruments and analaysed using thematic analysis (TA). The following themes and sub-themes emerged out of the data: Theme 1: Understandings of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Theme 2: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) experienced by participants; Theme 3: Reasons for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Sub-theme 3.1: Alcohol as a facilitator of IPV; Sub-theme 3.2: Early parenthood as a facilitator of IPV; Sub-theme 3.3: Poverty as a facilitator of IPV and Sub-theme 3.4: Observed behaviour as a facilitator for IPV; Theme 4: The role of lobola/culture in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Theme 5: What makes participants stay in abusive relationships (marriages) and Theme 6: Steps, or interventions, taken by participants in order to cope with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Based on these findings it was recommended that a study of male perceptions towards IPV, and a nationwide study or studies on IPV, be carried out under the auspices of the Department of Social Development (DoS) and/or the Department of Health (DoH) with the help of relevant non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Coping guidelines for women victims of IPV were developed out of the research findings.

No description available.

Bakgrund Våld i nära relationer är ett globalt problem som påverkar kvinnor i alla samhällsklasser, i alla kulturer, i alla delar av världen. Våld kan utspela sig både fysiskt, psykiskt, sexuellt och ekonomiskt. Omkring 30 procent av kvinnor över 18 år har, eller kommer utsättas för våld från en partner. Det första mötet med den våldsutsatta kvinnan är det som lämnar spår för framtiden. Vårdenheter utbildar inte alltid sin personal tillräckligt, vilket gör hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal osäkra kring hur de ska bemöta situationen, vilket kan resultera i att kvinnan inte blir bemött på rätt sätt. Syfte Att belysa hur kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer upplever bemötandet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes med 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som underlag. De vetenskapliga artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsycInfo genom blocksökning med hjälp av SubjectHeadings och MeSH-termer samt titel/abstrakt sökningar. Artiklarna genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering samt kvalitet. Därefter sammanställdes och analyserades artiklarna med en integrerad analys. Resultat Dataanalysen gav upphov till tre huvudkategorier och åtta subkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var kvinnors barriärer av tidigare erfarenheter, negativt bemötande från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och positivt bemötande från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Resultatet visade att många kvinnor kände sig svikna av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande och hjälpen de fick. Det visade på vikten av att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal bemöter kvinnorna med empati, att de tar sig tiden att lyssna på kvinnornas berättelser samt ger de adekvat hjälp och stöttning. Ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt vägde tungt hos kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer för att dem inte ska känna sig som en del av statistiken. Slutsats Studien identifierade kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationers upplevelse av bemötandet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal där flera bristande faktorer belystes. Genom att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals kunskap kring våld i nära relationer ökar, och kvinnors behov belyses, kan fler våldsutsatta kvinnor erhålla den hjälp de behöver i bemötandet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Nyckelord: Bemötande, upplevelse, våld i nära relation, hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, våldsutsatta kvinnor / Background Domestic violence is a global burden that affects women in all social classes, in all cultures, in all parts of the world. Violence can for example take form psychologically, sexually, and financially. Around 30 percent of women over the age of 18 have or will be subjected to partner violence. The first meeting with an abused woman is what sets the path for future care. Care units do not always educate their staff sufficiently, which makes healthcare personnel unsure of how to handle the situation, which can result in the women not being met with the right attitude. Aim To shed light on how women exposed to intimate partner violence experience the attitudes of healthcare personnel. Method A non-systematic literature review was carried out with 15 scientific articles as a basis. The scientific articles were obtained from the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycInfo by block searches using SubjectHeadings and MeSH-terms as well as title/abstract searches. The articles underwent a quality review based of off Sophiahemmet University’sassessment documents for scientific classification and quality. The articles were then compiled and analysed using an integrated analysis. Results The data analysis gave rise to three main categories and eight subcategories. The main categories were women’s barriers of past experiences, negative attitudes from healthcare personnel and positive attitudes from healthcare personnel. The results showed that many women felt let down by healthcare personnel’s attitudes and the help they received. It showed the importance of the healthcare personnel treating the women with empathy, that they took the time to listen to their stories and give them adequate help and support. A person-centred approach weighed heavily with women exposed to intimate partner violence so that they don’t feel like another statistic. Conclusions The study identified women exposed to intimate partner violence experiences of the attitudes of healthcare personnel, where several missing factors where highlighted. By increasing healthcare personnel’s knowledge of intimate partner violence and highlighting women’s needs, more women exposed to violence, can receive the help they need in the meeting with healthcare personnel. Keywords: Attitude, experience, healthcare personnel, intimate partner violence, violence against women

Inledning: Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem och ett folkhälsoproblem som måste bekämpas på flera olika sätt. Sammanfattningsvis är forskningsunderlaget för individuell psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld begränsat och med specifikt psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter ännu outforskat. Syftet: Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuters erfarenhet av psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld ser ut. Hur arbetar man? Vad är hjälpsamt? Metod: En kvalitativ metod. Psykodynamiskt skolade legitimerade psykoterapeuter intervjuades. Datan analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framkom med tillhörande subteman: 1. Prioritering av klientens egen traumatisering är en nödvändighet 2. Våldet är i fokus i psykoterapin 3. Relationens är av betydelse i psykoterapin. Diskussion: Huvudfynden visade att erfarenhet fanns hos psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter att bedriva psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld. Både möjligheter och svårigheter framkom. Psykodynamiska interventioner användes i psykoterapin gemensamt med ett eklektiskt förhållningsätt. Relationen i psykoterapin användes som intervention och för att härbärgera klienten. Studiens resultat visar att psykoterapi med psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter kan också vara en potentiell behandling att erbjuda klienter som utövat våld. Mer forskning behövs inom området. / Introduction: Men's violence against women is a major social problem and a public health problem that must be combated in several different ways. In summary, the research about individual psychotherapy with intimate partner violence perpetrators is limited and with specifically psychodynamically trained psychotherapists are still unexplored. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how psychodynamically trained psychotherapists experience psychotherapy with intimate partner violence perpetrators. How do they work? What is helpful? Method: A qualitative method. Psychodynamically trained licensed psychotherapists were interviewed. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: Three main themes emerged with associated subthemes: 1.Prioritization of the client's own traumatization is a necessity 2. Violence is in focus during psychotherapy 3. The relationship is important in psychotherapy. Discussion: The result of the study highlights that psychotherapy with psychodynamically trained psychotherapists can also be a treatment for intimate partner violence perpetrators. Both opportunities and difficulties emerged. Psychodynamic interventions are used in psychotherapy together with an eclectic approach. The relationship in psychotherapy is used as an intervention and as a tool to contain the client. The results of the study show that psychotherapy with psychodynamically trained psychotherapists can also be a potential treatment to offer intimate partner violence perpetrators. More research is needed in the area.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social problem that affects both the person living with IPV, but also has its consequences in society. One group that has an additional vulnerability to being exposed to IPV is women with an intellectual disability. There are not many studies that have been conducted in this field, especially in Sweden, and as a result there is not much information on this field. The study therefore aimed to explore the different needs of women who have an intellectual disability and are experiencing IPV and explore how social workers find themselves in their role being able to meet these needs. We conducted a qualitative study, where we held interviews with social workers who work with IPV in municipalities in the southern part of Sweden. We chose to analyze the data by using Lipsky's theory Street level bureaucracy and choose to focus on the concept of discretion. The result showed needs such as protection, economic support, information and counseling support, and also a need for visibility. The results also presented areas in which the social workers felt were both obstacles and opportunities to meet these needs were communication, adaptation, the role of organizations, and collaboration. One conclusion that could be made was that social workers felt that they within their discretion were able to meet the needs, but that it does not always fall within the scope of their delegation and may involve making other contacts and collaborating to meet the needs.

Våld i nära relationer är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem som framför allt drabbar kvinnor och barn. Den vanligaste typen av våld som kvinnor drabbas av utförs av en gärningsman som kvinnan har en nära relation med. Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som ligger bakom kvinnans beslut att antingen stanna kvar i ett våldsamt förhållande eller att lämna det samt huruvida normaliseringen av våldet påverkar kvinnans beslut att bryta sig ur sin våldsamma relation och hur dessa kvinnor beskriver deras upplevelser av våldet som de utsätts för. Metoden för studien är en litteraturöversikt där vi valde att söka och analysera tretton vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats samt en blandning av dem. Denna litteraturöversikt har enbart koncentreras på myndiga kvinnor i heterosexuella förhållande som utsätts för våld av sina partner i hemmet. Det konstateras fyra stycken teman i resultatdelen som har påverkan på kvinnans beslut att stanna kvar i sitt våldsamma förhållande eller att lämna det, nämligen kvinnors rädsla och känslor av skam och skuld, kvinnors känslor och upplevelser av mannens beteende, kvinnors erfarenheter av våld och hot samt kontexten kvinnan befinner sig i som kan handla om ekonomiskt beroende av mannen, sociala normer såsom religiösa och kulturella faktorer, familjen såsom att offra sig förbarnens skull och bristande socialt stöd. Vid analysen av resultat och i kombination med andra källor från tidigare forskning samt teorier om modellinlärning, stigma & skamsteori, normaliseringsprocessen, ett genusperspektiv samt intersektionalitetsperspektiv visar det sig att det finns massa gemensamma faktorer som påverkar kvinnans beslut antingen att stanna kvar med sin våldsamma partner eller att lämna honom. Dessa faktorer kan vara barriärer till att våldsutsatta kvinnor inte tar sig ur en vålds präglad relation. Dock kan dessa faktorer innebära en förklaring till varför kvinnorna lämnar deras våldsamma partner. Det konstateras även att den vanligaste orsaken till våld i hemmet mot kvinnor beror på manlig maktbalans mellan män och kvinnor i samhället, men också för att kvinnan normaliserar våld i vardagen, vilket leder till att uppbrottet från relationen bli svårare / Violence in intimate relationships is a serious social problem that primarily affects women and children. The most common type of violence that women suffer is perpetrated by aperpetrator the woman has a close relationship with. This literature study aims to investigate which factors are behind the woman's decision to either remain in a violent relationship or to leave it, and whether the normalization of violence affects a woman's decision to leave a violent relationship, as well as how these women describe their experiences of the violence to which they were subjected. The method of the study is a literature review based on qualitative and quantitative methods and a mixture of them both, where the writers of this study have analyzed and reviewed thirteen scientific articles. This literature review has only concentrated on adult women in heterosexual relationships who are subjected to violence by their partners. It shows that there are four themes that affects the woman's decision to remain in her violent relationship or to leave it, which is women's feelings towards the man and her feelings of shame and guilt, women's feelings and experiences of the man's behavior, women'sexperiences of violence and threats as well as the context the woman finds herself in, which can be about economic dependence on the man, social norms such as religious and cultural factors, the family such as sacrificing herself for the sake of the children and a lack of social support. When analyzing results and in combination with other sources from previous research as well as theories about model learning, stigma & shame theory, the normalizationprocess, a gender perspective and intersectionality perspective, it turns out that there are many other factors that influence the woman's decision either to stay with her violent partner or to leave him. These factors can be barriers to why women exposed to violence are not getting out of the relationship. However, these factors may provide an explanation for why women leave their violent partner. It is also stated that the most common reason for domestic violence against women is due to manly power imbalance between men and women in society, but also because the woman normalizes violence in everyday life, which makes the breakup from the relationship more difficult.

This study aims to examine how employees from protected shelters perceive that abused women on partner visas have experienced the leaving process and thereafter understand the possible impacts a person’s migration background can have. The study is based on five qualitative interviews with six employees from different protective shelters in Sweden, where results were analyzed through thematic analysis and based on intersectional theory. Results in this study show that oppressive norms and cultural traditions forces the women to remain in the relationship, and that being new in Sweden makes it more difficult for them to leave their spouses. The immigration legislation disadvantages these women, as the fear of deportation increases the risk of these women staying longer in abusive relationships with the protection rule being applied very restrictively setting requirements for evidence that are difficult to achieve. The decision to leave is often based on the women having been exposed to severe physical abuse that has required the authorities to intervene, the fear of harm to or losing children, and/or that the women have been supported and given information by outside sources.

Kvinnor begår färre våldsbrott än män, och endast en tiondel av alla mord begås av kvinnor. Detta speglas i att relativt lite forskning om kvinnor som begår dödligt våld har genomförts. När kvinnor dödar är det ofta en nuvarande, eller före detta, intim partner som faller offer. Men varför dödar kvinnor en person som de tidigare valt att spendera sitt liv med? Finns det några likheter mellan dessa kvinnor? Denna systematiska litteraturstudie visar att en majoritet av de kvinnor som tar livet av sin partner, gör det efter att ha utsatts för fysiskt och psykiskt våld av sin partner under lång tid. Tidigare partnervåld, och den överhängande risken att utsättas för ännu en episod av grovt våld, leder till att dessa kvinnor lever med ständig skräck, rädsla och ångest. Många av dessa kvinnor upplever även en känsla av isolation, vilket förstärks av att mannen ofta förbjuder dem att arbeta utanför hemmet. Kvinnor som dödar sin partner gör det ofta i, vad de själva anser är, självförsvar. Många av dessa kvinnor menar att de dödade sin partner för att de var tvungna. Hade de inte gjort det hade de själva förmodligen blivit mördade. / Women commit fewer violent crimes than men, with only one tenth of all murders committed by females. This is reflected in the fact that relatively little research has been conducted about women who kill. When women kill, the victim is often a current or former intimate partner. But why do some women kill an individual whom they have previously chosen to spend their life with? Are there any similarities between these women? This systematic literature review shows that a majority of women who take the life of an intimate partner, do it after having been subjected to physical and psychological violence by their partner for a long period of time. Former partner violence, and the imminent risk of being subjected to yet another episode of serious violence, leads to these women living with constant fear, horror and anxiety. Many of these women also experience a sense of isolation, which is reinforced by the fact they their partner often forbids them to work outside of the home. Women who kill their intimate partner often do so in, what they feel is, self-defence. Many of these women say that they killed their partner because they had to. Had they not killed him, they themselves would probably have been murdered.

This literature study aims to investigate women’s violence on men. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is well researched within the context of women as victims and men as perpetrators. However, men who fall victim to female-perpetrated IPV is not a known subject to the general public. The study will therefore study men as victims to IPV where women are perpetrators as well different types of violence such as psychological, physical, sexual and digital violence. Men’s experiences as victims of IPV will also touch on their help-seeking experiences which are affected by hegemonic masculinity, stigma and shame. This literature study has used a lot of empirical material that contains qualitative studies from different countries thus making it difficult to draw general conclusions. The purpose is however to discuss the subject in relation to different theories, highlights and understand men's experiences as victims of female-perpetrated IPV.