Are the criti cisms to investment arbitrati on valid?. Is the annulment acti on an indispensable mechanism?. Can the acts of ius imperium of the States be submitted to arbitration?.This round table respond to each of these questi ons by addressing many controversial issues in itnernati onal arbitration. / ¿Son válidas las críti cas al arbitraje de inversiones?. ¿Es el recurso de anulación un mecanismo indispensable?. ¿Pueden los actos de ius imperium de los Estados ser someti dos a arbitraje?.La presente mesa redonda, responde a cada una de estas interrogantes, tratando muchos temas controversiales en el arbitraje internacional.

In the essay, the view of mistakes and disciplinary sanctions within the military aviation and health and medical service, are compared. The comparison shows that military aviation and health and medical service could have several points in common on how mistakes may occur, but that the present view of mistakes is different betwen the sectors. The view of mistakes and disciplinary sanctions is explicit within military aviation, and is based on a clear ideology on how mistakes occur, which is characterised of a systematic approach. Within health and medical service, an explicit and unequivocal ideology on how mistakes occur is missing, but, however, there are implicit ideas about infallibility and perfection. The comparison indicates that the view of mistakes is also, possibly directed by a bureaucratic model (instead of an ideology on mistakes), which aims to legitimacy, but that this may happen on the expense of not taking surrounding circumstances into consideration. In that way there may be a certain contrast in the health and medical service’s present system between rule of law and medical service safety.

Recourir à l’assistance financière d’un tiers pour faire valoir un droit est connu depuis belle lurette. Avant son approbation progressive, ce financement a d’abord été décrié, car il était assimilé à une aide intéressée. En arbitrage commercial international, le financement des procédures par un tiers est actuellement courant. Par son entremise, une partie en litige peut ester en justice en n’étant plus dans l’obligation d’acquitter directement les frais d’arbitrage. Cette dernière a l’option de faire appel à un tiers financeur. Toutefois, ni le droit domestique ni le droit international ne peuvent offrir une règlementation complète de la pratique. Son encadrement est souvent laissé sous la responsabilité contractuelle des parties. Chaque juridiction possède sa propre approche et perception du financement par un tiers. Un régime international de la lex mercatoria apparait à ce niveau et normalise progressivement le financement.   En effet, la lex mercatoria possède les caractéristiques d’un régime international selon la théorie des régimes. Autrement dit, la lex mercatoria forme un régime international dans lequel un ensemble de régularisation (principes, normes, règles et procédures de prise de décision, implicites ou explicites) est institutionnalisé par les acteurs impliqués dans l’arbitrage commercial international pour répondre à un besoin qui est l’encadrement du financement par un tiers. Ainsi, l’émergence de cette lex mercatoria dans le financement est incontournable. Elle s’explique parfaitement par l’influence de la mondialisation sur l’arbitrage commercial international qui vient compléter le droit national lacunaire par une coopération axée sur l’uniformisation du soutien financier du bailleur d’arbitrage. / Third party funding is not a new topic. At the beginning, it was felt as a vicious way to provide a funder an abusive interest. This is the reason why it was first condemned and rejected. Although this might be true, the perception has changed. It is now approved and frequently used in international trade. The Funder is, de facto, considered as the help that gives access to arbitration regardless the financial abilities of the opponents in international commercial litigation. Regulating third party funding is concretely under the responsibilities of the funder and the funded parts. Each State has its own intervention style even though common ground can be noticed. The real difficulty is that in arbitration, thirdparty funding cannot be regulated exclusively by national nor international conventional rules. At this point, lex mercatoria appears to be an alternative manner to establish a homogeneous model. As an international regime, lex mercatoria is the most relevant regulation that leads to this practical normalization. According to regime theory, lex mercatoria and international regime reveal exactly the same structure. As far as lex mercatoria is concerned, it shapes an international regime composed by a set of implicit or explicit regulations (principles, norms, rules and decisionmaking procedures). Around those regulations, all international actors involved in international commercial arbitration contribute to the development of a general and nonstate guideline that frames the practice of third-party funding. All things considered, the rise of lex mercatoria is obvious in the field of third-party funding. Globalization process is well able to explain this appearance of an international regime of lex mercatoria since multilateral cooperation emerges to standardize third-party funding in international commercial arbitration.

La restauration de la République conduite par Octavien vit renaître l’activité législative, « florissante » selon les mots d’Ovide (Met., 2.141) « sous la conduite du très juste » Auguste (Met., 5.833). L’association entre Auguste et son oeuvre législative fut telle que parmi les honneurs funèbres, il fut proposé que le nom de chacune des lois figure sur des écriteaux du cortège funéraire. La lex accompagnait Auguste au tombeau. Ses successeurs abandonnèrent progressivement le recours à la lex et quelques décennies après la disparition d’Auguste, la loi recevait comme seule fonction de sanctionner les pouvoirs et honneurs décidés par le Sénat et conférés à l’empereur à chaque début de principat. Cette loi était la dernière traduction formelle de la volonté du populus Romanus : parce qu’elle émanait du peuple et qu’elle établissait un fondement entre le prince et son statut, ses pouvoirs et les activités auxquelles elle donnait lieu, elle retint particulièrement l’attention des Prudents. S’ils constatèrent le bouleversement général des sources du droit que l’enracinement du prince dans l’édifice constitutionnel républicain et le développement de ses interventions normatives avaient entraînés, seule la partie des Prudents que le prince avait associée à l’exercice de sa justice et de sa production normative, amplifia la normativité des formes qu’empruntait la volonté impériale. La formulation de l’identité de la constitution impériale à la lex marqua l’avènement d’un ordre juridique dont la cohérence reposait sur le consensus, non plus des divers organes de la République mais de l’empereur et des Prudents. Le recours à l’autorité de la loi pour caractériser les constitutions impériales leur assurait, au-delà des mutations dont ils surent prendre la mesure, la continuité d’une activité qui s’originait dans les premiers temps de la civitas. / The restoration of the Republic led by Octavian marked a new start of legislative activity, said to be "flourishing" by Ovid (Met.,2.141), "under the leadership of the righteous" Augustus (Met.,2.141). As part of his funeral honours, Augustus being so closely related to his legislative work was made clear when it was suggested that the name of each law were to be inscribed on the banners for the funeral procession. The lex accompanied Augustus to his tomb. Little by little his successors no longer resorted to the lex and a few decades after Augustus decease, the unique function of the law was to acknowledge the powers and honours decided by the Senate and conferred to the Emperor at the beginning of his reign. That law was the last formal expression of the will of the populus Romanus: because it originated from the people and established the basis between the Prince and his status, his power and the activities that rose from it, it particularly caught the attention of the Prudentes. Though they may have noted the general disruption of the sources of the Law, resulting from the normative interventions of the emperor, it was only the part of jurisprudence that the prince had associated with his justice and therefore the production of norms,, that enhanced the normativity of the forms expressing the imperial will. The identity of the imperial constitution formed on the lex was the beginning of a new legal order, coherently based upon the consensus between the emperor and the Prudentes rather than upon the various organs of the Republic. Their resorting to the authority of the Law to characterize the imperial constitutions and their ability to assess change, ensured that an activity that started at the beginning of the civitas could continue.

A concepção de aeronaves não convencionais a fim de alcançar um determinado desempenho ou melhoria operacional é sem dúvida um dos objetivos mais importantes da engenheira aeronáutica. Tais melhorias envolvem: redução de arrasto, redução da seção transversal, redução de ruído, redução da distância de decolagem e pouso, aumento da eficiência aerodinâmica, aumento da carga útil, entre outros. Por tanto, métodos de otimização multidisciplinar se tornaram em ferramentas muito úteis para aprimorar o projeto conceitual destas aeronaves. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do projeto conceitual de uma aeronave não convencional de combate e a análise de desempenho aerodinâmico do seu sistema de admissão de ar (Intake), tendo como principal característica, estar localizado na parte superior da fuselagem da aeronave (Dorsal Intake). O delineamento conceitual foi desenvolvido através da implementação de metodologias de otimização multidisciplinar de projeto (MDO) na fase de projeto paramétrico, integrando conceitos como: entropia estatística, desdobramento da função qualidade (QFD) e análise de restrições. Além disso, foram usados métodos analíticos e teóricos, ferramentas de desenho assistido por computador (CAD) e simulações da dinâmica dos fluidos computacionais (CFD) para otimizar e obter a configuração final da aeronave. Posteriormente, 5 configurações de asa delta foram selecionadas para avaliar as mudanças de desempenho do dorsal intake sob a influência aerodinâmica das superfícies principais da aeronave (Asa e Fuselagem), em regimes de voo subsônico (Mach = 0.4), transônico (Mach = 0.9) e supersônico (Mach = 1.7; 2) a diversos ângulos de ataque (De α = 10º a α = 30º ). Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho foram avaliados em separado, subsequentemente foram integrados, a fim de obter a nova concepção de aeronave não convencional de combate; a aplicação de MDO permitiu estimar as variáveis de projeto ideais para o desenvolvimento do projeto da aeronave, em relação a sua missão. Em contrapartida, os resultados da integração intake-estrutura mostram que apropriadas características de desempenho e compatibilidade foram mantidas durante as fases de voo subsônicas, para as 5 configurações de asa. No entanto, para velocidades transônicas, a configuração canard apresentou um acréscimo nos níveis de recuperação de pressão total, devido ao fluxo de alta energia na parte superior da fuselagem, o qual é produzido pelo vórtice do canard a moderados ângulos de ataque. Finalmente, para velocidades supersônicas, a asa com dispositivos LEX (Leading Edge Extensions) obteve os melhores níveis de recuperação de pressão total, pois a implementação destes dispositivos apresentou uma montagem mais vantajosa com sua fuselagem para gerar o cone de Mach, aumentando os níveis de recuperação de pressão total e reduzindo a distorção na face do motor. No entanto, para velocidades maiores a Mach = 2, sem importar a configuração de asa, a expansão do escoamento sobre a fuselagem e as asas da aeronave produziu um aumento no número Mach local na entrada do intake, o que reduziu os níveis de desempenho e compatibilidade do mesmo. Em consequência, a posição do intake na parte superior da fuselagem representa uma opção de configuração viável para aeronaves que requerem apenas capacidades de ângulo de ataque razoáveis, tais como aeronaves de caça ar-terra, sendo a asa com dispositivos LEX a geometria que representa melhores qualidades de desempenho na maioria dos 3 regimes de voo avaliados. / The conception of non-conventional aircraft with the aim of achieving a certain performance or operational improvement is undoubtedly, one of the most important objectives of the aeronautical engineering. These improvements involve: drag reduction, cross section reduction, noise reduction, shortening of take-off and landing distance, increase of aerodynamic efficiency, payload increase, among others. Therefore, optimization multidisciplinary methods became in very important tools to upgrade the conceptual design phase of these aircraft. In this context, this work had as aim the development of the conceptual design of a nonconventional fighter aircraft and the aerodynamic performance analysis of its air intake, having as main characteristic to be located at the top of the fuselage (Dorsal Intake). The conceptual design was developed through the implementation of multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) methods in the parametric design phase, integrating concepts of: statistical entropy, quality function deployment (QFD) and constraint analysis. Besides that, it was used analytical and theoretical methods, computer-aided design (CAD) tools and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to optimize and obtain the final aircraft configuration. Subsequently, 5 delta wing configurations were selected to evaluate the dorsal intake performance changes under the aerodynamic influence of the main aircraft surfaces (Wings and Fuselage) in subsonic (Mach = 0.4), transonic (Mach = 0.9) and supersonic (Mach = 1.7; 2) flight regimes, at various angles of attack (From α = 10º to α = 30º ). The results found in this work were evaluated separately, later these were integrated, in order to get the new conception of non-conventional fighter aircraft; the MDO application allowed to estimate the ideal design variables for developing the aircraft design, regarding to its mission. On the other hand, the results of the intake-structure integration shown that appropriate performance and compatibility characteristics were maintained during the subsonic flight stages for the 5 wing configurations. However, for transonic velocities, the canard configuration presented an increase in the total pressure recovery levels, due to the high energy flux on the fuselage, which is produced by the canard vortex at moderate angles of attack. Finally, for supersonic velocities, the wing with LEX (Leading Edge Extensions) devices got the best levels of total pressure recovery, because the implementation of these devices presented a more advantageous assembly with its fuselage to generate the Mach cone, increasing the total pressure recovery levels and reducing the distortion at the engine face. However, for velocities higher than Mach = 2, regardless the wing configuration, the flow expansion on the fuselage and the wings produced an increase in the local Mach number in the intake entrance, which reduced the performance and compatibility levels of it. As a consequence, the top mounted intake position represents an option of viable configuration to aircraft that require only reasonable angles of attack capabilities, such as air-to-ground fighter aircraft, being the wing with LEX devices the geometry that represents better performance qualities in the majority of the 3 evaluated flight regimes.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka företrädesrätten mellan CFC-lagstiftningen och skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Schweiz med utgångspunkt i RÅ 2008 ref. 24 och RÅ 2008 not. 61. I syftet ingår även att redogöra för vilka rättsliga effekter RÅ 2010 ref. 112 orsakar. Enligt gällande rätt ingås ett skatteavtal mellan två eller flera stater i syfte att undvika dubbelbeskattning, förhindra skatteundandragande och främja handeln över gränserna. Skatteavtal införlivas i svensk rätt genom införlivandelagen och därmed tillämpar Sverige ett dualistiskt rättssystem. När det gäller tolkningen av skatteavtal framförde HFD i RÅ 1996 ref. 84. att tolkningen av skatteavtal handlar om att försöka fastställa parternas gemensamma avsikt. Detta sker med hjälp av de metoder som finns i artiklarna 31–33 i 1969 års Wienkonvention. Utöver skatteavtalen har även CFC-regler behandlats. För att klassas som ett CFC-bolag krävs det att företaget går med överskott, är en utländsk juridisk person och har lågbeskattade inkomster. För att anses ha lågbeskattade inkomster krävs det att två rekvisit är uppfyllda - att personen inte alls beskattas eller beskattas lindrigt. I uppsatsen behandlas även huvudregeln och kompletteringsregeln som avgör om en inkomst är lågbeskattad. För att en delägare ska omfattas av CFC-reglerna ska hen vara en fysisk eller juridisk person som är skattskyldig, ingår i en intressegemenskap direkt eller indirekt genom andra utländska personer, och innehar eller kontrollerar minst 25% av den utländska juridiska delägarens röster. Företrädesrätten mellan CFC-lagstiftningen och skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Schweiz orsakar ett problem. Eftersom skatteavtal är folkrättsligt bindande förutsätter man att skatteavtal ska ha företräde, men detta tankesätt vände i RÅ 2008 ref. 24, RÅ 2008 not. 61, då CFC-lagstiftningen fick företräde framför skatteavtalet. HFD tillämpade principen lex posterior som innebär att en senare tillkommen lag har företräde framför äldre lag vilket bidrog till att CFC-lagstiftningen som tillkommit långt efter skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Schweiz skulle gälla. Detta medförde osäkerhet i tillämpningen och antalet förhandsbesked ökade hos SRN. Uppsatsen når slutsatsen med beaktande av gällande rätt att rättsläget fortfarande är oklart vad gäller företrädesrätten mellan CFC-lagstiftningen och skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Schweiz. HFD har i RÅ 2010 ref. 112 inte begränsat tillämpningen av derogationsprinciperna i förhållande till skatteavtal, men har uttryckt att skatteavtal som begränsar tillämpningen av intern rätt ska ges företräde. Detta orsakar förvirring och osäkerhet i tillämpningen av skatteavtal. Vilket leder till att rättsläget är oklart och kommer troligtvis vara det, så länge inte en ny lagstiftning korrigerar HFD:s avgöranden.

Fallet ”Lilla hjärtat” föranledde en granskning samt en förändringsprocess av socialnämndernas sätt att arbeta med tvångsvård av barn. Förloppet som följde ledde fram till promemorian Barnets bästa när vård enligt LVU upphör som är framtagen av en utredare på Socialdepartementet. Utredaren presenterade fyra förslag på förändring av lagstiftningen som ämnar att stärka barnets bästa. Jag har genomfört en diskursanalys av promemorian med utgångspunkt i forskningsfrågan: Hur påverkar en specifik händelse, omdebatterad såväl medialt som politiskt, det sociala arbetets styrning? Det är tydligt att de lagförslag som utredaren presenterar har en påtaglig koppling till socialnämndens hantering och debatten kring fallet Lilla hjärtat. Därtill präglas promemorian av en rättslig diskurs som i och med översättningsprocessen från det sociala arbetets praktik till en rättslig praktik förenklar representationen av problemet vilket resulterar i att socialarbetarens maktposition befästs medan barn framställs som passiva mottagare av stöd och skydd. Om lagförslagen antas kommer de påverka den enskilda socialarbetarens handlingsutrymme inom området tvångsplacering av barn. / The case "Lilla hjärtat" led to an evaluation of the social welfare committees' way of working with compulsory care of children. The process that followed led to the memorandum “The child's best interests when care according to LVU ceases” prepared by an investigator at the Ministry of Social Affairs. The investigator presented four proposals for changes in the legislation that aim to strengthen the best interests of the child. I have conducted a discourse analysis of the memorandum based on the research question: How does a specific event, debated both in the media, and politically, affect the governance of social work? It is clear that the legislations presented by the investigator have a strong connection to the Social Welfare Board's handling of the case and the debate surrounding the case Lilla hjärtat. Moreover, the memorandum is characterized by a legal discourse which, through the translation process from social work practice to a legal practice, simplifies the representation of the problem, which results in the social worker's position of power being consolidated while children are portrayed as passive recipients of support and protection. If adopted, the legislations will affect the individual social worker's capacity of action in the area of child protection.

La rémunération des créateurs d’œuvres musicales est indispensable au développement et à la pérennisation de l’innovation artistique. Cette rémunération doit se faire de manière juste et équitable entre les divers acteurs de la création musicale. Pour assurer une répartition équitable des redevances musicales, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle prévoit diverses règles et mécanismes de gestion des droits d’auteur. Cependant, à l’ère du numérique, ces mécanismes ne semblent plus efficaces face au développement des technologies informatiques. À côté des règles étatiques, des règles d’origine privée se sont développées. Parmi ces règles, les règles de nature technique et informatique présentent des caractéristiques intéressantes et efficaces pour renforcer et/ou suppléer les règles étatiques de gestion des droits d’auteur. En partant du principe que l’on se trouve aujourd’hui dans une ère juridique postmoderne où se juxtaposent des règles juridiques d’origine et de nature différentes, ce mémoire se présente comme une réflexion sur le type de régulation le plus pertinent pour assurer la juste et équitable rémunération des créateurs de la musique à l’ère du numérique. / The remuneration of music creators is essential for the development and sustainability of artistic innovation. This remuneration must be fair and equitable among the various participants in the creation of music. To ensure a fair distribution of music royalties, intellectual property law sets up various rules and mechanisms of copyright management. Yet, in this digital age, these mechanisms no longer seem appropriate for the developments of such technologies. In addition to legislative rules, other rules have developed in the private sector. Among them, technical and IT rules provide interesting and efficient characteristics to reinforce and/or replace the collective management rules found in mainstream copyright law. Starting with the assumption that we are today in a postmodern legal era where legal rules of different origins and natures are juxtaposed, this dissertation is a reflection on the relevant type of regulation that is needed to ensure a fair and equitable remuneration for music creators in the digital age.

The aim of this thesis called "Disciplinary liability of health care professionals, relationship to criminal liability" is to analyse and compare criminal and disciplinary liability in medicine and outline their relationship. Considering its topicality and interdisciplinary character, I found this matter to be very inspiring. Although the medical liability issue seems to be very popular and frequently discussed subject, there are some aspects and problems that need to be sorted out in order to provide the doctors with a minimal standard of legal certainity. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of any kind of liability rising out of medical profession. First chapter is subdivided into four parts briefly describing civil, labour, administrative and contractual liability relating to medicine. Chapter two focuses on criminal liability of doctors and composes of eight parts. First two parts reffer to the risk of fault, that any doctor can cause, and the ultima ratio principle. Part three illustrates the conditions of criminal liability. Part four adressess the issue of circumstances excluding illegality in medicine. Part five and six present the nature of medical intervention and define the term of health care professionals. Part seven and eight deals...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Toledo Piza Ferraz.pdf: 1105798 bytes, checksum: d10b31aae0422b33477048a9123e70e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / The purpose of the current study is to analyze the usages and practices under the contemporary commercial law and to evaluate its use on commercial arbitrations, both national and international. By the analysis of lex mercatoria, mostly, the purpose of the study is to assess the evolution and consolidation of usages and practices as suitable source of law in arbitration procedures, especially on a context where national legal systems rarely provide accordingly solutions for those involved in international trade / O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo dos usos e costumes à luz do direito comercial contemporâneo e como se dá o emprego dessa fonte de direito nas arbitragens comerciais, tanto domésticas quanto internacionais. A partir da análise, principalmente, da lex mercatoria, busca-se avaliar a evolução e a consolidação dos usos e costumes como fonte de direito adequada à solução de arbitragens, notadamente em um contexto em que os ordenamentos estatais raramente oferecem soluções satisfatórias para os atores envolvidos no dinâmico comércio internacional