In this article, the author tell us about the job of the constitutional judge and the importance that this takes in a context of crisis. Also, he highlights the conventionalization of law as the central task of constitutional judges. Likewise, he details the difficulties involved in this task and the challenges to be faced for the consolidation of a common law in Latin America. / En el presente artículo el autor nos habla sobre la labor del juez constitucional y la importancia que adquiere está en un contexto de crisis. Asimismo, resalta la convencionalización del Derecho como tarea central de los jueces constitucionales. De igual manera, detalla las dificultades que acarrea esta tarea y los retos a enfrentar para la consolidación de un derecho común en América Latina.

La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a, en 1968, dès son cinquième arrêt au principal, établi que des droits civils et politiques pouvaient générer des obligations d'action à la charge des États. Cette affirmation venait remettre en cause la définition traditionnelle de ces droits. En effet, ils étaient classiquement considérés comme mettant à la charge des États uniquement des obligations négatives. En revanche, les droits économiques sociaux et culturels étaient présentés comme imposant seulement des obligations positives. Le juge européen a, depuis lors, mis au jour un nombre croissant d'obligations positives prétoriennes. Plusieurs techniques ont été développées pour ce faire. Cette étude vise à analyser ce que nous avons dénommé la technique des obligations positives, c'est-à-dire l'usage par la Cour des termes « obligations positives » ou « mesures positives ». Cette technique permet non seulement au juge européen de dégager des obligations d'action à la charge des États, mais également de reconnaître sa compétence pour contrôler l'exécution de ses propres arrêts, de conférer un effet horizontal à la Convention ou encore d'étendre la notion de juridiction au sens de l'article 1 CEDH. Elle est également un moyen de moduler son contrôle en permettant tantôt d'accorder une large marge nationale d'appréciation, tantôt de la réduire à néant. Cette diversification croissante de l'usage de la technique dans la jurisprudence européenne est toutefois source d'incohérences.La thèse défendue vise à démontrer que la technique des obligations positives est un outil d'adaptation de la norme juridique conventionnelle à l'évolution des États démocratiques et libéraux européens. / As early as 1968, the fifth merits judgment of the European Court of Human Rights established that civil and political rights could generate action obligations on the European States. This judgment was challenging the usual definition of those rights, which were traditionally considered as charging the public authorities with only negative obligations. In contrast, economic, social and cultural rights were positioned as imposing positive obligations on the public authorities. The European Court of Human Rights has since created an increasing number of positive obligations and several techniques were developed for this purpose. This study aims to explore the “positive obligations technique”, that is to say, the Court's use of the terms “positive obligations” or “positive measures”. This technique not only allows the Court judge to impose action obligations on the European States, also recognizes the Court judge's competence to monitor the implementation by the public authorities of its own decisions, to give a horizontal effect to the Convention and to extend the concept of "jurisdiction" within the meaning of Article 1 ECHR. This technique also permits to modulate the Court's control over the European States, granting a wide margin of appreciation or reducing it to nothing. The increasing diversification of the use of this technique in European case law is however a source of discrepancy.. This thesis aims to demonstrate that the technique of positive obligations is a tool for adaptation of the conventional norma to the changes of the democratic and liberal European States.

A presente pesquisa teve como proposta o estudo da efetividade do processo civil contemporâneo, notadamente na confrontação dos valores da celeridade e segurança, sob a perspectiva do juiz, no desempenho de seu ofício reservado no instrumento estatal destinado à solução de controvérsias e à consequente pacificação social, em cumprimento da garantia constitucional do acesso à justiça. Como prolegômenos, acentuou-se a importância da adaptação do direito às constantes transformações sociais, inclusive da ciência processual, para estabelecer a legitimidade da ordem jurídica no âmbito da sociedade à qual se destina a regular. A partir de então, foi dedicado um capítulo sobre a jurisdição, no qual, após sucinta digressão sobre a separação de poderes, foram mencionadas as principais correntes doutrinárias, as suas características, escopos e princípios informativos, extraindo-se, em derradeiro, a visão atualizada do instituto. Em seguida, procurou-se determinar a posição do juiz perante o Estado e no exercício da jurisdição, assim como se fez uma breve consideração sobre a crise do Poder Judiciário brasileiro e a atuação que se deseja daquele agente político na sociedade dos tempos modernos, apontando-se, na sequência, uma vez traçadas as diferenças entre as situações jurídicas dos sujeitos do processo, a natureza de sua tarefa conduzida no método de superação de conflitos, incluindo-se os poderes instrutórios. Posteriormente, em preparação ao ponto central da investigação, foram examinados, na segunda parte do trabalho, o significado e a grandeza da expressão efetividade do processo, bem como os eventuais obstáculos que poderiam criar embaraços à sua implementação, perscrutando, também, os componentes da celeridade, segurança jurídica e justiça da decisão. Passou-se, à vista disso, ao exame dos aspectos mais salientes da atividade judicial na consecução do processo na acepção retratada na pesquisa. Nesse sentido, foram lançadas incursões nos elementos do ordenamento jurídico, acompanhadas da distinção doutrinária em torno das principais categorias normativas, para, então, analisar-se o fenômeno da confluência de normas e os métodos de interpretação e aplicação do direito. Verificou-se, ainda, a tendência atual de elaboração de normas impregnadas de termos jurídicos indeterminados, assim como se buscou apurar a eventual presença de discricionariedade do juiz. Estabeleceu-se, igualmente, a comparação entre a exegese da escola positivista e as outras teorias da hermenêutica e argumentação, indagando-se, nesse contexto, a dimensão do poder de criação do juiz e do ativismo judicial. Foi averiguado, em acréscimo, o modo pelo qual os valores contrapostos da efetividade do processo deveriam ser harmonizados. Expostas as premissas e os respectivos fundamentos da atuação do juiz no exercício da função jurisdicional e para a confirmação da tese, foram levadas em consideração, na última parte da obra, as técnicas processuais de maior alcance sob o enfoque da efetividade no confronto dos valores a serem apreciados na atividade judicial. Assim, foram selecionados pontos em que se sobreleva a tarefa do juiz na descoberta da melhor resposta, a exemplo do especial tratamento a ser dispensado nas matérias relacionadas às formas processuais, às provas, ao procedimento, aos pressupostos processuais e às condições da ação. Em continuação, a sua atividade foi analisada de acordo com as características das diversas espécies de tutela, seja de conhecimento, satisfativa ou de urgência. Por último, outras situações e técnicas também mereceram a atenção diante da relevância para a efetividade do processo civil, tais como o processo monitório, o dos juizados especiais e o coletivo, o mecanismo da súmula vinculante e da repercussão geral, a fase recursal e a contenção do abuso processual. / This research took as a proposal to study the effectiveness of contemporary civil process, notably in the confrontation of values of celerity and security, from the perspective of judge in the performance of his trade reserved in the public instrument for settlement of disputes and consequent social peace, in fulfillment of the Constitutional Guarantee of Access to Justice. As an introductory remark, the importance of adaptation of law to the constant social transformations is highlighted, including the procedural science, to establish the legitimacy of the juridical order to the society which is intended to regulate. From then on, one chapter was dedicated on jurisdiction, in which, after a brief digression on the separation of powers, main doctrinal currents, its characteristics, purposes and informational principles were mentioned, by extracting, in the final, the fresh look of the institute. Then the judge\'s position in front of State and in the exercise of jurisdiction was examined, as well as a short reflection was took into consideration about the crisis in the Brazilian Judicial Branch and the performance expected from that political agent in the society of modern times, emphasizing, as a result, once traced the differences among the legal situations of performers in process, the nature of his task conducted on the method of overcoming conflicts, including his initiative powers on proof. Later, in preparation to the focal point of investigation, in the second part of the study, the meaning and the magnitude of the expression \"effectiveness of process\" were analyzed, as well as any other casual obstacles which could impede its carrying out were mentioned, also scrutinizing the components of celerity, security and fairness of decision. Based upon those considerations, the most salient aspects of the judicial activity in the achievement of process depicted in the research were examined. In that sense, light was shed on the elements of legal system, together with the doctrinal distinction around the main normative categories, in order, then, to inquire into the phenomenon of the confluence of norms and methods of interpretation and application of law. Moreover, the current trend of elaboration of norms impregnated with indeterminate legal terms was verified, so as the possible presence of discretionary order of judge was ascertained. In addition, comparison of the exegesis of the positivist school and other theories of hermeneutics and argumentation was established, inquiring, in that context, the dimension of the power of creation of judge and the judicial activism. It was investigated, further, the way in which the opposing values of the effectiveness of process should be harmonized. Exposed the assumptions and respective fundamentals of judges acting in the exercise of the jurisdictional function and for confirmation of the thesis, in the latter part of the research, the longer-range procedural techniques under the focus of the effectiveness in the confrontation of values to be appreciated in judicial activity were taken into consideration. Thus, points upon which the judge\'s role predominates in finding out the best answer were selected, as an illustration of the special treatment to be administered in matters related to the procedural forms, on the evidence, the proceedings, the procedural requirements and conditions of action. Afterwards, his activity was described according to the characteristics of various species of judicial remedy, that is, involving common and executive injunctions, or urgent reliefs. Finally, other situations and techniques also deserved attention due to the relevance on the effectiveness of civil process, such as the so-called monitory process, the small claim courts procedures and those concerning collective suits, the mechanism of binding resolutions and general repercussion rule, the appeal stage and the restraint of abuse of process.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-01T09:28:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raniel Nascimento de Souza - 2015.pdf: 532937 bytes, checksum: 221aff768d5231c2f7ec405fbc7647e2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-01T09:30:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raniel Nascimento de Souza - 2015.pdf: 532937 bytes, checksum: 221aff768d5231c2f7ec405fbc7647e2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-01T09:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raniel Nascimento de Souza - 2015.pdf: 532937 bytes, checksum: 221aff768d5231c2f7ec405fbc7647e2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Agrarian conflicts: the role of the judge in a criminal-history approach aims to address in the required depth, about what instruments the judge who militates in the criminal field of agrarian conflicts have to apply to acting with deliberation, fairness and justice required before of the case. For this, back in time and go to the time leading up to the system of appearance of land grants in Brazil. It points out that the system of land grants, as implemented in Portugal first, aimed at solving specific issues, such as a strong supply crisis that was mainly in Portugal but also in other countries. Nevertheless, Portugal decides to deploy in Cologne newfound, Brazil, the same system deployed there, this incorrectly, with bias and with great disorder, privilegiano a small class of noble people or prestige enjoyed by the Crown. This disorganized and unfairly generated, according to many historians, the latifundia in Brazil. The land issue in Brazil has its origins in the way we implemented the system of land grants in Brazil. This not only generated large estates, but, in particular, was the cause of the first conflicts existing here. From the earliest conflicts, those between sesmeiros and squatters, to the present time, there are thousands of outstanding conflicts in a state of effective action in the rush to try to contain the problems of land tenure. From these historical data concerning the origin and form of distribution of land in Brazil, as well as data on the conflict, the work seeks to bring the judge die elements more strictly criminal, as the postulate of minimal intervention so that in case Concrete related to agrarian conflicts, the judge's analysis is as comprehensive as possible, preventing, blindly, that only repressively apply strictly dogmatic criminal law. The thesis points out that the judgment and the sensitivity of the judge in everyday approach must pass necessarily by in-depth knowledge of the historical and social issues surrounding the issue of agrarian conflicts. A judgment of the Superior Court of Justice - STJ, the Habeas Corpus - HC No. 5574 / SP is taken with one of the bases for the construction of the idea that wanted to bring in the dissertation. He concluded the STJ every citizen has the right to protest and demand the implementation of agrarian reform. He concluded, though, that mister judge, it is essential that judge has a keen discernment to distinguish the crime of the right to protest Based on this, brings out the teachings of Francesco Carnelutti on some features that should have the judge what is called the act in criminal proceedings so that, in this case, especially on the theme of agrarian conflicts, acts not to criminalize conduct, but to contain them, seeking the composition of conflicts applying to a minimum, the repressive criminal law. / Conflitos Agrários: a atuação do juiz numa abordagem histórico-criminal visa a abordar, na profundidade necessária, sobre quais instrumentos o juiz que milita no campo penal dos conflitos agrários precisa se valer para que atue com a ponderação, a equidade e a justiça necessários diante do caso concreto. Para isso, volta no tempo e vai ao momento que antecedeu ao surgimento do sistema das sesmarias no Brasil. Destaca que o sistema das sesmarias, como implantado em Portugal primeiramente, visava solucionar questões pontuais, como por exemplo uma forte crise de abastecimento que acontecia principalmente em Portugal, mas também noutros países. Não obstante, Portugal resolve implantar na Colônia recém-descoberta, o Brasil, o mesmo sistema implantado lá, isso de forma equivocada, com parcialidade e com muita desordem, privilegiando uma pequena classe de gente nobre ou que gozava de prestígio junto à Coroa. Essa forma desorganizada e injusta gerou, de acordo com muitos historiadores, o latifúndio no Brasil. A questão fundiária no Brasil tem suas origens na forma como foi implantado o sistema das sesmarias no Brasil. Isso gerou não somente o latifúndio, mas, em especial, foi a causa dos primeiros conflitos existentes por aqui. Desde os primeiros conflitos existentes, aqueles entre sesmeiros e posseiros, até os tempos atuais, são milhares de conflitos ainda pendentes de uma ação efetiva do Estado no afã de tentar conter os problemas da questão fundiária. A partir desses dados históricos referentes à origem e forma de distribuição de terras no Brasil, bem como sobre os dados referentes aos conflitos, o trabalho procura trazer ao juiz elementos de cunho mais estritamente penais, como o postulado da intervenção mínima para que, no caso concreto referente aos conflitos agrários, a análise do juiz seja a mais abrangente possível, evitando que, cegamente, aquele só aplique repressivamente o direito penal estritamente dogmático. A dissertação destaca que o discernimento e a sensibilidade do juiz na abordagem do dia a dia precisa passar, necessariamente, pelo aprofundado conhecimento das questões históricas e sociais que envolvem a temática dos conflitos agrários. Um julgado do Superior Tribunal de Justiça - STJ, no Habeas Corpus – HC nº 5.574/SP é tido com uma das bases para a construção da ideia que se quis trazer na dissertação. Concluiu o STJ todo o cidadão tem direito de protestar e reclamar a implantação da reforma agrária. Concluiu, ainda que, nesse mister de julgar, é indispensável que juiz tenha um apurado discernimento para distinguir o crime do direito de protestar, Com base nisso, traz à tona ensinamentos de Francesco Carnelutti sobre algumas características que deve possuir o juiz que é chamado a atuar no processo penal para que, no caso concreto, em especial na temática dos conflitos agrários, atue não para criminalizar condutas, mas para contê-las, visando à composição dos conflitos, aplicando, no mínimo possível, o direito penal repressor.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T17:34:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Elias Francisco - 2016.pdf: 1520504 bytes, checksum: ca44a0447aeffaf5c78c2b28a6859e69 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-15T12:37:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Elias Francisco - 2016.pdf: 1520504 bytes, checksum: ca44a0447aeffaf5c78c2b28a6859e69 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T12:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Elias Francisco - 2016.pdf: 1520504 bytes, checksum: ca44a0447aeffaf5c78c2b28a6859e69 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / This dissertation approaches Online Judge in teaching Introductory Programming (CS1). Initially there was an exploratory research on BOCA system in teaching CS1, which brought experiences and data of student interactions with the system, which, supported by Systematic Literature Review (RSL), contributed to defining the requirements for the system meets the discipline of CS1 and guided continuing research. In the second phase, there was the aim to solve specific problems identified in the previous phase, and measuring the difficulty of CS1 problems and support for plagiarism identification in CS1 activities. The solution of these problems included RSL, practical experiences with writing and execution algorithms, comparison of the results with the expected results, and comparison of the proposed approaches to the identified in the literature. The strategy to measure the difficulty of problems CS1 proposed works with the height of a tree mounted to sets and sub-sets of nested code into a program and the amount of related subjects. The strategy to support the identification of plagiarism proposal works with the Edit Distance algorithm processing and normalization techniques in preprocessing, and it is a highly adapted proposal to the reality of the data used in this research (programs written in C with few lines of code by students CS1). Experience has shown the complexity of applying computing to education, which often works with subjective data, it was necessary to raise the difficulty of the problems in view of the students and the teacher’s view of the existence of plagiarism in peer programs, whose views are quite variables. It is suggested the creation of multidisciplinary teams to the evolution of the area (with professionals of computing, statistics, psychology and pedagogy) with a focus on validation and method used for research. / Esta dissertação aborda Juiz Online no ensino de Programação Introdutória (CS1). Inicialmente houve uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o sistema BOCA no ensino de CS1, que trouxe experiências e dados de interações de alunos com o sistema, que, apoiados pela Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL), contribuíram para a definição dos requisitos necessários para que o sistema atenda à disciplina de CS1 e guiaram a continuidade da pesquisa. Em um segundo momento, o objetivo foi resolver problemas específicos levantados na fase anterior, sendo a medição da dificuldade de problemas de CS1 e o apoio à identificação de plágio em atividades de CS1. A solução desses problemas contou com RSL, experiências práticas com escrita e execução de algoritmos, comparação dos resultados obtidos com os resultados esperados, e comparação das abordagens propostas com as identificadas na literatura. A estratégia proposta para medir a dificuldade de problemas de CS1 trabalha com a altura de uma árvore montada com conjuntos e sub-conjuntos de códigos aninhados num programa e a quantidade de assuntos relacionados. A estratégia para apoiar a identificação de plágio proposta trabalha com o algoritmo Distância de Edição no processamento e técnicas de normalização no pré-processamento. Trata-se de uma proposta fortemente adaptada à realidade dos dados utilizados nesta pesquisa (programas escritos em C, com poucas linhas de código, por alunos de CS1). A experiência mostrou a complexidade em aplicar a computação à educação, que trabalha frequentemente com dados subjetivos. Foi necessário levantar a dificuldade dos problemas na visão dos alunos e a visão de professores sobre a existência de plágio em pares de programas, cujas opiniões são bastante variáveis. Sugere-se para a evolução da área, que sejam criadas equipes multidisciplinares (com profissionais de computação, estatística, psicologia e pedagogia) e haja um foco na validação e no método usado para as pesquisas.

Quels liens existe-t-il entre la théorie de l'imprévision, la théorie de la connaissance acquise, la théorie des circonstances exceptionnelles, ou encore celle des associations transparentes ? Le nombre important de théories répertoriées en droit administratif pour désigner des jurisprudences conduit à s'interroger sur cet usage établi et pourtant peu étudié. La première difficulté résulte du terme même de « théorie ». Loin d'être neutre, celui-ci est chargé de significations qui renvoient très directement à l'épistémologie des sciences et donne à une étude relative aux théories jurisprudentielles en droit administratif une dimension substantielle.Peut-on identifier et analyser un substrat commun à l'ensemble de ces théories ou s'agit-t-il d'une utilisation fluctuante et contingente ? En d'autres termes, peut-on parvenir à une signification unifiée du concept de théorie dans l'analyse de la jurisprudence ?L'identification des théories jurisprudentielles procède de la mise en lumière d'une catégorie réelle qui répond à des règles conventionnelles auxquelles le discours juridique semble se plier. Construites au cours d'un long processus impliquant l'ensemble des acteurs juridiques, elles sont reconnues comme produisant des effets de droit.En outre, les jurisprudences appelées « théories » révèlent des fonctions normatives communes. Plus précisément, elles constituent un instrument à la disposition du juge administratif dans la mise en œuvre du contrôle de légalité et contribuent ainsi à la vitalité du droit administratif.L'usage du mot « théorie » témoigne de surcroît d'une volonté dogmatique de faire voir le droit administratif et son histoire sous un angle linéaire et sans rupture. Il a accompagné tout le processus de construction d'une science distincte de celle du droit privé et concourt aujourd'hui encore à l'affermissement du droit administratif. L'étude des théories jurisprudentielles met ainsi en lumière certains enjeux fondamentaux pour la discipline. / What are the relationship between the imprevision theory, the "connaissance acquise" theory, the exceptional circumstances theory and the theory of "associations transparentes" ? The important number of identified theories in french administrative law for naming all the jurisprudences leads to inquire about a common use, however little explored. The first difficulty stems from the term of "theory" itself. Far from being neutral, this term embodies meanings which refer directly to the epistemology of sciences and give a substantive dimension to jurisprudential theories in administrative law.Can we identify and analyse a common ground of all these theories, or is that use only changing and casual ? In others words, an unified meaning of the concept of theory in the jurisprudential analyse can be established ?The identification of jurisprudential theories comes from the highlight of a real category which satisfies to conventional rules, and the legal discourse seems to follow them. Developped through a long process, they are recognized as theories which produce binding legal effects.Furthermore, administrative jurisprudences called "theories" reveal common normative functions. More precisely, they constitute an instrument for the administrative judge in order to implement the control of legality and contribute, in that way, to the vitality of administrative law.In addition, the use of the word "theory" underlines a dogmatical will to let show administrative law and its history in a linear way, without any discontinuity. It has accompagnied all the building process of a distinctive science from the common law, and it still contributes to the strenghtening of administrative law. Thus, jurisprudential theories raise fundamental issues for this matter.

Il peut sembler incongru de s’intéresser au couple formé par le juge administratif et la loi entre 1789 à 1889. À cette époque, en effet, le juge administratif est encore confondu avec l’administration. Ne sait-on pas, par ailleurs, que le droit administratif est d’abord un droit jurisprudentiel, le Conseil d’État ayant heureusement pallié les lacunes de la loi en cette matière ? L’objet de cette étude peut cependant être saisi à deux conditions. La première tient au juge. S’il ne présente jusqu’en 1889 aucune des garanties organiques aujourd’hui requises pour être qualifié de tel, il n’en est pas moins un juge au sens matériel du terme. Dans cette dernière acception, il existe bien un juge administratif avant 1889, tout administrateur-juge soit-il. La seconde condition tient à la loi. Dès la Révolution, le législateur refuse d’intervenir substantiellement en matière administrative. La loi institue l’administration, elle ne règle pas les modalités de son action. En raison de la conception syllogistique de la fonction juridictionnelle, il est donc impossible d’instituer le tribunal d’administration initialement projeté. L’administrateur-juge est ainsi moins une institution de l’Ancien Régime que de la Révolution. Mais cette abstention législative que la Constituante comme tous les régimes postérieurs ont en partage, relève bien d’un choix politique. Afin de ménager à l’administration une part irréductible de pouvoir discrétionnaire, le législateur ne définit pas les règles substantielles de l’action administrative. L’instauration du régime parlementaire et la centralisation sont à ce prix. Mais à administration discrétionnaire, juge discrétionnaire. Le juge administratif, entre 1789 et 1889, tient ainsi son existence et sa force de l’absence de loi. / It may seem odd to study the administrative law judge in the 19th century, as it doesn’t exist properly. Indeed, even if it doesn't fit with the modern standard of jurisdiction, it should be identified as a judge as it is the one settling a litigation.Through its history, we can explore the establishment of centralization and parliamentary system in the 19th century France. It also shows us how codification of the administrative law has been firmly declined. It isn’t the slightest surprise offered by the « Code civil » country.

La réception des normes internationales et régionales en droit interne s’opère selon des modalités que les États ont définies. La doctrine en a dégagé deux principes : moniste et dualiste, qui reposent sur une vision statique de la société et du droit dans la mesure où ils s’opposent au principe pacta sunt servanda qui fait peser sur l'État l’obligation d'exécuter de bonne foi les engagements qu'il souscrit. Les normes internationales et régionales ne se contentent plus de régler les relations entre États ou d’organiser des relations commerciales, financières, économiques entre agents producteurs et consommateurs ; il s’intéresse progressivement au pouvoir politique de chacun des États et à la manière dont les droits fondamentaux sont prévus et respectés. Ces droits dont la protection sur le plan interne revient au juge constitutionnel facilitent en conséquence l’agencement et l’harmonisation de différents systèmes. Ce rôle charnière des droits fondamentaux dans l’articulation des normes d’origines diverses résulte en grande partie de l’universalisme de ces droits. Les rapports entre le droit international et régional, d’une part, et le droit interne, d’autre part, dépassent désormais l’approche binaire monisme – dualisme et s’ouvre sur un pluralisme constructif. La protection des droits fondamentaux s’opère sur le mode du réseau et non plus sur celui de la pyramide. Reste à organiser ce pluralisme. Il s’observe l’émergence du « trans-constitutionnalisme » qui peut être défini comme un ordre des ordres juridiques fondé sur l'harmonisation spontanée. Chaque ordre aspire à devenir un modèle pour les autres et chaque modèle s'inspire de celui des autres / The integration of international regional norms in national law is based on methods defined by the State. Doctrine has shaped two principles, monism and dualism, that rely on an essentially static vision of both society and law, as they are contrary to the pacta sunt servanda principle that binds the State. The State is obliged to execute in good faith all obligations it binds itself to. International and regional norms are no longer limited to inter-state relations or regulating, through extremely technical treaties; they are more and more dealing with the political power of each state and the manner in which fundamental rights are provided for and respected. On a national level, it is up to the constitutional judge to ensure respect of these rights that facilitate, therefore, the organising and harmonising of different systems. This role of “connector” that fundamental rights have in the context of interaction between norms of various origins results, to a great extent, in the universality of these aforementioned rights. The link between international and regional rights, on the one hand, and national law, on the other, surpasses the binary approach of monism – dualism and opens the door to a constructive pluralism, both from the point of view of the content of the rights, and from the point of view of the institutions that are entrusted with their protection. Therefore, the protection of fundamental rights functions through a system of a network, and no longer based on the pyramid model. Remains for this pluralism to be organised. The emergence of « transconstitutionalism » can be observed, as an order of legal orders, based on spontaneous harmonisation

Le juge de gymnastique artistique féminine est soumis à des conditions stressantes, provenant de la nature de l'activité, mais aussi du manque de reconnaissance de cette fonction, et des conflits interpersonnels qu'il implique. Les juges doivent donc gérer leurs émotions tout en évaluant le plus justement possible les exercices qui sont présentés. Pour cela, ils utilisent des stratégies de coping. Plusieurs objectifs forment la problématique. Le premier est d'identifier quelles sont les sources de stress auxquelles les juges sont confrontés pendant une compétition, et s'il existe des différences à ce niveau entre les agrès. L'objectif suivant est de dresser un profil psychologique du juge gymnique à travers certains traits de personnalité et d'identifier les différences qui pourraient exister en fonction de l'expertise et de l'expérience. Déterminer si certaines variables situationnelles et dispositionnelles influencent l'utilisation des stratégies de coping est un autre de nos objectifs.Le dernier est d'étudier les relations entre stratégies de coping et l'apparition du biais d'ordre de passage. 253 juges ont pris part à cette étude, et les résultats ont montré une influence de l'expertise et de l'expérience sur l'identification des sources de stress, néanmoins, les barres asymétriques restent l'agrès le plus stressant à noter pour tous.Le profil psychologique des juges ne les différencie pas en fonction de ces deux variables. De la même façon, les traits de personnalité n'ont pas d'influence sur les stratégies de coping, au contraire de certaines variables situationnelles Enfin, il existerait un lien entre le coping et le biais d'ordre de passage. / Women's artistic gymnastics' judges are pushed under high stressful conditions that come from this activity's nature, as his lack of recognition and the interpersonal conflicts it implicates .Thus, judges have to manage their emotions while appraising the most correctly as far as they can the exercises presented thanks to strategies called « coping ».Several goals make this thesis. The first one is to identify sources of stress of gymnastics judgement during an event, and if they are different contingent on judge's experience and expertise.The following goal is to draw a psychological description of judges, and to identify differences function of expertise and experience.To determine if some situational and dispositional variables affect the use of coping strategies is one of our other goals.The last one is to study relations between these coping strategies and the emergence of the bias of expectations of within team-order.253 judges participated in this study, and results showed an expertise and experience's effect on the sources of stress' identification. Nevertheless, uneven bars are the most stressful apparatus for all of them.Psychological description is not different contingent of these two variables.Dispositional variables don't affect coping strategies, on the contrary of some situational variables.Lastly, a link between coping strategies and bias of expectations of within-team order may exist.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carlos_jair.pdf: 944704 bytes, checksum: e0145c99b747d62b26c6e480a9112c55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-25 / The state is being geared to the control and centralization of society. This attitude has been perpetuated over the absolute, social and liberal state models for maintaining order and power. In absolutism the truth was identified with of the sacredness of the laws. In liberalism the truth was instrumentalized by pure worship of the rationality of the laws. In the welfare state, even with the semantic expansion, the jurisdiction and power remained correlated. In Brazil, the weak representation in political society favored to monism state that favored the face paternalistic and interventionist. With the imbalance social and expansion of social rights was an escalation in the search of legal protection for the restoration of equality. In the same in proportion that cognitive freedom of the judiciary, there was increased demand that triggered the process to discredit the basis of judicial decisions. In contrast, it is found, through statistical data, that the decisions of first instance is more propitious moment for the realization of the principles of cooperative interactions and orality, and therefore the conclusion of the dispute by conciliation procedure. Denying such a stance, there are speeches in favor of legality, which reinforces the double degree of jurisdiction as a constitutional guarantee, and therefore, unremovable, although this understanding is in misalignment franc with the normative interpretation of legal precedents. The practical result of this dissent is that systematic incursions appellate become unviable the unborn principle of efficiency. The model of the syllogism, still applicable in various situations, allowed way to juridical posture amplified and broke the barrier of absolute, assuming the plausible and reasonable. Had establish the conflict between the legality that legitimizes to appellate systematics and the legality of the efficiency and the equity. Issues such as legal defense and wider debate by appellate process commune to the detriment of those, the example of some questions concerning the procedures collegiate as "judgment-list" and also by comparison of procedural small reforms which extending the powers of judge and allowed to effectiveness of judgments. The landscape scene shows the new projection of Legal Institutions for their restoration and resizing. Jurisdiction should be as quick as possible to the truth, but the new model of fair decision is one that is more in the form of detachment from the concept of universalizing, totalizing visions, of the unity and of absolute certainties. The theme is fractal, the open, the plural. From the point of view of the microsystem legal signals to the tendency of the force of precedent. However, part of the jurisdiction, which is one, uncomfortably, has been ruled out of this process. The base jurisdiction, the accuracy of the strong stamp of legality appellate, are not incorporated as an element of composition of conflicting solutions, behold, its decisions are systematically repulsed. The contemporary juridical posture, apanage of a system of rules and criteria weighting diversified, erected by increasingly plural societies, apparently is consistent in more with this intricate cultural process whose philosophical debates travels the supposed succession between Modernity and Postmodernity / O Estado é um ente vocacionado ao controle e centralização da sociedade. Essa postura tem se perpetuado ao longo dos modelos estatais absoluto, liberal e social pela manutenção da ordem e do poder. No absolutismo houve a verdade identificou-se com a acepção da sacralidade das leis. No liberalismo a verdade foi instrumentalizada pela pura adoração à racionalidade das leis. No Estado Social, mesmo com a abertura semântica, a jurisdição e o poder mantiveram- se correlatos. No Brasil a frágil representatividade da sociedade no plano político deu azo ao monismo estatal que favoreceu a face paternalista e intervencionista. Com o desequilíbrio social e a expansão dos direitos sociais ocorreu a escalada em busca da tutela jurisdicional para a restauração da igualdade. Na mesma proporção que se deu a liberdade cognitiva do Judiciário, ocorreu o aumento da demanda recursal que deflagrou o processo de desprestígio das decisões judiciais de base. Em oposição, fica constatado, através de dados estatísticos, que nas decisões de primeira instância ocorre o momento mais propício para a concretização dos princípios da cooperação intersubjetiva e da oralidade, e portanto a conclusão do litígio pelo procedimento conciliatório. Negando tal postura, existem discursos em prol da legalidade que reforça o duplo grau de jurisdição como perfil de garantia constitucional, e portanto, inafastável, embora esse entendimento se encontre em franco desalinhamento com a interpretação normativa e com os precedentes jurisprudenciais. O resultado prático desse dissenso é que as sistemáticas incursões recursais inviabilizam o nascituro princípio da eficiência. O modelo do silogismo, ainda que aplicável em várias situações, cedeu espaço a juridicidade amplificada que rompeu a barreira do absoluto, admitindo-se o verossímil, o razoável. Instaurou-se o embate entre a legalidade que legitima a sistemática recursal e a juridicidade da eficiência e da equidade. Questões aduzidas como a ampla defesa e ampliação do debate pelas vias recursais comungam em desfavor dessas a exemplo de indagações acerca de alguns procedimentos colegiados como julgamentos em lista e, também, pelo cotejo das minirreformas processuais que alargaram os poderes do magistrado e possibilitaram a efetividade das decisões judiciais. O panorama macrossistêmico demonstra a nova projeção das Instituições Jurídicas pela sua revitalização e redimensionamento. A jurisdição deve ser célere e calcada o mais próxima possível da verdade; porém, o novo modelo de decisão justa é aquela que se apresenta mais sob a forma do desapego ao conceito do universalizante, das visões totalizantes, da unidade e das certezas absolutas. O mote é o fractal, o aberto, o plural. No mircossistema jurídico acena-se à tendência da força dos precedentes. Entretanto, parte da jurisdição, que é una, desconfortavelmente, tem sido alijada desse processo. A jurisdição de base, a rigor da forte chancela da legalidade recursal, não se incorpora como elemento de composição das soluções conflituosas, eis que suas decisões são sistematicamente rechaçadas. A juridicidade contemporânea, apanágio de um sistema de regras e critérios de ponderação diversificados, erigidos por sociedades cada vez mais plurais, aparentemente coaduna-se mais com esse intrincado processo cultural cujos debates filosóficos navegam na suposta sucessão entre a Modernidade e a Pós-modernidade