La Présomption d'innocence constitue un principe procédural qui organise le procès pénal, en désignant celle des parties qui aura à supporter la charge de la preuve, et en renvoyant l'accusé des fins de la poursuite dès lors qu'il existe un doute. Consacré sur le plan international, et plus récemment, au plan national, par les lois des 4 janvier 1993 et 15 juin 2000, ce principe, intimement lié au problème de la preuve pénale, connut une émergence lente et laborieuse. En effet, l'Ordonnance criminelle ainsi que le système de la preuve légale qui lui est consubstantiel imposent au juge de condamner dès que la preuve est réunie. Le doute ne peut exister pour un accusé que l'on supposait coupable. La Révolution allait cependant inscrire la présomption d'innocence, dans une Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen, et qui entendait libérer les hommes des cadres obsolètes de l'Ancien régime, mais aussi le protéger de ses rigueurs. Quand ils votèrent l'article 9 de ce texte, les Constituants en ignorèrent la dimension procédurale. La consécration du jury et de l'intime conviction, tant par la loi du 16-29 septembre 1791 que par le Code d'instruction criminelle, maintient cette cécité. Malgré le renouveau du droit pénal qui s'affranchit du poids représenté par la toute puissance du seul droit civil, le XIXème reste presque silencieux sur ce principe. Il faudra attendre le XXème pour voir clairement exposé le mécanisme procédural de la présomption d'innocence. Toutefois, sa réception demeure imparfaite. Il est critiqué dans son application et la loi pénale créa des présomptions de culpabilité. Les récentes interventions législatives ne permettent pas d'enrayer l'érosion de ce principe puisqu'elles installent une confusion entre le principe procédural et un principe concourant à la liberté de la défense et des droits de la personne. La présomption d'innocence reste donc d'une fragilité certaine malgré sa pleine reconnaissance.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die beginsel van die onafhanklikheid van die regbank word verskans in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika van 1996. 'n Onafhanklike regbank is noodsaaklik ten einde te voldoen aan die primere funksie van die regbank, naamlik die bewerkstelliging van geregtigheid. Openbare vertroue in die onafhanklikheid van die regbank verhoog die legitimiteit van hierdie instelling, wat noodsaaklik is vir nakoming en eerbiediging van die howe se beslissings deur die gemeenskap. In die verlede het kritici beweer dat die regbank 'n legitimiteitskrisis beleef op grond daarvan dat polilieke oorwegings 'n rol gespeel het by die aanstelling van regsprekende amptenare, dat die regbank nie verteenwoordigend genoeg is van die bevolking wat betref ras en geslag nie en dat die howe in die verlede in sommige gevalle te owerheidsgesind was en soms diskriminerende wetgewing sonder veel skroom of teenspraak aanvaar en toegepas het. Kritici het daarop gewys dat die opbloei in die volkshowe as alternatief tot die formele howe, as voorbeeld dien van die algehele miskenning van en wantroue in die reg bank. 'n Kritiese evaluering van hierdie aangeleenthede is gedoen aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die Regterlike Dienskommissie en die Landdrostekommissie 'n belangrike hervorming teweeg gebring het op die gebied van aanstelling van regterlike amptenare. Verder is bevind dat die juriestelsel nie 'n realistiese oplossing bied om die regbank meer verteenwoordigend van die gemeenskap te maak nie, maar dat die assessorestelsel blyk 'n meer praktiese en geskikte alternatief te wees. Dit het verder geblyk dat daar van regterlike beamptes verwag word om, in die lig van die Grondwet van 1996 en 'n stelsel van grondwetlike oppermagtigheid, 'n aktivistiese waarde-ge6rienteerde of waarde-aktiverende benadering by wets- en grondwetuitleg te volg. Daar is verder bevind dat die informele howe behoue moet bly, maar aangepas behoort te word by veranderende omstandighede, in die lig van die Grondwet en die handves van fundamentele regte. Ten slotte is voorstelle gemaak as moontlike oplossing vir bepaalde probleme wat geidentifiseer is. / The principle of the independence of the judiciary is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996. An independent judiciary is essential in order to fulfill the primary function of a judiciary, namely the realisation of justice. Public confidence in the independence of the judiciary increases the legitimacy of this institution, which is essential for respect for and compliance with the decisions of the court by the community. In the past critics maintained that the judiciary is experiencing a legitimacy crisis, due to the fact that political considerations have played a role in the appointment of judicial officials, that the judiciary is not representative of the community in respect of race and sex and that the courts have been too executive-minded in the past and have at times accepted and applied discriminatory legislation without much hesitation or contradiction. Critics alleged that the proliferation of people's courts as an alternative to the formal courts, was an indication of the general denial of and loss of confidence in the judiciary. A critical evaluation of these aspects was undertaken by way of a comparative study. It lead to the conclusion that the Judicial Service Commission and the Magistrates Commission brought about an important reform regarding the appointment of judicial officials. It was found that the jury system does not constitute a realistic solution to make the judiciary more representative of the community, but that the assessor system seems to be a more practical alternative. It became apparant that in view of the Constitution of 1996 and our system of constitutional supremacy, it is expected of judicial officals to follow an activistic value-orientated or value-activated approach during legislative and constitutional interpretation. It is furthermore concluded that the informal courts should be retained, but that they should be adapted to the changing circumstances in view of the Constitution and the bill of rights. Finally, suggestions are made in order to address certain problems which have been identified. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

The Brothers Karamazov was the last novel of Dostoievski and for that reason is in way a sort of synthesis of his thinking. In the article there is a brief development of some key ideas as these: in matter of guilt, the attitude has more importance than action; everyone is guilty of everything before the eyes of everyone (universal guilt); suffering purifies the individual and acts as a remedy that promotes his spiritual elevation; freewill is central in human existence. But the novel is also a novel about a crime. Somebody is murdered and the readers will discover the perpetrator at the very end. 25% of the novel is devoted to technical legal matters: the instruction of the summary and the court trial. But what is most interesting is that an innocent is found guilty, because law had no other choice having into account the facts that are backed by evidence. It would be possible to find him not guilty, but for doing so it would be necessary to change the paradigm that is the backbone of modern criminal law. / Los hermanos Karamazov fue la última obra de Dostoievski, por lo que se convierte en una especie de síntesis de su pensamiento. En el artículo se abordan algunas de las ideas clave del autor, como que en materia de culpa, la actitud es más importante que la acción; que todos somos culpables de todo ante todos; que el dolor purifica y es como un remedio para la elevación espiritual del individuo; así como la reivindicación del libre albedrío. Pero la novela es también la historia de un crimen. El autor nos introduce en el misterio de una muerte, cuyo autor descubriremos al final. También contiene un 25% dedicado a la instrucción del proceso y al juicio oral. Pero lo más interesante es que un inocente es declarado culpable y es declarado culpable porque el derecho no podría obrar de otra manera tal como son presentados los hechos. Sería posible declararlo no culpable, pero para ello tendríamos que inventar otro paradigma del proceso penal.

SANTOS, Antonia Cláudia Lopes dos. Crimes passionais e honra no Tribunal do Júri Brasileiro. (2008). 167f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-11-24T16:57:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ACLdosSantos.pdf: 1038779 bytes, checksum: 45da3b99a641af7c7537f1a04215866f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2011-11-28T15:04:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ACLdosSantos.pdf: 1038779 bytes, checksum: 45da3b99a641af7c7537f1a04215866f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-28T15:04:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ACLdosSantos.pdf: 1038779 bytes, checksum: 45da3b99a641af7c7537f1a04215866f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This thesis presents a study of ten cases of crimes of passion tried before the Jury Court (Tribunal do Júri), a Brazilian court with specialized jurisdiction over each of certain grave offenses in which a life is taken. A main objective of the study was to characterize the discourse concerning honor in the written and oral practices in the construction of the crime of passion, understanding honor as a value of the accused, both through their own eyes and through the eyes of the society to which they belong. Concepts of honor are discussed in connection with sociological, anthropological and juridical thought, more specifically in the figure of the passionate murderer within the presentation of cases of crimes of passion and in the analysis of the juridical "legitimate defense of honor", a discourse constructed in the narrative of these deaths throughout the process from the charge of the crime to the verdict of the Jury Court. The development of the text is based upon a typology of the cases using a qualitative approach and descriptive method. The construction of questions guiding the discussion in this thesis takes the following sequence: characterization of the concept of honor, overview of the Jury Court, account of a jury session, description of the cases of crimes of passion and analysis thereof. It can be seen in the conclusions of the analysis that crime of passion, discourse, verdict and sentence all have sociological meaning as expression of social traditions and moral duty, strengthening the discourse concerning honor in the narrative and reinforcing aspects of the construction of the social world. / Esta tese apresenta um estudo de dez crimes passionais julgados pelo Tribunal do Júri brasileiro, sendo quatro os conceitos-chave que orientam a discussão: crimes passional, júri, honra, veredicto e sentença. Um dos principais objetivos do trabalho foi caracterizar o discurso da honra nas práticas escritas e orais da elaboração do crime passional, entendendo a honra como o valor do réu aos olhos dele mesmo e, mais ainda, à óptica da sociedade a que pertence. Na análise que se segue, são discutidos os conceitos de honra ligados ao pensamento sociológico, antropológico e jurídico, mais especificamente na figura do homicida passional, mediante através da apresentação dos casos de crimes passionais e na análise do argumento da “legítima defesa da honra”, discurso constituído durante a narração dessas mortes, desde a denúncia do ato até o julgamento pelo Tribunal do Júri. A elaboração deste texto é fundamentada na tipologia de estudo de casos, com abordagem qualitativa e método descritivo. Na montagem da problemática que orienta a discussão desta tese, tem-se a seqüência: caracterização da honra, apresentação do Tribunal do Júri, relato de uma sessão do júri, descrição dos casos de crimes passionais e análise dos ilícitos. Nas conclusões da análise, pode-se perceber que o crime passional, o discurso, o julgamento e a sentença têm significados sociológicos relevantes na caracterização desse condensado de idéias, interpretadas como expressão das tradições sociais, dever moral exposto na sentença, e fortalecimento dos discursos da honra nas narrativas, aspectos formuladores do mundo social.

The present series of studies examine how jurors and public defenders evaluate different pieces of evidence and integrate them into a coherent conclusion within the context of a criminal case. Previous research has shown that in situations where both sides of the case are compelling, decision-makers nevertheless come to highly confident and polarized decisions, called coherence shifts (Simon, 2004). The present research sought to expand on coherence effects, improve upon the methodology of previous studies, and explore potential moderators of coherence. In Study 1, mock jurors (n = 306) read about a criminal case and evaluated multiple pieces of evidence at various points throughout the case. Results indicated that participants exhibited pronounced coherence shifts (i.e., their evaluations of the various pieces of evidence (a) became more consistent as the case progressed, and (b) were evaluated in line with their initial leanings) using an improved methodology that randomized evidence order and evidence valence. Furthermore, participants’ interim leanings of guilt or innocence biased their subsequent evaluations of ambiguous evidence. The direction and magnitude of participants’ coherence shifts were predicted by their pretrial dispositions towards prosecution and defense. Participants lacked awareness of how their perceptions of the evidence have shifted. Coherence shifts were not, however, moderated by asking mock jurors to justify their decisions, or by asking mock jurors to play devil’s advocate while considering each piece of evidence, underscoring the pervasiveness of this cognitive bias. Study 2 examined whether actual public defenders experience coherence shifts and how those shifts relate to the plea bargaining process; however, no coherence shifts were observed. Study 3 examined whether the timing of the defense’s presentation of their case could reduce coherence effects; results indicated that reading about the defense’s case immediately after the prosecution’s case (c.f. following a delay) marginally (p = .09) reduced coherence effects among jurors who acquitted the defendant, suggesting one potential strategy to mitigate this bias.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / By start of the 1920s, the United States had seen nearly forty years of vast accumulations of wealth by a small group of people, substantial financial speculation and a mass change in the economic base from agricultural to industrial. All of this ended in 1929 in a crushing depression that spread not only across the country, but also around the world. Hard-Boiled detective fiction first reached the reading public early in the decade initially as adventure stories, but quickly became a way for authors to express the stresses these changes were causing on people and society. The detective is the center of the story with the task of reestablishing a certain degree of order or redemption. An important character hallmark of this genre is that he is seldom able to do this, or that the cost is so high a terrible burden remains. His decisions and judgments in this attempt are formed by his relationship with the people or community around him. The goal of this thesis is to look at the issues raised in the context of how the detective relates to a person or community in the story. For analysis, six books were chosen arranged from least level of personal relationship by the detective to the most intimate. The books are Red Harvest, by Dashiell Hammett, The Big Sleep, by Raymond Chandler, The Galton Case, by Ross MacDonald, Cotton Comes to Harlem, by Chester Himes, Devil in a Blue Dress, by Walter Mosley, and I, the Jury, by Mickey Spillane. In the study of these books, a wide range of topics are presented including political ideologies, corruption, racial discrimination and family strife. Each book provided a wealth of views on these and other subjects that are as relevant today as when they were written.

The plots of Billy Budd and The Bonfire of the Vanities are organized entirely around a lawsuit. In The Pickwick Papers the trial is only a part, though an important one, of a series of related adventures in which the main characters of the novel participate. In the three novels there is a trial in which the accused is found guilty, although he is actually innocent. In The Posthumous Papers of the Club Pickwick, the author’s main purpose is to present the operation of the legal system, in which the modus operandi of unscrupulous lawyers, who rely only on cheating and deceiving methods, is atthe beginning of and determines the outcome of the lawsuit. In Billy Budd, an innocent is sentenced to death in order to preserve a supposed higher interest: the common good. In The Bonfire of the Vanities, political factors, personal interests, resentments and other worldly elements determine the outcome of the trial. In the three cases, the watchmaking mechanism that a lawsuit appears to be is completely overcome by factors outside it. / Las tramas de Billy Budd y La hoguera de las vanidades están organizadas íntegramente alrededor de un juicio. En Los papeles póstumos del Club Pickwick, el proceso es una parte importante de la obra, pero también existen aventuras relacionadas en las que participan los diversos personajes. En los tres juicios se juzga a un inocente. En Los papeles póstumos del Club Pickwick, el autor busca presentar el funcionamiento real del sistema legal, en el cual el modus operandi de abogados inescrupulosos, quienes emplean únicamente métodos tramposos y fraudulentos, determina el origen y el resultado del proceso. En Billy Budd, un inocente es condenado a muerte para preservar un supuesto interés mayor: el bien común. En La hoguera de las vanidades, factores políticos, intereses personales, resentimientos y otros elementos de carácter mundano determinan el resultado del proceso. En los tres casos, el mecanismo de relojería que parece ser el proceso es totalmente sobrepasado por factores externos al mismo.

couplant transfert de chaleur et circulation de fluide. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de tester la nature du lien génétique entre l'intrusion et le processus de minéralisation. La première série de résultats s'appuie sur une comparaison avec des exemples naturels de gisements bien connus : i) L'hydrodynamique et la localisation des zones probables de minéralisation sont fortement dépendantes de la profondeur de mise en place du pluton. Au-dessus de 4.5km de profondeur de mise en place, le seuil de perméabilité de 10-16 m² est atteint et les cellules convectives peuvent créer des zones de décharge additionnelles où des minéralisations peuvent avoir lieu ; ii) Pour toutes les profondeurs d'emplacement, la zone en dessous du pluton n'est pas favorable à la précipitation minérale ; iii) Les apophyses focalisent les fluides convectifs et les zones de minéralisation autour d'elles ; iv) La phase de refroidissement n'est pas la phase majeure de convection. La zone advective principale et celle de haute favorabilité peuvent se produire avant et pendant la phase la plus chaude d'emplacement, avant que le magma ne cristallise complètement; v) Les détachements sont capables de fortement modifier et de re-localiser les flux convectifs déclenchés par une intrusion syn-tectonique; vi) Les conditions physiques favorables à la minéraliser sont produites pendant une durée courte autour de la phase la plus chaude de l'intrusion. Même si les arguments chimiques sont absents, la circulation de fluide (induite par la mise en place de magma) joue un rôle principal dans la genèse des gisements d'or associés aux intrusions. De plus, la formation de ce type de gisement est favorisée par l'occurrence d'une auréole thermique fracturée autour de l'intrusion. La seconde série de résultats concerne l'étude du cas naturel de la minéralisation W-Au de Tighza (Jebel Aouam) au Maroc Central. Une campagne d'acquisition de données gravimétriques, l'inversion données et l'utilisation de logiciel 3D, ont permis d'obtenir la géométrie 3D complexe du pluton de Tighza. Les résultats sont les suivants : i) la zone probable de la minéralisation apparaît au début de la mise en place du magma dans la zone perméable (veine W1) et s'étend pour remplir W1 et couvrir la région autour du pluton pendant la phase la plus chaude de mise en place; ii) lors du refroidissement, la zone probable est réduite et limitée à la zone perméable (W1) pendant 0,6 Ma; iii) L'application de la température de fermeture isotopique de la muscovite et de la biotite avec la distribution du R²AI montre que les âges de refroidissement entre la minéralisation au niveau de la veine W1 et l'intrusion ne sont pas séparés de plus de 0,10 Ma. Ceci est confirmé par la datation absolue de la minéralisation de Tighza et permet de discuter la fiabilité des âges obtenus pour la minéralisation dans la veine W1.