La médiation est devenue un moyen privilégié pour régler des nombreux conflits, notamment ceux en rapport avec le commerce, et plus particulièrement avec le commerce international. Sur le plan national, les parties en conflit préfèrent souvent ce moyen pour régler leur conflit à chaque fois que la loi ne s’y oppose pas. Ceci est dû à plusieurs raisons dont la plus importante est liée à la lenteur de la justice. Sur le plan international, des nombreux pays, notamment ceux en voie de développement, ne sont en mesure d’attirer des investissements des capitaux étrangers que s’ils considèrent la médiation comme moyen de règlement des conflits. L’avantage de ce moyen réside dans le fait que la médiation est rapide, simple et permet au justiciable d’obtenir ses droits de façon aisée. Ces caractéristiques de la médiation restent valables du point de vue théorique. Mais en pratique, les choses sont plus compliquées et peuvent gêner le déroulement de l’arbitrage, par exemple. Prenons en exemple les conflits civils dont le règlement nécessite souvent la mise en œuvre de certaines actions qui conduisent effectivement à la solution du conflit en question. Cette initiative de mise en œuvre de l’action n’ est pas réservée aux parties de conflits . Mais, l’organisme habilité à résoudre le conflit peut également prendre cette initiative seul, ou à la demande d’une de deux parties . Ces mesures et actions décidées par un tribunal ou par une médiation représentent le facteur temps dans le règlement des conflits. C’est à ce moment-là que peuvent apparaître les difficultés qui sont en rapport soit avec le déroulement du conflit lui- même, soit avec l’exécution du jugement prononcé. Ce moyen pour régler les conflits mérite bien d’être privilégié car, d’une part il peut effectivement mettre fin au conflit et d’autre part il peut avoir les mêmes forces que le jugement d’un tribunal. Pour ces raisons, les protagonistes le préfèrent. Nous avons donc choisi ce sujet du facteur temps dans la médiation pour les raisons suivantes : *illustrer le facteur temps dans la médiation puisqu’il s’agit d’un élément indissociable du sujet du conflit qui fait l’objet de la médiation même ; *Définir la partie qui a en charge le règlement de ce genre de conflits suivant les règles juridiques de références et explorer la complétude de ces règles pour pouvoir ensuite dire dans quelle direction doit être dirigé le règlement du conflit : vers la médiation ou vers la justice ? / Mediation has become a preferred way to resolve many conflicts, including those related to international trade. Nationally, the conflicting party often prefer this method to resolve their dispute whenever the law requires otherwise pas.Ceci is due to several reasons, the most important being the slow pace of justice. Internationally, many countries, particularly those in developing countries, are able to benefit from investments of foreign capital that they consider mediation as a dispute resolution means .l'avantage this means is that that mediation is a fast, simple and allows litigants to obtain their rights easily. These characteristics of mediation are still valid théorique.Mais perspective in practice, things are more complicated and may interfere with the conduct of mediation if, in his objet.Prenons example civil conflict whose resolution often requires implementation certain actions that actually lead to the solution of the conflict in question. This initiative implementation of the action is not limited to parts of conflits.Mais, the body authorized to resolve the conflict can also take this one initiative or at the request of one of two parts. These measures and actions decided by a court or mediation are the time factor in conflict resolution. It was at this time that may appear difficulties are related either the conduct of the conflict itself Even either the conduct of the implementation of the judgment delivered.

[pt] A interferência da mídia no animus dos jurados em decisões proferidas pelo Tribunal do Júri é nítida, principalmente por ter como juízes o próprio povo. Um dos casos mais emblemáticos é o caso Eliza Samúdio, em que uma jovem teria sido assassinada brutalmente a mando do pai do próprio filho, um jogador de futebol famoso. Atuando em tempos e com discursos diferentes, mídia e judiciário seguiram seus caminhos. Caso complexo, repleto de enigmas e o envolvimento de uma pessoa famosa no meio popular apresentou-se perfeito à imprensa por concentrar em si os três assuntos que mais prendem a atenção popular: o crime, esporte e sexo. Além do enigma: onde estariam os restos mortais da jovem? Dia a dia, momento a momento, a imprensa seguia os passos do inquérito policial e do processo penal com o intuito de passar a notícia e com isso perceber os seus lucros, sendo notório que essa cobertura privilegiou a fase de inquérito e do julgamento, sempre enfatizando a personalidade de Bruno Fernandes como fora dos padrões normais. A mídia assim, autoafirmava como autoridade moralizadora, utilizando da narrativa para tanto. Ao fim, viu-se a ratificação de um veredicto já proferido pela mídia muito tempo antes do julgamento, tendo em vista o populismo penal midiático em que Bruno Fernandes fora condenado à reprimenda maior do que no direito se admitiria, principalmente porque o julgamento pelo Tribunal do Júri é feito através do povo, que confirmou o que escutou durante quase três anos. / [en] The interference in the media animus of jurors in decisions made by court s jury is clear, mainly because the judges were their people. One of the most emblematic cases is the Eliza Samúdio, where a young woman had been brutally murdered at the behest of the father of his own son, a famous soccer player. Acting upon different times and speeches, media and judicial branches went their ways. Complex case replete with enigma and the involvement of a famous person in the popular medium presented the perfect press to focus itself on three issues that mostly catches the popular attention, being crime, sport, sex. Besides the enigma: where were the remains of the young woman? Day by day, moment by moment the press followed the steps of the police investigation and criminal procedure in order to pass the news and thus realize their profits, being clear that this coverage favored the stage press inquiries and judgment, always emphasizing the personality of Bruno Fernandes and outside the normal range. The media so, self claimed authority as moralizing, using the narrative to do so. At the end, found itself ratification of a verdict already delivered by the media long before the trial, in view of the penal populism media where Bruno Fernandes was sentenced to reprimand larger than the right would admit, mainly because the trial by jury is made through the people, which confirmed that heard for almost three years.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Chequer Saraiva Messa.pdf: 890277 bytes, checksum: 88d3147519c3551c3708f9f3a3139e4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / This paper presents two studies of verbal irony in Behavior Analysis. This work shows the contributions of other areas (Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology) for Behavior Analysis, so that it can construct in behavioral foundations, a sustainable framework for studying the functions of production and comprehension of verbal irony, and, at the same time, so they can test empirically some of the verbal irony interpretations. The first study is conceptual and is intended to introduce the concept of irony in two areas of knowledge :Linguistics, through the author Paiva (1961), A Contribution to The Stylistics Irony, and Behavior Analysis, through the author Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. From these two classics, was analyzed and discussed through the method of BAS (Behavioral Analysis of Speech), the concept of verbal irony and the possibilities for a functional analysis of verbal behavior that involves the phenomenon. This method is self-description of the effects of text-speech under the researcher. The results showed that the irony in Skinner can be conceptualized as verbal behavior under multiple control - multiple audience, multiple stimuli (especially non-verbal) and motivational operations from these stimulus and multiple audiences - with the function of allowing the listener to produce a response (in general, contrary to what was said). The different consequences on audiences, functionally classify subtypes of irony (sarcasm, satire, allegory, cynicism, etc).The authors Skinner and Paiva share the same elements of irony concept. Skinner describes the function of irony from the context of multiple control on verbal behavior (ironic), that includes more than one audience as part of that context; Paiva demonstrates an outstanding contribution in the differentiation of five types (pure, satirical, disfemistic, restrictive and contornant) and climates (naive, rhetoric, sacred, scientific and familiar) of irony. The junction of the approaches of Skinner and Paiva suggests that investigation of irony in speech should analyze the production and comprehension of verbal irony considering the context (stimulus control) and the audience that define multiple types of climates and ironies. We conclude that functional analysis of verbal irony helped to go beyond simply saying how irony it is "used", indicating where, how and why (for what) this behavior is emitted. Study II presents an empirical analysis of production and comprehension of verbal irony in the legal environment. A Jury was recorded, filmed and the speech of the Prosecutor and Lawer was analysed. From the recorded statements, four ironic phrases were selected from each participant, chosen by the researcher and judged by three people (a trainee, the supervisor of this dissertation and the participant s opponent). The phrases were separated and analyzed using the BAS method. The results demonstrated a clear understanding of the participant s irony by definition in the dictionary. Moreover, the high emission of manipulative autoclitics made the irony be issued more in order to persuade listeners than to humor function, for example. It was concluded that the emission of irony can be understood as something inappropriate in legal environment. Furthermore, when investigated by the Behavior Analysis (along with the addition of Linguists definitions), is issued under multiple control, highlighting the humor functions and disqualification of the opponent s speech (such as sarcasm or mockery) / Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos sobre ironia verbal na Análise do Comportamento. Essa dissertação traz as contribuições de outras áreas (Linguística, Psicologia Cognitiva) para a Análise do Comportamento, de maneira que se possa construir, em alicerces comportamentais, um arcabouço sustentável para o estudo das funções da produção e da compreensão da ironia verbal; e, ao mesmo tempo, para que se possam testar empiricamente algumas das interpretações behavioristas sobre a ironia verbal. O Estudo I é conceitual e seu objetivo é apresentar o conceito de ironia em duas grandes áreas do conhecimento: a Linguística, através da autora Paiva (1961), Contribuição Para Uma Estilística Da Ironia; e a Análise do Comportamento, através do autor Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. A partir dessas duas obras clássicas, foi analisado e discutido, através do método da ACD (Análise Comportamental do Discurso), o conceito de ironia verbal e as possibilidades de uma análise funcional do comportamento verbal que envolve o fenômeno. Esse método é auto-descrição dos efeitos do texto-discurso sob o pesquisador. Os resultados mostraram que a ironia em Skinner pode ser conceituada como comportamento verbal sob controle múltiplo audiência múltipla, estímulos múltiplos (especialmente não verbais) e operações motivacionais a partir desses estímulos e audiências múltiplas com a função de deixar que o ouvinte produza uma resposta (em geral contrária ao que foi dito). As diferentes consequências sobre as audiências classificam funcionalmente subtipos de ironia: sarcasmo, sátira, alegoria, cinismo, etc. Esses elementos do conceito de ironia do autor são compartilhados pelas definições de ironia de Paiva. Skinner descreve a função da ironia a partir do contexto do controle múltiplo do comportamento verbal (irônico), que inclui mais de uma audiência como parte desse contexto; Paiva demonstra uma relevante contribuição na diferenciação dos cinco tipos (pura, satírica, disfemística, restritiva e contornante) e climas (ingênuo, retórico, sagrado, científico e familiar) da ironia.A junção das abordagens de Skinner e de Paiva aponta que o estudo da ironia no discurso deve analisar a produção e a compreensão do comportamento verbal irônico levando em consideração o contexto (controle de estímulo) e a audiência múltipla que definem tipos e climas de ironias. Conclui-se que a análise funcional do comportamento verbal irônico ajudou a ir além de simplesmente dizer como a ironia é utilizada , apontando onde, como e porque (para que) esse comportamento é emitido. No Estudo II é apresentada uma análise empírica da produção e compreensão da ironia verbal em ambiente jurídico. Foi gravado e filmado um Júri Popular e analisadas as falas do Promotor e do Advogado. Dessas falas gravadas foram selecionadas quatro frases irônicas de cada participante, escolhidas pela pesquisadora e julgadas por outras três pessoas (um estagiário, o orientador desta dissertação e o oponente do participante). As frases foram separadas e analisadas com base no método da ACD. Os resultados demonstraram uma clara compreensão da ironia por parte dos participantes pela definição mais dicionarizada. Além disso, a alta emissão de autoclíticos manipulativos fez com que a ironia fosse mais emitida com o objetivo de persuadir os ouvintes do que com função humorística, por exemplo. Concluiu-se que a emissão da ironia pode ser compreendida como algo inapropriado em ambiente jurídico. Além disso, quando investigada pela Análise do Comportamento (juntamente com a junção das definições na Linguística), é emitida sob controle múltiplo, destacando-se as funções de humor e de desqualificação da fala do oponente (como sarcasmo ou deboche)

[pt] A adoção do feminicídio na legislação brasileira representa, para o movimento feminista, o reconhecimento da misoginia estrutural como causa dessas mortes violentas de mulheres, enunciativa da opressão de gênero por meio do direito. Além disso, essa nomeação promoveria uma mudança essencial da atuação do sistema de justiça no julgamento desses crimes, anteriormente realizados com base na culpabilização da vítima, no julgamento moral de sua conduta e, consequentemente, na discriminação de gênero. Sendo assim, a partir da Teoria Feminista do Estado de Catharine Mackinnon e dos parâmetros instituídos pela Lei 13.104/15 e pelas Diretrizes Nacionais do Feminicídio, pretende-se investigar a incorporação da perspectiva de gênero nos julgamentos de feminicídios nos Tribunais do Júri da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, ocorridos após a entrada em vigor da referida lei. / [en] The adoption of feminicide in Brazilian legislation represents, for the feminist movement, the recognition of structural misogyny as the cause of these violent deaths of women, enunciative of gender oppression through the law. Furthermore, this naming would promote an essential change in the acting of the justice system in the judgment of these crimes, previously held on the basis of blaming the victim, on the moral judgment of her conduct and, consequently, on gender discrimination. Therefore, based on Catharine Mackinnon s Feminist Theory of the State and the parameters established by Law 13.104/15 and the National Guidelines on Feminicide, the work intends to investigate the incorporation of the gender perspective in feminicide trials in the Jury Courts of the City of Rio de Janeiro, which occurred after the entry into force of that law.

Equal Employment Opportunity laws are a relatively new construct within the framework of American legal history. This area of law, however, has experienced significant development within a relatively short span of time. Over the last half-century, the Supreme Court of the United States has handed down several landmark decisions, clarifying the law as to what constitutes sexual harassment, and in which circumstances employers can be held liable for the harassing actions of employees. The purpose of this thesis is to examine this development, and to assess the question of whether the awards given to male victims of workplace sexual harassment are comparable to the awards given to female victims.

No description available.

The conflict between the First Amendment and the Sixth Amendment is not new nor is it easily decipherable. Both amendments appear to have absolute priority, yet they appear to conflict (Erickson, 1977). The First Amendment declares unequivocally, "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press[,]" while the Sixth Amendment states with equal force, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed..." (U.S. Constitution, Amendment I, Amendment VI). Free speech and an unrestricted press can lead to a partial jury, but a jury unbiased by the media may mean restricted speech. In the judicial system the debate about how to balance these two competing constitutional rights has raged for decades, but one critical area—the nature and characteristics of requests for judicial "gag" orders—has been largely ignored. This thesis analyzed 103 cases from the Media Law Reporter volumes 19 through 33 (approximately 1991-2005) where gag orders were requested because of pretrial publicity. Those 103 cases were evaluated for the type of case, the reason for the case, when the gag order was requested, who requested the gag order, why they requested the gag order, who opposed the gag order, why they opposed the gag order, and why the gag order was granted or denied. It was found that although the issue of gag orders and their use in trials is not settled there is a general pattern to how they tend to be used. This study found that gag orders are most commonly used by judges in serious criminal trials, particularly at the federal level. Further, these cases usually involved juries, and the targets of the gag order were the parties involved in the trial, not the press.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die beginsel van die onafhanklikheid van die regbank word verskans in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika van 1996. 'n Onafhanklike regbank is noodsaaklik ten einde te voldoen aan die primere funksie van die regbank, naamlik die bewerkstelliging van geregtigheid. Openbare vertroue in die onafhanklikheid van die regbank verhoog die legitimiteit van hierdie instelling, wat noodsaaklik is vir nakoming en eerbiediging van die howe se beslissings deur die gemeenskap. In die verlede het kritici beweer dat die regbank 'n legitimiteitskrisis beleef op grond daarvan dat polilieke oorwegings 'n rol gespeel het by die aanstelling van regsprekende amptenare, dat die regbank nie verteenwoordigend genoeg is van die bevolking wat betref ras en geslag nie en dat die howe in die verlede in sommige gevalle te owerheidsgesind was en soms diskriminerende wetgewing sonder veel skroom of teenspraak aanvaar en toegepas het. Kritici het daarop gewys dat die opbloei in die volkshowe as alternatief tot die formele howe, as voorbeeld dien van die algehele miskenning van en wantroue in die reg bank. 'n Kritiese evaluering van hierdie aangeleenthede is gedoen aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die Regterlike Dienskommissie en die Landdrostekommissie 'n belangrike hervorming teweeg gebring het op die gebied van aanstelling van regterlike amptenare. Verder is bevind dat die juriestelsel nie 'n realistiese oplossing bied om die regbank meer verteenwoordigend van die gemeenskap te maak nie, maar dat die assessorestelsel blyk 'n meer praktiese en geskikte alternatief te wees. Dit het verder geblyk dat daar van regterlike beamptes verwag word om, in die lig van die Grondwet van 1996 en 'n stelsel van grondwetlike oppermagtigheid, 'n aktivistiese waarde-ge6rienteerde of waarde-aktiverende benadering by wets- en grondwetuitleg te volg. Daar is verder bevind dat die informele howe behoue moet bly, maar aangepas behoort te word by veranderende omstandighede, in die lig van die Grondwet en die handves van fundamentele regte. Ten slotte is voorstelle gemaak as moontlike oplossing vir bepaalde probleme wat geidentifiseer is. / The principle of the independence of the judiciary is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996. An independent judiciary is essential in order to fulfill the primary function of a judiciary, namely the realisation of justice. Public confidence in the independence of the judiciary increases the legitimacy of this institution, which is essential for respect for and compliance with the decisions of the court by the community. In the past critics maintained that the judiciary is experiencing a legitimacy crisis, due to the fact that political considerations have played a role in the appointment of judicial officials, that the judiciary is not representative of the community in respect of race and sex and that the courts have been too executive-minded in the past and have at times accepted and applied discriminatory legislation without much hesitation or contradiction. Critics alleged that the proliferation of people's courts as an alternative to the formal courts, was an indication of the general denial of and loss of confidence in the judiciary. A critical evaluation of these aspects was undertaken by way of a comparative study. It lead to the conclusion that the Judicial Service Commission and the Magistrates Commission brought about an important reform regarding the appointment of judicial officials. It was found that the jury system does not constitute a realistic solution to make the judiciary more representative of the community, but that the assessor system seems to be a more practical alternative. It became apparant that in view of the Constitution of 1996 and our system of constitutional supremacy, it is expected of judicial officals to follow an activistic value-orientated or value-activated approach during legislative and constitutional interpretation. It is furthermore concluded that the informal courts should be retained, but that they should be adapted to the changing circumstances in view of the Constitution and the bill of rights. Finally, suggestions are made in order to address certain problems which have been identified. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

L'objet de cette thèse est d'analyser le jury comme institution politique et d'explorer ses rapports éventuels avec le régime démocratique. L'approche se veut pluridisciplinaire, mobilisant histoire, sociologie et science politique ; et la démarche adoptée est autant macro-sociale, avec la recherche d'une corrélation entre le recours aux jurés pour juger des crimes et l'existence d'un régime démocratique, que micro-sociale, à travers l'analyse d'une juridiction, la cour d'assises française, et de ses acteurs. La thèse tente de répondre à la question relative à l'existence des liens entre jury et démocratie, de deux façons. D'une part en interrogeant trois réformes dont a été l'objet cette cour :1941, l'introduction des magistrats dans la salle où délibéraient seuls les jurés ; 1978, le recrutement des jurés par tirage au sort ; et 2000/2002, la possibilité offerte au condamné comme au parquet de faire appel des verdicts. Deux de ces réformes améliorent la teneur démocratique tandis que la troisième (1941) réduit le pouvoir autonome des jurés. D'autre part, en offrant la parole à ses acteurs, magistrats et jurés. Bien que placé dans un contexte infériorisant, le juré peut toutefois se retrouver transformé et grandi par une expérience qui fait de lui un citoyen actif portant un regard nouveau sur la justice, le crime et le criminel. Plus défenseurs des jurés que les jurés eux-mêmes, les magistrats disposent de pouvoirs nettement plus importants que ceux des jurés, si bien qu'ils compromettent l'un des principes de base de la démocratie : un homme égale une femme égale une voix.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ada Pereira Ramos Marques.pdf: 2418382 bytes, checksum: 304c28ab94cb893b9e7bf01a554f8c94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-30 / This dissertation is the result of study the tensions politics, economic and social, in the Judicial district of Araraquara, the turn of century XIX, beginning of century XX, through the documentary analysis, of the Criminal proceedings. Many conflicts had occurred by social control on the part of the farmers. The power local, the coronelismo, if made present through the use of the public machine, in some occasions it manipulated the policy and it influenced the Judiciary Power. It is part of this study the confrontations between capital and work that had been intense in such a way in the agricultural zone as in the urban zone, several of these you strike had been arrived at the Judiciary Power. In this scene the immigrants had been distinguished, in special, the Italians, in the social relations of production, were a region of great contingents of immigrants. The Criminal proceedings make possible one to look at on crime, identifying manifestations of social control about immigrants and its reactions, that they bring up recurrent crimes, as robbery of horses, tension between the nationality and fight in sociality places in you inebriate which it if it made present / Esta dissertação é o resultado do estudo das tensões políticas, econômicas e sociais ocorridas na Comarca de Araraquara, na virada do século XIX, início do século XX, feita por meio da análise documental dos Processos Criminais. Muitos conflitos foram gerados pelo controle social por parte dos fazendeiros. O poder local, o coronelismo, se fez presente por meio do uso da máquina pública, que em várias ocasiões manipulou a polícia e influenciou o Poder Judiciário. Fazem parte deste estudo os confrontos entre capital e trabalho que foram intensos, tanto na zona rural como na zona urbana; embates que chegaram ao Poder Judiciário. Nesse cenário destacaram-se os imigrantes, em especial, os italianos, nas relações sociais de produção em uma região de grandes contingentes de imigrantes. Os Processos Criminais possibilitaram um olhar sobre a criminalidade, identificando manifestações de controle social sobre imigrantes e suas reações, trazendo à tona os crimes recorrentes, como roubo de cavalos, tensão entre as nacionalidades e brigas, em lugar de sociabilização, nas quais, muitas vezes, a embriaguez se fazia presente