Dans ce mémoire, j'explore les conséquences traumatiques de la guerre civile au Liban, tant sur le plan individuel que collectif. En lisant « The Confusion of Stones » et le jeu de De Niro en tandem, j’essaie de discuter de l’importance de la fiction pour offrir une vision anthropocentrique de l’histoire. En lisant différents récits de la mémoire de guerre, je discute de la contingence et de la contiguïté de l’histoire et de la mémoire et de la façon dont les souvenirs traumatisants peuvent influer sur la perception de son histoire. J’examine ensuite les récits à travers le prisme de la notion de « mémoire multidirectionnelle » de Michael Rothberg pour mettre en évidence le potentiel collaboratif des expériences non hégémoniques. Je m’inspire de la compréhension de Cathy Caruth du traumatisme pour démontrer la nature insaisissable des « affirmations de vérité » que cette fiction pourrait fournir. / In this paper, I explore the traumatic aftermath of the Lebanese Civil War on an individual and collective levels. Through reading “The Confusion of Stones” and De Niro’s Game in tandem, I attempt to discuss the importance of fiction in providing an anthropocentric view on history. By reading different accounts of war memory, I discuss the contingency and contiguity of history and memory and how traumatic memories can affect one’s perception of one’s history. I, then, examine the narratives through the lens of Michael Rothberg’s notion of ‘multidirectional memory’ to showcase the collaborative potential of non-hegemonic experiences. I draw on Cathy Caruth’s understanding of trauma to demonstrate the elusive nature of the ‘truth claims’ this fiction might provide.

Practitioners and academics agree that greater engagement between local diverse SOGIESC (sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics) actors (LDSA) and international humanitarian actors (IHA) is needed to make humanitarian responses more inclusive. Despite sector-wide commitments to inclusion and localization, there is a persistent uncertainty about how to meaningfully engage with each other, particularly in insecure contexts. As a starting point for researching this form of engagement, this thesis investigates the current inter-organizational engagement (IOE) between LDSAs and IHAs in the insecure Lebanese context and its implications for inclusive protection. By interviewing staff from the two key stakeholders this study examines challenges to diverse SOGIESC inclusion, their understanding of meaningful engagement, and the current dynamics of this IOE. The single case of Lebanon was chosen because the contrast between relatively visible LGBTIQ+ organizing and the legal, social, and political discrimination against LGBTIQ+ communities provides a unique avenue to explore the research problem. The study found multiple obstacles to diverse SOGIESC inclusion and asymmetrical dynamics of IOE. The former included a lack of diverse SOGIESC expertise and integration, attitudinal barriers, and inadequate funding. The latter focused on power imbalances grounded in funding and control mechanisms as impediments to meaningful engagement. Based on the findings, lessons learned for more meaningful IOE were identified, including mutual capacity-building, context-sensitive diverse SOGIESC trainings, greater prioritization and adequate funding as well as creating engagement opportunities, shifting power to LDSAs, taking safety precautions and an intersectional queer approach.

No description available.

The thesis "Framing of the conflict in the Middle East in Czech Daily Newspapers" explores how Czech print media report on the conflict in the Middle East through the analysis of Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo news coverage of the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Gaza war (2008- 2009). The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the role of the media in times of war and focuses mainly on the popular even though somewhat fragmented concept of media framing, which became the basis for the analysis of the above mentioned newspapers. The research draws on the extensive literature on media framing as well as foreign research on framing of the Arab- Israeli conflict, combining quantitative and qualitative analytical tools. The aim of the quantitative part of the analysis was to obtain hitherto missing data about the framing of the conflict in the Middle East by Czech media that could be compared to similar data that are already available for foreign media. Quantitative analysis also focused on news sources and topics used while referring about the Middle East conflict. The purpose of the qualitative analysis was to gain a deeper insight into the problem and generate a list of specific frames used to interpret the conflict in the Middle East by Czech print media.

Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, zwei Forschungslücken in der Literatur über Bürgerkriege zu schließen. Erstens, die Analyse der Strukturen nicht-staatlicher bewaffneter Gruppen. Zweitens, die Untersuchung der Politik von Milizen, als Form nicht-staatlicher Gruppen, denen in gegenwärtigen Bürgerkriegen eine zunehmende Bedeutung zukommt. Diese beiden Bereiche werden mit Hilfe einer historisch vergleichenden Analyse am Beispiel von zwei Milizen, die im sudanesischen und libanesischen Bürgerkrieg kämpften, untersucht. Die "Popular Defense Forces", 1989 von der Regierung des Sudan mobilisiert, wurden zum Sammelbecken für undisziplinierte und teilautonome militärische Einheiten, die schwerste Kriegsverbrechen begingen. Die "Lebanese Forces", eine maronitisch-nationalistische Miliz, wurde von einer Koalition konservativer christlicher Parteien gegründet. Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Staates 1975-6 wurde diese Miliz zu einer autonomen politischen Einheit mit einem territorial abgegrenzten Kanton im Osten von Beirut. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Prozesse und Strategien, die diesen Milizen die Etablierung von Herrschaft ermöglichte. Die beiden Gruppen entwickelten sich zu Organisationen, die die zu verteidigenden Gebiete beherrschten und mit staatlichen Geldgebern verbündet waren, aber auch in Konkurrenz zu ihnen standen. Diese Arbeit identifiziert drei Mechanismen, die die Entwicklungen von Milizen im Laufe ihrer Zeit bestimmen. Der Erste erklärt die Formierung von Milizen als ein Bricolage von politischen und nicht-politischen Antworten auf Unsicherheit. Der Zweite erklärt, wie sich Milizen in hybride Organisationen, von zentraler Mobilisierungseinheit und lokal eingebettete Organisationen, entwickeln. Der Dritte führt die Kontrolle des Zentrums über die lokalen Organisationen auf die Macht über Ressourcen zurück. Die Arbeit schließt mit dem Entwurf eines alternativen analytischen Modells für die Untersuchung von Bürgerkriegen. / This thesis provides an analysis of the organizational politics of state supporting armed groups, and demonstrates how group cohesion and institutionalization impact on the patterns of violence witnessed within civil wars. Using an historical comparative method, strategies of leadership control are examined in the processes of organizational evolution of the Popular Defence Forces, an Islamist Nationalist militia, and the allied Lebanese Forces, a Christian Nationalist militia. The first group was a centrally coordinated network of irregular forces which fielded ill-disciplined and semi-autonomous military units, and was responsible for severe war crimes. Equally responsible for war crimes, such as the Sabra and Shatila massacre of Shi''a and Palestinian civilians in 1982, the second group, nonetheless, became an autonomous military formation with an established territorial canton with a high degree of control over military units. After first analysing the political and institutional context of formation of these two groups, detailed case study analysis illustrates how political-military leaderships consolidated internal authority over combat units. At first, this authority relied on a bricolage of norms, motivations and institutions, as highly diverse, loosely coordinated actors mobilised in response to insecurity. As key leadership figures emerged, these groups evolved into hybrid organisations, divided between central organisations and locally embedded units operating according to localised security arenas decoupled from central military or political strategy. Central authority was then consolidated through a process of progressive institutionalisation and expansion, as centralised control was established, often violently, over resources, recruitment and discipline. This thesis shows, how militias, formed in allegiance with the state evolved into organizations rivalling state sovereignty and exploiting the communities which they claimed to defend.

The objective of this study is to put forward informed C4D recommendations to help organizations like UNICEF combat the situation for Syrian refugee children and youths in Lebanon, who through displacement and resettling into the complex Lebanese socio-political landscape may be at risk of becoming a lost generation. This paper focuses on the prevention and elimination of actions such as bullying, sexual harassment, gender-based violence, and early marriage.Conceptual framework: the communication theoretical framework considers Bourdieu’s habitus model as well as the uses and gratification model. Concepts conducive to social cohesion include citizenship, communitas and cosmopolitanism.Methodology: data were gathered through a variety of primary and secondary sources. The former includes semi-structured interviews with subject matter experts and analysis of UNICEF’s external communication practices. The latter comprises the collection, assessment, comparison and summarizing of various reports about Lebanese media.Findings: Lebanon has a pluralistic media landscape, though it appears fragmented, reflecting its socio-political sectarian situation. The media in Lebanon is criticized for lack of public service. The arts scene seems to fill a void in terms of examining the collective memory in respect of not only the civil war (1975-1990) but also of social issues arising as a result of globalization and modernity. Syrians in Lebanon consume Lebanese media as much as media from their own country. Interpersonal communication channels appear to be the preferred mode of communication among both the host and the refugee communities, although among the youth social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook are commonplace. Among the traditional media channels, television appears to be popular. The representation of Syrian refugees in Lebanese media is varied, with about one fourth of the published material portraying Syrians as a security issue.Results: a series of C4D recommendations that use sports and the arts as an overarching theme.

This study reflects the belief systems of a nation living their lives as though in exile. It is also an 'echo' of their spiritual journey, stretching from the dawn of humanity until the time of Jesus Christ. It is the testimony of the people who lived in Phoenicia, Antioch, and the holy mountains and valleys of Lebanon. From the time of early Christianity they structured their beliefs according to the general admonition and teaching of the Scripture, and looked forward to the imminent 'return' of Christ. They lived in an atmosphere of preparation for the ready welcome of the 'heavenly Bridegroom'. The background to and the reasoning supporting this study and exposition, is that of understanding the history, spirituality, and the ritual deriving from the beliefs and thought systems of the Christians of the Maronite Catholic Church, and their understanding of the hereafter. It is an attempt to relate the many factors which comprise the 'life' and ritual, the biblical foundation, and the theological and eschatological views of the Maronite Church and its members. / Christin Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (with specialisation in Christian Spirituality)

Pas de résumé / No summary

Avant-propos: La résolution de conflits s’est installée dans les cursus universitaires comme une discipline à part entière sinon comme une orientation au sein de plusieurs sciences sociales. En effet, ce champ d’étude fait de plus en plus l’objet de réflexions en sciences politiques, en sociologie, en anthropologie, etc, et ce, de par l’interdisciplinarité des questionnements qui en relèvent. Toutefois, la dimension religieuse, souvent considérée comme source de conflits, est quasi inexistante lorsqu’il est question d’approches de résolution. Nous nous proposons donc d’examiner la solha, une pratique proche orientale au sein de laquelle le fait religieux est une composante essentielle à la réconciliation escomptée. Note concernant la translittération: Les termes provenant de l’arabe feront l’objet d’une translittération phonétique basée sur le français. Notez que les translittérations en langue française sont différentes de celle en langue anglaise. Par exemple, le terme solha trouvera son équivalent anglais dans le terme sulha (d’où la différence d’orthographe entre le contenu de cette étude et les citations qui proviennent d’articles anglophones). De plus, notez que le genre (féminin, masculin) des termes translittérés reprendra celui de la langue d’origine, l’arabe. Ainsi, solha sera féminin, jaha aussi, etc… Finalement, pour des raisons de clarté, les termes translittérés seront tous en italique dans le texte. / La solha (« réconciliation » en arabe) est une méthode de résolution de conflits millénaire provenant du milieu tribal proche oriental. Bien au delà du simple règlement de litige, cette réconciliation vise à rétablir l’harmonie au sein des tissus sociaux déchirés. Habilitée à traiter toutes sortes de conflits, de la simple forme pénale aux cas criminels les plus complexes (cycles de vengeances et de vendetta), la solha s’est adaptée à des milieux très différents. La cause principale de son efficacité semble être l’universalité de ses principes fondamentaux (le pardon, la nécessité d’une réinsertion sociale du coupable, la satisfaction des victimes, etc.) ainsi que l’adéquation de ses rituels de réconciliation aux mœurs des populations qui la pratiquent. Ce mémoire cherche à approfondir notre compréhension de cette approche traditionnelle afin d’enrichir nos connaissances et moyens en termes de résolution de conflits contemporains. A cette fin, seront isolés les éléments fondamentaux qui font l’efficacité de cette méthode. Ceux-ci constitueront un modèle théorique minimal de la solha qui permettra d’entamer, à ce stade de l’étude, une réflexion quant à la possibilité de transposer de tels acquis à des milieux d’interventions nouveaux. / The sulha (“reconciliation” in Arabic) is a thousand years old conflict resolution method used in the near east tribal world. Far beyond a simple mediation, its objective is a solid reconstruction of the destroyed social network. Habilitated to deal with all kinds of conflicts, from simple penal cases to long lasting vendettas, the sulha process has proven its usefulness in very different social milieu. The most evident reason for this success has been its dual composition: fundamental principles that seem universal (forgiveness, social reinsertion of the guilty, satisfaction of the victims, etc.) and adaptive rituals that fit into people’s customs. This thesis seeks to enrich our knowledge and means in terms of conflict resolution by trying to reveal the mechanisms that make this method so efficient. The main objective is to compose a basic theoretical model of the sulha that would open a reflection about the possibility of transposing this model to new intervention contexts.

La conception de la théorie de l’interprétation est constante. Elle repose sur une distinction entre les textes contractuels clairs et les textes contractuels ambigus. L’interprétation des textes ambigus relève du pouvoir souverain des juges du fond tandis que l’interprétation des textes clairs est considérée comme une dénaturation, cas d’ouverture à cassation. Toutefois, cette conception classique de la théorie de l’interprétation semble contestable. Les textes législatifs relatifs à cette théorie ne justifient pas le clivage entre les textes clairs et les textes ambigus, que nous proposons d’écarter au profit de l’admission de l’absoluité du pouvoir d’interprétation des juges du fond. Par ailleurs, l’opération d’interprétation des contrats est régie par les directives déclaratives, les directives protectrices de la partie faible et les directives complétives. Elle est marquée par l’emprise de l’équité sur l’interprétation complétive. L’ensemble des directives d’interprétation conduit à la mise en oeuvre de « l’équité subjective originelle », ou subsidiairement de « l’équité complétive », « subjective » par référence à la volonté contractuelle sinon « objective » en se fondant sur la conception raisonnable de la société. L’interprétation s’avère un processus au service de l’équité contractuelle. Elle contribue à la préservation de l’équité subjective contractuelle et conduit à défaut à l’élaboration d’une équité objective contractuelle. Différentes conceptions juridiques constituent des applications avérées de cette lecture de la théorie de l’interprétation, à savoir l’interdiction de détournement de la finalité d’un droit, l’abandon de l’acte ostensible simulé pour l’application de l’acte secret sincère et l’adjonction d’obligations à certains contrats. En parallèle, de nouvelles applications sont proposées. La théorie de l’interprétation peut constituer le complément de la notion de cause, le dénouement de la problématique de la révision pour imprévision et une technique de révision des contrats nés déséquilibrés. / The concept of the theory of interpretation has been always based on the distinction between the clear contractual texts and the ambiguous contractual texts. The ambiguous texts are interpreted freely by the judges on merits whereas the interpretation of the clear texts is considered as a denaturation and a cause to claim cassation. However, this classic concept of the theory of interpretation seams disputable. As the difference in the interpretation of the clear and ambiguous texts is not justified by legal texts, we suggest to drop out this distinction and to give the judges the absolute authority to interpret all texts. Besides, the interpretation of contracts is governed by three rules: the declaration of the real common intention of the contracting parties rather than paying attention to the literal meaning of the terms, the protection of the weak party and the completion of the intention of the parties. The interpretation theory leads to the application of the equity which prevails over the completion rules. The judges will initially ascertain the “original subjective equity”. If not applicable, they will then establish the “subjective completive equity” depending on the contractual will, or the “objective completive equity” based on the reasonable conception of the society. The interpretation theory favors the contractual equity. It contributes to preserve the subjective contractual equity and creates an objective contractual equity. Several legal concepts constitute a genuine application of our understanding of the theory of interpretation, such as the interdiction of using a contractual right contrary to the reason created for, the abandonment of the fake apparent act in order to apply the real unrevealed one, and the addition of obligations to some contracts. In parallel, new applications are suggested. The theory of interpretation may complete the notion of cause, handle the problem of the unforeseen circumstances and permit to revise the imbalanced contracts.