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I denna studie undersöks sambandet mellan ungdomars psykiska ohälsa, ofrivillig ensamhet och social isolering i ljuset av individens psykosociala miljö. Syftet är att utveckla en djupare förståelse för de dynamiska interaktionerna mellan dessa faktorer, och hur de bidrar till psykisk ohälsa och ökad ensamhet bland ungdomar. Vidare undersöker studien befintliga strategier och interventioner som kan hantera och minska ensamhet hos ungdomar, och deras effektivitet. Genom litteraturstudie belyser studien potentiella mekanismer bakom ensamhet hos ungdomar. Resultaten visar att ofrivillig ensamhet och/eller social isolering har en inverkan på psykisk hälsa och kan bidra till olika psykiska problem såsom depression och ångest. Det framkom att ingen enstaka variabel orsakar ensamhet, det är istället en mängd faktorer i individens psykosociala miljö som har inverkan. Ungdomar upplever olika typer av ensamhet, inklusive existentiell ensamhet, och uppfattningen av ensamhet är djupt subjektiv. Resultaten framhäver vikten av social inkludering/exkludering, familjens roll, kamratrelationers kvalitet samt betydelsen av mentorer, stödjande vuxna och professionella. Samtidigt lyfts bristen på specifika interventioner för att bekämpa ungdomars ensamhet. Trots detta påvisar studien att vissa interventioner, inklusive gruppbehandling, mindfulness och internetbaserade program, har positiva resultat. / This thesis aims to investigate the association between youths' mental health, involuntary loneliness, and social isolation, particularly focusing on the individual's psychosocial environment. Furthermore, this study examines existing strategies and interventions that can address and reduce loneliness among youths and the effectiveness of these interventions. Through a literature study of previous research, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind youths' loneliness. Findings demonstrate that involuntary loneliness and/or social isolation significantly impact mental health and can lead to various mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. It is evident that there isn't a single variable causing loneliness, instead, several factors within the individual's psychosocial environment play a role. Youths’ experience different types of loneliness, including existential loneliness, and perceptions of loneliness are deeply subjective. The present thesis underscores the importance of social inclusion and exclusion, the role of the family, the quality of peer relations, and the significance of mentors, supportive adults, and professionals. It highlights the lack of specific interventions to combat loneliness among youths. Despite this, the study indicates that certain interventions, including group therapy, mindfulness, and internet-based programs, yield positive results.

Alla barn i förskolan har en rättighet att få sin röst hörd men denna rättighet är inte i allasituationer vare sig självklar eller enkel att iscensätta. Styrdokument för förskolan lyfter alladenna rättighet men i verksamheten visar sig grupper av barn där denna rättighet är svår attuppfylla. En av dessa grupper är barn i ofrivillig tystnad och det är den grupp barn som dettaarbete kommer att fokusera på.Syftet för denna studie är att inom förskolans kontext undersöka, kartlägga och synliggöra denkompetens yrkesverksamma inom förskolans verksamhet besitter gällande barn i ofrivilligtystnad samt vilka arbetssätt de nyttjar kring barn i ofrivillig tystnad för att gynna derasdelaktighet. Detta syfte ämnade vi att uppnå genom en studie av jämförande karaktär medsemistrukturerade intervjuer som metod för datainsamling. Vi har i denna studie genomfört sexstycken intervjuer med tre olika yrkesgrupper, förskollärare, specialpedagoger och logopeder.Studiens resultat belyser att det finns både kompetens och etablerade arbetssätt i förskolansverksamhet för att stötta barn i ofrivillig tystnad. Resultatet belyser dock även att det hospedagoger råder en osäkerhet kring begreppsförståelse samt om dessa arbetssätt är tillräckliga.De yrkesverksamma lyfter även fram en oro över faktumet att barn i ofrivillig tystnad inte alltidfår det stöd de behöver eller att detta stöd blir fördröjt på grund av att dessa barn beskrivs somblyga barn istället för barn i ofrivillig tystnad. Denna studies resultat visar på förekomsten avdetta, både på grund av kompetensbrist och ett sätt att bortförklara ett barns tystnad, och lyfterfram vikten av att begreppsförståelsen och kompetensen för indikatorer för ofrivillig tystnadbehöver stärkas inom förskolans verksamhet för att barn i ofrivillig tystnad ska möjliggörastillgång till det stöd de behöver och har rätt till. För varje barn har en rättighet att göra sin röst hörd. / To have their voice heard is a right that every child in preschool has but this fundamental rightis not always apparent or easy to realize in every situation or context. Regulatory documentsfor preschool all highlight this right but the preschools establishment however shows a numberof groups of children where this right proves difficult to fulfill. One of these groups is childrenin involuntary silence and it is this group of children this paper will be focusing on.The purpose for this study is to within the preschool context research, map out, and visualizethe competence witch staff within preschool establishments have regarding children ininvoluntary silence as well as the methodology which are being applied with children ininvoluntary silence to benefit their level of participation. This purpose we aim to achieve by themeans of a comparative study with semistructured interviews as its method of data collection.In this study we have done six interviews with three occupational groups, preschool teachers,special educators and speech therapists.The results of this study show that within preschool establishments both competence and wellestablished methodology exist to support children in involuntary silence. However the resultsalso show an insecurity among educators regarding terms and whether or not their methodologyis sufficient. The staff also emphasizes their worry over the fact that children in involuntarysilence far too often don’t receive the support they need or that this support is delayed due toinstances where these children are described as shy instead of as children in involuntarysilence. This study shows the occurrence of this both due to a lack of competence and as a wayto appropriate a child’s silence and thereby raises the importance of a strengthened knowledgeof terms and indicators for involuntary silence in preschool establishments to enable access tothe support these children need and have a fundamental right to. Because every child has a rightto make their voice heard.

De nombreux travaux en démographie appliquée ont été réalisés dans le passé, entre autres au Québec, tels que des études portant sur la mortalité des médecins et des députés du Québec (Azeredo Teixeira et Bourbeau, 2017 ; Bourbeau et Émond, 1996). Cependant, à notre connaissance, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la migration des athlètes et encore moins sur la migration de joueurs de la Ligue nationale de hockey (LNH). Pourtant, ces athlètes sont également exposés à une certaine forme de migration, à savoir le changement de leur lien d’appartenance à une équipe tout au long de leur carrière. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les tendances de la migration professionnelle des joueurs de la LNH de 1969 à 2020, ainsi que d’identifier les caractéristiques liées à cette migration. Les analyses tiennent compte du caractère volontaire (joueur qui a le statut d’agent libre) ou involontaire (joueur échangé) de la migration. L'étude analyse les migrations de ces joueurs professionnels en utilisant la matrice origine-destination, le modèle de risque et de durée de Cox, le modèle à événements multiples, et la régression logistique. Les résultats indiquent que les joueurs sélectionnés après la première ronde du repêchage annuel de la LNH ont un risque significativement plus élevé de quitter leur première équipe d’appartenance par rapport aux joueurs sélectionnés en première ronde. Ce constat persiste en début de carrière pour les joueurs sélectionnés à partir du quatrième tour ou ceux non sélectionnés. De plus, les joueurs moins performants et non sélectionnés en première ronde ont plus de chances de migrer volontairement lors de leur première migration suggérant que celle-ci puisse résulter d’un manque d’intérêt des autres équipes pour un échange (migration involontaire) ou du choix de l’équipe de ne pas retenir les services du joueur. Le moment et le rang de la migration, ainsi que le lieu de naissance sont aussi des aspects que l’on doit considérer. Par exemple, par rapport aux joueurs nés au Québec, ceux nés en Ontario ont un risque significativement plus faible de migrer une deuxième fois alors que c’est l’inverse pour une première migration. Ces conclusions permettront aux jeunes hockeyeurs qui rêvent un jour atteindre la LNH de mieux comprendre le profil de la carrière d’un joueur professionnel. Elles pourraient aussi servir aux agents de joueurs qui y trouveront sûrement quelques éléments qui démontrent le caractère incertain de la carrière de leurs clients. / Numerous studies in applied demography have been conducted in the past, including in Quebec, such as studies on the mortality of physicians and members of the Quebec parliament (Azeredo Teixeira et Bourbeau, 2017; Bourbeau et Émond, 1996). However, to our knowledge, very few studies have examined the migration of athletes, and even fewer have looked at the migration of National hockey league (NHL) players. Yet, this group of athletes is also subject to a certain form of migration, namely, the change of their affiliation with one team or another throughout their career in the NHL. The objective of this study is to identify the trends in the professional migration of NHL players from 1969 to 2020, as well as to identify the characteristics related to their migration over the course of their career and at the beginning of it. The analyzes consider the voluntary nature (players with a free agent status) or involuntary nature (players traded) of the migration. The study analyzes the migrations of these professional players using the origin-destination matrix, the Cox risk and duration model, the multiple events model, and logistic regression. The results indicate that players selected after the first round of the annual NHL draft have a significantly higher risk of leaving their first team compared to players selected in the first round. This observation persists early in the careers of players selected onwards from the fourth round or those not selected at all. Furthermore, less-performing players and those not selected in the first round are more likely to migrate voluntarily during their first migration. This suggests that the "voluntary" first migration of these players may result from a lack of interest from other teams in a trade (involuntary migration) or the choice of the team not to retain the player’s services rather than, being a deliberate choice. The moment and round of migration and the birthplace are also aspects that must be considered. For example, compared to players born in Quebec, those born in Ontario have a significantly lower risk of migrating a second time, while the result is the opposite for the first migration. These conclusions will allow young hockey players who dream of one day reaching the NHL to better understand the career profile of a professional player. They could also be used by players' agents who will surely find some elements there which demonstrate the uncertain nature of their clients' careers.

This thesis is an examination of euthanasia, eugenics, the ethic of patient care, and linguistic propaganda in the Second World War. The examination of euthanasia discusses not only the history and involvement of the facility at Hadamar in Germany, but also discuss the current euthanasia debate. Euthanasia in World War II arose out of the Nazi desire to cleanse the Reich and was greatly influenced by the American eugenics movement of the early 20th century. Eugenics was built up to include anyone considered undesirable and unworthy of life and killed many thousands of people before the invasion of allied troops in 1944. Paramount to euthanasia is forced sterilization, the ethic of patient care, and how the results of the research conducted on euthanasia victims before their deaths should be used. The Nazis were able to change the generally accepted terms that researchers use to describe their experiments and this change affected how modern doctors and researchers use the terms in current research. This thesis includes research conducted in Germany and the United States from varied resources.

The VAT consequences of land expropriations appear to be a grey area with no definitive answer as to which expropriations are zero rated or vatable at 14%. While it is generally understood that the government performs expropriations, there are many departments within the government that have authority to perform these expropriations independently. Based on section 11(1)(s) and (t) of the VAT Act, depending on which department performs the expropriation and under which Act the expropriations are made it will be determined whether the expropriation will attract VAT at 14% or 0%. However, the detail contained in section 11(1)(s) and (t) does not lend itself to a clear cut explanation as to the motive behind why some expropriations are zero rated and others that are fundamentally similar are vatable at 14%. This study performs a comparison of expropriations under the Housing Act, Restitution of Land Rights Act and the Provision of Land and Assistance Act and their VAT consequences. The purpose of this study is to try and find the driving factor that determines the VAT consequences of the different expropriations and to determine whether there is a commonality. The study performs an analysis of the expropriating authorities of the different Acts mentioned above and determines whether their VAT vendor status has an influence as to whether VAT is levied at 0% or 14% or whether the entire transaction is an exempt supply. The conclusion reached is that the most appropriate course of action would be to apply a blanket rule of zero rating the supply. This would reduce confusion and uncertainty relating to the VAT consequences and would also assist all parties concerned to have the same expectation. It is important that the South African Revenue Service provides some guidelines to assist in understanding the VAT consequences of expropriations in South Africa, as they will be required to enforce the legislation. AFRIKAANS : Die BTW-gevolge van grondonteienings blyk ‘n grys gebied te wees met geen duidelike antwoorde wanneer dit kom by watter van hierdie onteienings onderhewig is aan nulkoers en watter onteienings belasbaar is teen 14% nie. Alhoewel die algemene gevoel is dat die regering onteienings uitvoer, is daar wel departemente binne die regering wat die volmag het om hierdie onteienings onafhanklik toe te pas. Op grond van artikel 11(1)(e) en (t) van die BTW-wet, sal vasgestel word watter onteienings aan 14% of nulkoers BTW onderhewig is deur te kyk na watter departement die onteienings uitvoer en onder watter wet die onteienings gemaak is. Die detail wat in artikel 11(1)(e) en (t) vervat word is nie heeltemal duidelik oor hoekom sekere onteienings aan nulkoers onderhewig is en ander, wat fundamenteel dieselfde is, belasbaar is teen 14% nie. ʼn Vergelyking van onteienings wat onder die Wet op Behuising, Wet op Herstel van Grondregte en die Wet op die Beskikbaarstelling van Grond en Bystand plaasvind, asook die BTW-gevolge van elke wet, word deur middel van hierdie studie gemaak. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal watter faktore die BTW-gevolge van die verskillende onteienings bepaal, en of die faktore iets in gemeen het. Die studie analiseer die onteieningsgesag wat by die verskillende wette soos hierbo genoem ter sprake is en bepaal of die BTW-ondernemer-status ‘n invloed het op of 1) BTW teen nulkoers of 14% toegedien word en of 2) die hele transaksie ‘n nie-belasbare lewering is. Die gevolgtrekking wat bereik word is dat die mees geskikte plan van aksie sal wees om alle lewerings onderhewig te maak aan ‘n nulkoers. Dit sal verwarring en onsekerheid met betrekking tot die BTW-gevolge verminder en verseker dat alle betrokke partye dieselfde verwagting sal hê. Dit is belangrik dat die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens riglyne sal verskaf wat kan help om die BTW-gevolge van onteienings in Suid-Afrika verstaanbaar te maak, aangesien daar in elk geval van die regering vereis word om wetgewing af te dwing. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Taxation / unrestricted

Les carrières artistiques constituent un domaine très peu étudié dans le champ des relations industrielles. Celles-ci représentent pourtant un observatoire très puissant pour examiner et anticiper l’évolution des professions dans un contexte où plusieurs auteurs ont émis l’hypothèse que de nombreux métiers, notamment ceux du domaine de la recherche scientifique et des professions créatives, sont appelées à évoluer selon des formes qui se rapprochent des conditions d’organisation et des formes d’emploi des métiers artistiques. La présente recherche a pour objet l’étude des facteurs qui influencent les artistes professionnels de la danse à entreprendre une transition de carrière. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’étudier comment s’opèrent et sont vécues les transitions de carrière provoquées par des blessures ou des maladies professionnelles, incluant l’usure, la diminution des capacités physiques et l’invalidité, chez les danseuses et les danseurs professionnels à Montréal. La réalisation de cette recherche repose sur une analyse transversale du matériel de recherche qui comprend des données quantitatives et qualitatives. La double comparaison des données convergentes et divergentes de l’expérience vécue des participants relativement aux opinions, aux perceptions, aux sentiments et aux attitudes permet, par ces lignes de convergences et de fuites, de tirer des conclusions plus larges. À l’aide de cette méthodologie de recherche, cette étude vise à reconnaître: 1) que les transitions de carrière provoquées par ces facteurs physiques sont difficiles à vivre étant donné qu’elles sont inattendues, ce qui fait d’elles une forme de transition contrainte et, 2) que les transitions de carrière provoquées par ces facteurs physiques sont difficiles à vivre étant associées à d’importantes difficultés psychologiques et identitaires. Par cette analyse, nous constatons qu’il existe deux degrés de transitions de carrières provoquées par des facteurs physiques : celles qui sont provoquées par une blessure grave ou une maladie professionnelle et celles qui sont provoquées par une installation graduelle de la douleur en raison d’une microblessure, d’une usure ou d’une diminution des capacités physiques. En étudiant les évènements menant à ces types de transition, nous nous attardons à définir ce que nous entendons par « contrainte » et nous détaillons les caractéristiques des transitions qu’elles engendrent. Nous arrivons à la conclusion que ces deux degrés de transitions correspondent à la nature d’une transition de carrière contrainte ce qui fait d’elles des processus difficiles à vivre notamment raison de leur caractère inattendu. En plus de constater que celles-ci sont effectivement associées à différentes difficultés psychologiques et identitaires, nous identifions les raisons qui expliquent l’émergence de ces difficultés. Cette étude permet d’étudier la survenance des événements qui mènent à ces transitions de carrière et permet de porter un regard sur les services offerts par la Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST). Au final, des enseignements plus généraux et applicables à d’autres professions précaires qui ne relèvent pas du domaine artistique sont tirés de cette étude. / Artistic careers have been under-studied in the field of industrial relations. This is the case despite several researchers having recently suggested that an increasing number of professions, including academic and creative ones, are likely to evolve and present similar organizational conditions and employment forms to the ones we observe in artistic labour markets. This research addresses the factors influencing professional dance artists to undertake a career transition. More precisely, we study how career transitions induced by occupational injuries and diseases operate, and how they are experienced by professional dance artists in Montreal. We take into consideration different manifestations of occupational injuries and diseases such as wear, decreasing physical abilities and disability. From a methodological standpoint, this research is supported by a transversal analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The double comparison of convergent and divergent data relating to the experience of career transitioning, including the participants’ opinions, perceptions, feelings and attitudes, allows us to draw larger conclusions. This study highlights that (1) career transitions induced by physical factors are challenging because of their unexpected nature. We consider these transitions to be constrained ones, because they are forced upon professional dance artists instead of being the result of a voluntary and planned process. This study also shows that (2) career transitions induced by physical factors represent a challenging experience for professional dance artists because of their association with major psychological and identity difficulties. This research shows the existence of two different degrees of career transitions induced by physical factors in the professional dance sector in Montreal. The first relates to transitions induced by occupational injuries or diseases. The second relates to transitions induced by a gradual settling of pain due to a microinjury, wear or decreasing physical abilities. By studying the events leading to these two degrees of transitions, we define our concept of constrained transition and detail the characteristics of the different types of transitions the formers can lead to. We conclude that the two types of transitions correspond to constrained transitions, which makes them challenging experiences because of their unexpected nature. Beyond concluding that constrained transitions are associated with different major psychological and identity difficulties, we also identify the reasons explaining the emergence of those difficulties. This study allows for a better understanding of the factors leading to constrained career transitions in the professional dance sector in Montreal. This opens up new perspectives to reflect on the services offered by the Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST). General reflections and contributions applying to other precarious professions are also discussed.

Background: Career ending injuries are known to cause negative psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in retired athletes. However, there has been a limited amount of quantitative studies to complement mostly qualitative research. Furthermore, qualitative studies have typically assessed the effects of athletic identity, mental health/mood disturbances, loss, coping mechanisms and social support with minimal research regarding physical body transitions and body-esteem throughout the retirement process. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between affective, behavioural, and cognitive outcomes and athletic retirement (voluntary, involuntary) among elite and competitive athletes. Method: A retrospective mixed method (questionnaire and interview) study was utilized to examine how participants interpreted their experience during the transitional process into retirement. Inclusion criteria consisted of male and female, elite and competitive athletes who have voluntarily or involuntarily (career ending injury) retired, ages 18 and above. Exclusion criteria included non-athletes/recreational athletes, athletes who were able to return to play or retired due to illness, health problems or deselection as well as who were less than 18 years of age. Posters were advertised in sports clubs, fitness centers, sports centers, physiotherapy offices and universities as well as on social media (Facebook and Instagram). The main outcome measures are as follows:1) Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS); 2) Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), 3) Mental Health and 4) COPE Inventory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants from both retirement (voluntary and involuntary) groups. All interviews (telephone, zoom) were recorded, transcribed verbatim and a thematic analysis was implemented to further determine the various themes and subthemes. An independent t-test explored the impacts of body dimensions and coping mechanisms on retirement type. Then a factorial ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of the dependent variables (mental health, mood disturbances and coping mechanisms) on the main analysis (retirement) and the exploratory (strength of athletic identity) analysis. Results: 50 (26 involuntary and 24 voluntary) questionnaires and eight (four voluntary and four involuntary) interviews were completed by the participants. Results from the quantitative data revealed a borderline main effect of retirement type on both mental health and mood disturbances. An exploratory analysis found retirees who weakly identified with the athletic role were less likely to experience severe mood disturbances and demonstrated higher levels of mental health than retirees who strongly identified with the athletic role. Information from qualitative data suggested participants who involuntarily retired and possessed a strong athletic identity experienced higher levels of mood disturbances (depression, frustrations, loss etc.), lower levels of mental health, identity loss, physical discomfort, negative effects of mind and body dualism as well as utilized maladaptive coping techniques than their counterpart who voluntarily retired or weakly identified with the athletic role. Conclusion: Both retirement types are subjected to various athletic and non-athletic demands and psychosocial effects of athletic retirement however, what sets them apart from experiencing a successful or unsuccessful transition into retirement is the intensity and severity of their emotional reaction to their retirement. Limitations of said study included a decrease in sample size, memory recall bias, the participant’s own bias, limited diversity of the sample population as well as the inability to verify the findings from the interviews. The following study can be implemented to aid researchers, retired or soon to be retired athletes, coaches and athletic personnel to comprehend the diverse areas of athletic retirement. Future research should aim to investigate the impacts of mood disorders, the utilization of psychologist or mental performance consultant during the retirement process as well as the effects of body dimensions in retired athletes. Lastly, a longitudinal study should be employed to examine the athlete’s emotional response and reaction throughout retirement (time of injury, during physiotherapy, post- surgery and recovery). / Graduate

The study investigated the experiences of remaining nurse tutors at the Free State School of Nursing during the transformation of Nursing Colleges and downsizing of personnel. The study aimed at describing the experiences of individuals during changes in their work environment, with the purpose of contributing to the identification of guidelines for 'surviving' transformation and downsizing at the workplace. Three themes emerged from this study through the narrative descriptions and unstructured interviews. The first theme, affective responses, dealt with emotions, low morale, depressive moods and anxiety caused by transformation and downsizing. The second theme, cognitive and perceptual view, revealed the thoughts, beliefs, and opinions of remaining nurse tutors regarding transformation and downsizing. Perceptions of and opinions on how nursing education and human dignity were affected were also expressed. The third theme portrayed the coping responses, which described work-related personal and social adjustments nurse tutors made during the transformation of nursing colleges. Recommendations included communication, participation and counseling of nurse tutors and to meet the requirements of nursing colleges during transformation and downsizing. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The study investigated the experiences of remaining nurse tutors at the Free State School of Nursing during the transformation of Nursing Colleges and downsizing of personnel. The study aimed at describing the experiences of individuals during changes in their work environment, with the purpose of contributing to the identification of guidelines for 'surviving' transformation and downsizing at the workplace. Three themes emerged from this study through the narrative descriptions and unstructured interviews. The first theme, affective responses, dealt with emotions, low morale, depressive moods and anxiety caused by transformation and downsizing. The second theme, cognitive and perceptual view, revealed the thoughts, beliefs, and opinions of remaining nurse tutors regarding transformation and downsizing. Perceptions of and opinions on how nursing education and human dignity were affected were also expressed. The third theme portrayed the coping responses, which described work-related personal and social adjustments nurse tutors made during the transformation of nursing colleges. Recommendations included communication, participation and counseling of nurse tutors and to meet the requirements of nursing colleges during transformation and downsizing. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)