The purpose of this study is to investigate modernity as a phenomenon in the history of ideas, and specifically to problematize its strict delimitation between the categories of philosophy and poetry. The foundation of the study consists of a comparative analysis of the fragments of pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus and of the Swedish poet Lars Norén, functioning as examples of these respective categories. This is achieved with the help of the theoretical abutments offered by Plato, Sven-Eric Liedman and Iain McGilchrist. The conclusion of the study is that there has been a cultural shift in the Western world since antiquity pertaining to a certain form of philosophizing activity, and that 'the old way' of exploring physics in many ways is the same as 'the new way' of creating poetry.

Frihet är ett viktigt tema under nittonhundratalet, kanske särskilt decennierna omkring 1970 med allt vad den tiden innehåller av frigörelsekamp, uppror mot gamla traditioner, individualism och kollektivism. Den här avhandlingen spårar det temat genom tre genrer i den svenska litteraturen, från sextiotalet och framåt: den självbiografiska barndomsskildringen, reseskildringen och science fiction-romanen. De olika genrerna erbjuder olika möjligheter för en författare att diskutera och gestalta frihetstemat, explicit och implicit. Skilda narratologiska utgångspunkter skapar skilda förutsättningar. Genomgående frågeställningar är vilka hinder som finns för att friheten ska kunna uppnås, vilka utvägar mot friheten som ändå existerar och vilka innebörder frihetsbegreppet ges. Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultaten i förhållande till de skilda genrevillkoren men även till det som texterna har gemensamt, exempelvis utopiska drag, mötet med det obekanta och främmande, sökandet efter en subjektiv sanning eller 1968-årens tidsanda. På så sätt kan något sägas om den sköna litteraturens särart jämfört med andra slags texter. / Freedom is an important theme of the twentieth century, perhaps particularly during the decades around 1970, that time of struggle for liberation, the rebellion against the old ways, of individualism and collectivism. This thesis traces that theme through three genres of Swedish literature, from the sixties onwards: the autobiographical childhood novel, the travelogue and the science fiction novel. The different genres offer different possibilities for an author to discuss and depict the theme of freedom, explicitly and implicitly. Different narratological starting points create different conditions. Some returning issues are which restrictions on, opportunities for and meanings of freedom are visible in the texts. Finally, the results are discussed in relation to the different conventions of genre but also in relation to what the texts have in common, such as features of utopia, the encounter with the unfamiliar and strange, the search for a subjective truth or the zeitgeist of the year 1968. In that way, something can be said about the specific nature of fictive or partly fictive texts compared to other kinds of prose.

本研究所利用的資料是來自美國東維吉尼亞醫學院所提供的攝護腺癌蛋白質質譜資料，其資料有原始資料和另一筆經過事前處理過的資料，而本研究是利用事前處理過的資料來作實証分析。由於此種資料通常都是屬於高維度資料，故變數間具有高度相關的現象也很常見，因此從大量的特徵變數中選取到重要的特徵變數來準確的判斷攝護腺的病變程度成為一個非常普遍且重要的課題。那麼本研究的目的是欲探討各(具有懲罰項)迴歸模型對於分類蛋白質質譜資料之變數選取結果，藉由LARS、Stagewise、LASSO、Group LASSO和Elastic Net各(具有懲罰項)迴歸模型將變數選入的先後順序當作其排序所產生的判別結果與利用「統計量排序」(t檢定、ANOVA F檢定以及Kruskal-Wallis檢定)以及SVM「分錯率排序」的判別結果相比較。而分析的結果顯示，Group LASSO對於六種兩兩分類的分錯率，其分錯率趨勢的表現都較其他方法穩定，並不會有大起大落的現象發生，且最小分錯率也幾乎較其他方法理想。此外Group LASSO在四分類的判別結果在與其他方法相較下也顯出此法可得出最低的分錯率，亦表示若須同時判別四種類別時，相較於其他方法之下Group LASSO的判別準確度最優。 / Our research uses the prostate proteomic spectra data which is offered by Eastern Virginia Medical School. The materials have raw data and preprocessed data. Our research uses the preprocessed data to do the analysis of real example. Because this kind of materials usually have high dimension, so it maybe has highly correlation between variables very common, therefore choose from a large number of characteristic variables to accurately determine the pathological change degree of the Prostate is become a very general and important subject. Then the purpose of our research wants to discuss every (penalized) regression model in variable selection results for classifying the proteomic spectra data. With LARS, Stagewise, LASSO, Group LASSO and Elastic Net, each variable is chosen successively by each (penalized) regression model, and it is regarded as each variable’s order then produce discrimination results. After that, we use their results to compare with using statistic order (t-test, ANOVA F-test and Kruskal-Wallis test) and SVM fault rate order. And the result of analyzing reveals Group LASSO to two by two of six kinds of rate by mistake that classify, the mistake rate behavior of trend is more stable than other ways, it doesn’t appear big rise or big fall phenomenon. Furthermore, this way’s mistake rate is almostly more ideal than other ways. Moreover, using Group LASSO to get the discrimination result of four classifications has the lowest mistake rate under comparing with other methods. In other words, when must distinguish four classifications in the same time, Group LASSO’s discrimination accuracy is optimum.

<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><p><p>About two years after publishing so called Muhammad cartoons in Denmark, the Swedish regional newspaper</p><p><em>Nerikes Allehanda </em>in Orebro published an editorial on self-censorship. A drawing of Prophet Muhammad as a Roundabout dog, drawn by <em>Lars Vilks</em>, was illustrating the article. Publishing of Muhammad drawing was followed by reactions both in Sweden and in some other countries especially in the muslim world. There are many differences and similarities between the publishing in Denmark and Sweden. There are differences and similarities between the two cases even regarding to the reactions in muslim countries. Mass media have certainly played an important role in mediating information about the publishing to people in muslim countries. Which information and how they were mediated are significant for shaping perceptions and thereby the reactions that followed the publishing of Muhammad drawing in Sweden. This essay is investigating how newspapers and online newspapers (web newspapers) in nine muslim countries reported about the publishing of Muhammad drawing. The subjects that newspapers were interesting of and the discourses domination reporting are in focus for this investigation. This essay will also investigate how newspapers and online newspapers in muslim countries covered two issues which were well covered by Swedish media, A threat against <em>Lars Vilks </em>from organization "Islamic State in Iraq" and a statement from the Iranian president Ahmadinejad regarding the Muhammad drawing in <em>Nerikes Allehanda</em>.</p></p></p>

Vilka ekonomiska frågor ligger närmast de svenska brevskrivarnas hjärtan? Två svenska professorer, Becker och Jonung undersökte detta 1998. Denna studie undersöker i ett världsunikt data set innehållande 536 brev adresserade till statsminister Fredrik Reinfeldt under hans mandatperiod 2006-2014. Genom undersökningen ges en övergripande bild av brevskrivarnas mest centrala frågor rörande ekonomi. Utgångspunkten ligger i att undersöka skillnader i fördelningen av brev mellan denna och tidigare studie. Med hypotestest påvisas skillnader och där dess eventuella bakomliggande faktorer undersöks vidare. Detta görs genom en granskning av media och arbetslöshetens påverkan på brevskrivarna. Svaren blev tvetydliga, media har visserligen en påverkan, men i princip negligerbar. För arbetslösheten återfanns inget samband. Detta kopplas samman med den bedömning författarna gjorde angående att de flesta av brevskrivarna är pensionärer. / What economic issues are closest to the Swedish correspondents´ hearts? In 1998 two Swedish professors, Becker and Jonung, examined what these issues could conceivably be. This study examines a unique data set consisting of 536 letters addressed to the Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt during his length in office, 2006-2014. By doing so, a general view of correspondents´ most central economic issues appears. The aim of this study is to compare these two, to see if changes in correspondents´ opinions has emerged. Differences between the studies have been shown through hypothesis testing, and it´s underlying factors are examined further. This is done through an examination of media and employment. Results indicate that media has a slightly positive effect on correspondents´ opinions, something that could not be concluded by the rate of unemployment due to the fact that most incoming letters probably are written by senior citizens.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-02-23T19:30:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 45551122 bytes, checksum: fb43a0dbaa9ea2f75747bd4741329396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-23T19:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 45551122 bytes, checksum: fb43a0dbaa9ea2f75747bd4741329396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research brings some previous movies of the Danish filmmaker that keep a relation with the aesthetic atmosphere and extra-filmic performance embraced, and, through an approach about the stylistic, mythical and performatic language, makes a poetic essay on the theme. The present study establishes reflections on the technical resources (photography, color temperatures, edition) as well as about the mise en scène that the filmmaker uses to narrate such apocalyptic plot. This imagery speech was an instrument to work with issues related to finitude, the cosmogony, the melancholy and the imaginary. The dissertation also analyzes the performative role of the author and how this content can influence the viewer’s fruition, it also considerates how this process - before the press - functions as a crucial element of insertion of Danish cinema in the international market, specifically the production company founded by Trier and Peter Aalbeak, the Zentropa.The main theoretical support to deal with authorship, extra film and contemporary melancholy are: Michel Foucault, Mikhail Bahktin and Maria Rita Kehl and to understand the archetypes and the filmic aesthetics in the narrative: Carl Jung, Gilbert Durand, David Bordwell, Jack Stevenson Giorgio Agamben and Arthur Schopenhauer. / A dissertação visa investigar a abordagem fílmica do fim dos tempos em Melancholia (2011) de Lars Von Trier e a performance midiática do diretor no contexto extra-filme de divulgação da obra. A pesquisa revisa algumas narrativas anteriores do cineasta dinamarquês que dialogam com a atmosfera estética e a encenação extra-fílmica abarcadas, e, através de uma abordagem quanto à linguagem estilístca, mítica e performática, traz um desdobramento ensaístico acerca da temática. No presente estudo são instauradas reflexões quanto aos recursos técnicos (fotografia, temperaturas de cor, montagem), assim como, acerca da mise en scène que o cineasta se utiliza para narrar tal enredo apocalíptico. A partir desse discurso imagético se parte para tratar de questões relativas à finitude, à cosmogonia, à melancolia e ao imaginário. O trabalho ainda analisa a atuação performática do autor e como esse conteúdo pode influenciar a fruição do espectador, além de considerar como esse processo perante a imprensa funciona como um elemento crucial de inserção do cinema dinamarquês no mercado internacional, especificamente da produtora fundada por Trier e Peter Aalbeak, a Zentropa. Os principais suportes teóricos para tratar de autoria, extra-filme e melancolia contemporânea são: Michel Foucault, Mikhail Bahktin e Maria Rita Kehl e para entender os arquétipos e a estética fílmica presentes na narrativa: Carl Jung, Gilbert Durand, David Bordwell, Jack Stevenson, Giorgio Agamben e Arthur Schopenhauer.

About two years after publishing so called Muhammad cartoons in Denmark, the Swedish regional newspaper Nerikes Allehanda in Orebro published an editorial on self-censorship. A drawing of Prophet Muhammad as a Roundabout dog, drawn by Lars Vilks, was illustrating the article. Publishing of Muhammad drawing was followed by reactions both in Sweden and in some other countries especially in the muslim world. There are many differences and similarities between the publishing in Denmark and Sweden. There are differences and similarities between the two cases even regarding to the reactions in muslim countries. Mass media have certainly played an important role in mediating information about the publishing to people in muslim countries. Which information and how they were mediated are significant for shaping perceptions and thereby the reactions that followed the publishing of Muhammad drawing in Sweden. This essay is investigating how newspapers and online newspapers (web newspapers) in nine muslim countries reported about the publishing of Muhammad drawing. The subjects that newspapers were interesting of and the discourses domination reporting are in focus for this investigation. This essay will also investigate how newspapers and online newspapers in muslim countries covered two issues which were well covered by Swedish media, A threat against Lars Vilks from organization "Islamic State in Iraq" and a statement from the Iranian president Ahmadinejad regarding the Muhammad drawing in Nerikes Allehanda.

Jarmila Jelínková - Self-devotion women motive showed on the "Breaking the waves" scenerply Abstract The article analyzes the character of Bess in the script of Lars von Trier and Vivian Nielsen's drama Breaking the Waves. The portrayal of Bess' behavior, life, and relationships to her husband, the church and God are interpreted from the perspective of feminist theology as introduced by Isabel Carter Heyward. The main message of the play is the parallel to Jesus' sacrifice of pure altruism leading towards physical self-destruction; other possible interpretations offered in the article are the images of self-sacrifice as a type of mystical obsession or as a type of internalized manipulation conveyed by means of discursive power. Keywords: faith in God, self-sacrifice, power, freedom, feminist theology, Lars vor Trier, Vivian Nielsen.

Freedom of speech is under serious threat in the west, primarily in the US with policies and regulations infringing on this core value in democratic societies. Universities form policy in order to silence opinions they find contradictory to their values, causing students and teachers alike to risk academic punishment for statements which normally would be guarded within the First Amendment. The central argument behind these infringments are individuals subjective feelings towards, as one may put it, controversial opinions. The aim of this study is through an argument analysis, illustrate the values of freedom of speech in contrast to the demands of primarily minority groups and their advocates, using respectable philosophers and scientists such as John Stuart Mill to answer the question if infringements are applicable in democracies. The conclusions drawn in this essay based on all relevant arguments concludes the answer to be no; a democracy should not infringe on the freedom of speech to safeguard individuals from negative emotional reactions as a result of any legal speech.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka och kartlägga gymnasieelevers smak för idrott (praktiktillhörighet) utifrån Lars-Magnus Engströms praktikuppdelning. Syftet är också att undersöka hur kön, föreningsidrottande, betyg i idrott och hälsa samt socioekonomiskt kapital kan relateras till praktiktillhörighet. Studien ska även undersöka vilket lärande de olika praktikerna bidrar till. – Hur ser praktiktillhörigheten bland gymnasieelever ut? – Finns det en relation mellan praktiktillhörighet och lärande? Metod En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 270 gymnasieelever. Eleverna kom från tre skolor som alla var belägna i Stockholms förorter. Resultaten analyserades i SPSS och signifikansprövades genom Pearson Chi-Squaretest. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter var Bourdieus habitusbegrepp, Vygotskijs sociokulturella lärandeteori samt Hirdmans och Fagrells tolkning av genussystemet. Resultat Utmaning, fysisk träning samt tävling och rangordning var de praktiker som de flesta kände stark tillhörighet med. Färdighetsträning var en praktik som killar i större utsträckning tillhörde än tjejer och rörelse till musik var en praktik som tjejer i större utsträckning tillhörde än killar. De elever som fick ett högre betyg i idrott och hälsa hade en stark praktiktillhörighet med alla praktiker förutom rörelse till musik samt samvaro med djur. Det fanns inga signifikanta resultat mellan ekonomiskt kapital och praktiktillhörighet. De med högt eller medelhögt utbildningskapital kände en stark praktiktillhörighet med alla praktiker förutom rörelse till musik, samvaro med djur samt tävling och rangordning. De elever som var föreningsidrottare kände starkare tillhörighet med alla prestationspraktiker samt fysiskt träning och färdighetsträning än de som inte var föreningsidrottare. Resultaten i jämförelsen mellan praktiktillhörighet och lärande visade att de med stark praktiktillhörighet i större utsträckning instämde med påståendena kopplade till praktikens lärande. Slutsats Det tycks finnas skillnader i praktiktillhörighet beroende på vilket kön man tillhör. Ens praktiktillhörighet kan också skiljas åt beroende på utbildningskapital och förenings-idrottande. Det tycks finnas vissa praktiker som i större utsträckning leder till högre betyg i idrott och hälsa. Resultaten tyder också på att det finns ett lärande inom varje praktik. / Aim The purpose of this study is to research and map Swedish secondary school students’ taste for sports (practice belonging) based on Lars-Magnus Engström’s practice division. The purpose is also to explore how gender, participation in organized sports and socioeconomic capital might be related to practice belonging. The study will also explore what type of learning the different practices contributes to. – How is the practice belonging among Swedish secondary school students? – Is there a relationship between practice belonging and learning? Method A survey was conducted on 270 Swedish secondary school students. The students went to three different schools, all located in the Stockholm suburbs. The results were analyzed in SPSS and significance levels were tried through Pearson’s Chi-Square test. The study’s theoretical base consisted of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, Vygotsky’s sociocultural learning theory as well as Hirdman’s and Fagrell’s rendering of the gender system.  Results Challenge, physical training as well as competition and ranking were practices who most felt a strong belonging to. Skill training was a practice that boys to a larger extent than girls belonged to and movement to music was a practice that girls in a larger extent than boys belonged to. The students who had a higher grade in PE felt a strong practice belonging to all practices but movement to music as well as interaction with animals. There were no significant results between economic capital and practice belonging. Those with a high or semi-high educational capital felt a strong practice belonging for all practices but movement to music, interaction with animals and competition and ranking. The students who were participating in organized sports felt a stronger belonging to all performance practices as well as physical training and skill training than those who weren’t participating in organized sports. The results in the comparison between practice belonging and learning showed that those with strong practice belonging to a greater extent agreed with the assertions connected to the practice’s learning. Conclusions There seems to be differences in practice belonging depending on which gender one belongs to. One’s practice belonging can also differ depending on educational capital and participation in organized sports. It seems to be some practices that to a greater extent lead to a higher grade in PE. The results also indicate that there is learning within each practice.