A partir do pressuposto de que a escola é responsável pela inserção cada vez mais ampla dos sujeitos na cultura letrada - o que implica assumir a formação de leitores e escritores competentes como uma das principais metas educativas - e do fato de que as crianças precisam ser consideradas, desde as séries iniciais da educação infantil, como efetivas usuárias da língua escrita, o trabalho tem por objetivo investigar reflexões e ações dos pequenos aprendizes frente a tarefas desafiadoras de produção textual. Tomando a escrita como um sistema de representação configurado em diferentes gêneros textuais, entendendo que interações com esse objeto de conhecimento e com outros aprendizes são necessárias para a ampliação da competência escritora, pretende-se fazer uma análise dos processos de oito duplas de crianças, de 4 a 6 anos. Para tanto, foi proposta a produção de quatro textos (duas parlendas e duas listas) com base em diferentes variáveis: textos conhecidos de memória e textos cujo conteúdo precisava ser criado; textos com estruturas e propósitos comunicativos diversos; textos escritos no computador ou com lápis e papel; textos com a presença de dois sistemas de notação (letras e números). Interessam a esta análise as informações e conhecimentos (de natureza conceitual ou procedimental) intercambiados entre as crianças, que subsidiaram as decisões tomadas na composição dos textos. Os dados coletados permitem a constatação da amplitude das reflexões que as crianças são capazes de realizar, mesmo sem o domínio das convenções do sistema de escrita ou dos gêneros textuais. Além disso, o estudo objetiva situar a interação entre as crianças como fator relevante para as conquistas individuais em seus processos de aprendizagem. Assim, a análise dos dados tem como meta captar os processos cognitivos, mapeando suas tendências mais típicas e, ao mesmo tempo, apreendendo as suas singularidades a fim de enfocar a diversidade inerente à construção do conhecimento e que precisa ser um dos pilares do ensino da escrita. À luz dos postulados de teóricos construtivistas (sobretudo das referências de Piaget, Vygotsky, Coll, Ferreiro e Teberosky) e também de outros teóricos que destacam a importância da interação social na aprendizagem da escrita (entre os quais Bakhtin), a análise de aspectos discursivos e de aspectos notacionais, evidenciados nos processos de elaboração textual, visa contribuir para a revisão das atuais práticas escolares de ensino da escrita, defendendo princípios didáticos pautados na interação, na concepção de escrita como objeto social e histórico de conhecimento e na complexidade da aprendizagem desse objeto. / Based on the assumption that the school is responsible for the wider insertion of the individual in the literate culture - which implies assuming the formation of both competent readers and writers as one of the main objectives of education - and on the fact that children must be regarded, from the very early stages of learning, as effective users of the written language, this study aims at investigating young learners\' reflections and actions when faced with challenging text production tasks. Assuming writing as a representative system depicted in different types of texts and taking into account that interaction with this object of knowledge and other learners is necessary to amplify the writing competence, one aims at making an analysis of the processes carried out with eight pairs of children, aged 4 to 6. With this in mind, the production of four texts (two nursery rhymes and two lists) based on different variables was proposed: texts known by heart and texts whose content had to be created; texts with different structures and communicative goals; computer written texts and handwritten texts; and texts which use two different graphic systems (letters and numbers). This case study is mainly concerned with the information and knowledge (of concept or procedure nature) shared by the children, and which subsidised the decisions taken in the actual writing of the texts. The data collected enables the realisation of the amplitude of the reflections which children are able to make, despite their lack of mastery of the writing system conventions or an awareness of the different existing text types. Beside this, the case study aims at placing the interaction among children as a relevant factor for individual achievement in the learning processes, surveying their most typical tendencies as well as distinguishing its singularities so as to focus the inherent diversity of building knowledge, which must be one of the pillars of teaching writing. In the light of the postulates of constructive theorists (Piaget; Vygotsky, Coll, Ferrero and Teberosky) as well as other theorists who emphasise the importance of social interchange in writing (among whom is Bakhtin), the analysis of discursive and notational aspects revealed in the elaboration of the writing process, proposes to help revise the present teaching practices of writing carried out at school, defending principles in which the conception of writing as a social and historical object of knowledge and the complexity of the learning process of this object are present.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-08-13T21:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Mirely Dimbarre.pdf: 2062824 bytes, checksum: 6549a91c9674c49ca58d2b6d63da75f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:53:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Mirely Dimbarre.pdf: 2062824 bytes, checksum: 6549a91c9674c49ca58d2b6d63da75f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / Considerando as atuais demandas sociais, trabalhar a produção textual com alunos do 5º Ano do Ensino Fundamental a partir das práticas de letramento desenvolvidas nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, direcionando o olhar para a (re)negociação das identidades sociais, é uma “tarefa” a ser (re)pensada e aprimorada por professores. Mediante isso, a presente pesquisa visou a investigar como os alunos do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental (re)negociam suas identidades sociais nas produções escritas a partir das práticas e dos eventos de letramentos desenvolvidos nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa. Para tanto, elegeram-se duas turmas de uma escola da rede pública da cidade de Ponta Grossa/PR, no 2º semestre do ano de 2016, e, nessa inserção etnográfica, os dados foram gerados por meio de observações e das produções textuais desenvolvidas pelos referidos alunos. Sendo assim, a pesquisa se orienta nos conceitos de letramento, de dialogismo, de enunciado, de gênero do discurso, de produção escrita escolar e também, nos que envolvem questões de identidade e sujeito. Os dados gerados foram analisados à luz dos estudos bakhtinianos, considerando as relações dialógicas e de autores que norteiam os estudos sobre o conceito de letramento(s) e de identidade(s). Além disso, a investigação apoiou-se, nos documentos oficiais do Ensino Fundamental I em nível nacional e municipal. Dos participantes da pesquisa, foram 13 alunos da Turma A (TA) e 9 alunos da Turma B (TB) e suas respectivas professoras. Primeiramente, para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, foram realizadas as observações nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, com o intuito de verificar como as práticas de letramento eram desenvolvidas pelas duas professoras e como os alunos participavam. Constatou-se que as duas professoras em suas turmas e alguns alunos, de ambas, discutiam a respeito dos textos abordados em sala de aula, e após as possíveis leituras, posicionavam suas vozes. Em relação aos alunos, poucos se engajavam/ram nas discussões estabelecidas. Em seguida, foram analisadas as produções textuais dos alunos participantes, sendo escolhidas apenas 8 (oito) para as análises – 4 de cada turma. Sendo assim, a partir dessas produções, constatou-se que esses alunos posicionaram/(re)negociaram suas identidades sociais (de gênero e religiosa, conforme os textos bases e os gêneros do discurso trabalhados nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa). Dessa forma, verificou-se que mesmo o número efetivo de alunos participantes tenha sido pequeno, os que se fizeram presentes nas observações e nas produções escritas, se posicionaram e trouxeram suas vozes, baseadas nas vozes do(s) outro(s), a partir das esferas sociais que participam/transitam e das práticas letradas desenvolvidas nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa. Enfim, os alunos (re)negociam suas identidades sociais nas produções escritas. / Considering current social demands, working textual production with Elementary School students from the 5th grade, through literacy practices developed in Portuguese Language classes, looking at re-negociation of social identities, is a “task” to be thought and improved by teachers. This way, this research aims at investigate how the students from the 5th grade of Elementary School re-negociate their identities in writing productions through literate practices and literacy events developed in Portuguese Language classes. For this, it were elected two groups of a public school in Ponta Grossa/PR, in the second semester of 2016, and, in this ethnographic insertion, data were generated through observations and also through textual productions developed by those students. Thus, the study is carried within literacy concepts of dialogism, wording, speech genres, writing production at school and also issues about subject and identity. Data were analyzed in light of Bakhtin studies, considering dialogical relations, and authors who guide concepts about literacy(ies) and identity(ies). Besides, this investigation is based on official documents of Elementary School in national and municipal level. The research participants were 13 students of Group A and 9 from Group B and their respective teachers. First, for referral this study, observations were done in Portuguese Language classes, with the objective of verify how literacy practices have been developed by the teachers and how the students participate of them. It was found that both teachers and some students in their classes discussed about the mentioned texts, and after possible readings, they pointed their view. As for students, a few of them was engaged in set discussions. Then, it was analyzed the students’ writing productions, being chosen just 8 – 4 of each group. At this, through these productions, it was noted that these students placed / re-negociated their social identities (of gender and religious, according to main texts and speech genres worked in Portuguese Language classes). So, even if the effective number of students was not so large, those who participated, brought their writing productions and expressed themselves and their voices, based on one another voices, through social places where they live and the literacy practices which are developed in Portuguese Language classes. At last, the students re-negociate their social identities in writing productions.

First year traditional college students required to register in a sequence of remedial courses prior to enrollment in credit-bearing courses often get discouraged by the financial burden and time commitments of this additional work and, subsequently, decide to drop out. The purpose of this qualitative program evaluation was to examine the effectiveness of the remedial adult literacy program being used at a 4-year urban college in the northeast and assess the curriculum alignment with the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) standards. Knowles theory of andragogy, which suggests that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for their own decisions, was the conceptual framework for this study. Research questions addressed participants' perceptions of the current adult literacy program. All 60 students enrolled in the adult literacy program completed open-ended questionnaires and participated in focus group interviews. Two faculty and 3 administrators responsible for the adult literacy program completed questionnaires and participated in individual interviews. Thematic coding and member checks allowed for data triangulation to analyze the findings. Three themes emerged to improve the quality and effectiveness of the current program: reform of instructional program, technology intervention, and enhancing student learning through assessment. Staff members did not think curriculum aligned with CHEA standards. The majority of students and staff preferred a media versus text-based curriculum. Social change is promoted by continued program evaluation and integrating technology in adult literacy programs to improve student achievement and self-efficacy, prompting greater college completion and workforce preparation.

在台灣，成年婦女不(低)識字率較男性高出許多，根據心理學家的研究發現，男女兩性在智力、學習能力上均無顯著差異，因此，女性不識字率高於男性的事實，顯示女性為教育的不利人口。她們的受教機會受到哪些阻礙，而在成功參與識字教育後，她們生活中各個面向的生命經驗產生了什麼樣的轉變。因此，本研究的研究目的在於： 一、探討婦女參與識字方案的障礙與問題。 二、探討成年婦女參與識字教育歷程中生活適應上的轉變及對於其自我看法上的改變。 本研究質性研究法為基礎，以一般性訪談導引法訪問十五位學齡期失學，現已自國小補校畢業或參與三年以上成人基本教育研習班並已結業的成年婦女。根據訪談結果整理參與識字教育之成年婦女參與識字教育的阻礙、如何因應與處理之前不(低)識字的生活、參與識字教育的意義為何以及參與識字教育經驗中她們對自我看法的轉變。研究結果摘要如下： 一、女性參與識字教育的障礙：性別、貧窮、戰爭及抗拒。 二、成年婦女參與識字教育的原因及動機：彌補缺憾、排除不(低)識字對生活的不便；家庭責任告一段落則是她們得以無心理負擔的參與識字教育的原因。 三、參與識字教育對成年婦女的意義在於：她們要證明自己也可以樂於學習；希望在為家庭及子女著想外也能為自己著想；參與識字教育對她們而言是種生活上的寄託。 四、成年婦女參與識字教育後自我概念的轉變： (一)自信心的提升。 (二)較喜愛自我。 (三)對生活與成就感到滿意。 (四)被他人欣賞的感覺。 (五)積極扮演社會角色。

Η παρούσα εργασία θέτει ως βασικό ζητούμενο διερεύνησης τη μελέτη και την αποτίμηση της αφηγηματικής ικανότητας, όπως και τη χαρτογράφηση της εξέλιξής της κατά τη προσχολική (4-6) και πρωτοσχολική ηλικία (6-9). Επίσης, αναζητά το ενδεχόμενο η αφηγηματική ικανότητα των παιδιών να επηρεάζεται από κοινωνικομορφωτικούς παράγοντες. Η ερευνητική διαδικασία έλαβε χώρα το 2013 και στη διάρκειά της το δείγμα των συμμετεχόντων (εξήντα τέσσερις στο σύνολο) χωρίστηκε στις τέσσερις ηλικιακές ομάδες (προνήπια, νήπια, Α΄ και Γ΄ τάξης), οι οποίες αποτελούνται από δεκαέξι παιδιά (μισά αγόρια και μισά κορίτσια). Επίσης η διαμόρφωση των ομάδων των ομάδων εξυπηρετεί και τη μελέτη της επιρροής των κοινωνικομορφωτικών παραγόντων. Η ερευνητική διαδικασία πραγματοποιήθηκε σε δύο φάσεις. Στην πρώτη φάση όλοι οι συμμετέχοντες και των τεσσάρων ηλικιακών ομάδων διηγήθηκαν μια ιστορία. Στη δεύτερη φάση οι συμμετέχοντες νηπιακής ηλικίας και της Γ΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού αναδιηγήθηκαν μια ιστορία, αφού πρώτα είχαν παρακολουθήσει την ανάγνωσή της. Τα αφηγηματικά κείμενα των συμμετεχόντων ηχογραφήθηκαν και στη συνέχεια αναλύθηκαν με βάση τη μέθοδο της «Πυραμίδας των ιστοριών» (Curenton & Lucas, 2007). Η ανάλυση των εγγράμματων γλωσσικών στοιχείων και της λεξιλογικής ποικιλίας των αφηγήσεων των παιδιών παρουσιάζει την εξέλιξη στη χρήση του εκτενή λόγου από τους συμμετέχοντες, καθιστώντας τις αφηγήσεις τους γλωσσικά πολύπλοκες και σαφείς. Επίσης η ανάλυση των αφηγηματικών δεδομένων των συμμετεχόντων και των δύο φάσεων παρουσιάζει την εξέλιξη της αφηγηματικής τους ικανότητας, η οποία ακολουθεί στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος του δείγματος την ηλικιακή ωρίμανσή τους, όπως συμβαίνει και στην εξέλιξη της χρήσης του εκτενή λόγου. Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει μια ενθαρρυντική εικόνα για τους συμμετέχοντες της τάξης του νηπιαγωγείου και μια πολλά υποσχόμενη αναπτυξιακή πορεία για τα προνήπια του δείγματος. Όμως, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αναφορικά με την αφηγηματική ικανότητα των παιδιών που συμμετείχαν στην έρευνα της Α΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού εμφανίζουν μια μεταβατική εικόνα, η οποία χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνησης. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας δείχνουν ότι οι αφηγήσεις των συμμετεχόντων της Γ΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού είναι σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό γλωσσικά πολύπλοκες και σαφείς και αφηγηματικά καλά δομημένες, έναντι των μικρότερων ηλικιών. / The research which was carried out set as its fundamental objective the study and the assessment of narrative skill as well as the determination of its development during preschool(4-6) and first school (6-9) age. As sample of the research sixteen children were selected (eight boys and eight girls) for each of the four age-related groups: preschoolers, infants, A΄ and C΄ class of primary school. Based on discoveries of previous researches we wanted, also to examine the possibility that the narrating skill of children is affected by social-educational factors. For the investigation of this potential, half of the children from each age-related team belong to “social category 1”, that is to say both of their parents have a degree in tertiary education and the other half belong to “social category 2”, the parents of which are secondary or first degree education graduates. During the inquiring process all participants of all four age-related groups watched the silent movie of animated cartoons “The ugly duckling” and afterwards they told the story, which was recorded. Then, in a second phase of the research, the team of infants and of C’ class of primary school, were called to watch the narration of the book “All together in a blue couch” and afterwards to retell the story based on the pictures of the book, without the words of the writer. The retelling was recorded. The analysis of narrating data of children of both phases presents the development of narrating skill, which follows, in the bigger part of the sample, their age-related maturity. Simultaneously, however, it is also the development in the use of extended discourse by the participants, which renders their narrations linguistically complicated, explicit and narratively good structured. But the results of the research reveal also two extra elements that cause our reflection. First is the likely influence of social-educational factor mainly in the story structure and less in the language structure of the narrations of A΄ class of primary school students. The second is the declining tendency of the linguistic and narrating structure of the narrations of A΄ class primary school students. In conclusion, the present research supports that possibly the children of infant age, of the present research seem to present higher narrating skills than the A΄ class students and use it in their narrating texts, more extended than that of the A΄ class students. Finally, the evolutionary course of narrating skill is also confirmed by the narrations of the C΄ class of primary school participants, as well as the bigger and more frequent use of extended speech by children of this age.

xiv, 149 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Three types of literate words, including abstract nouns (freedom, challenge), mental state verbs (assume, explain), and derivatives (relationship, respectful), were examined in narrative and expository writing in typically developing children and adolescents. It was predicted that older students would use literate words more frequently than younger students, and that literate words would occur more frequently in expository writing than in narrative writing. One hundred and twenty typically developing children and adolescents including forty 5th graders, forty 8th graders, and forty 11th graders wrote one narrative and one expository essay at school. The results showed that genre had a substantial impact on the use of literate words in the writing of school-age children and adolescents. except metalinguistic verbs. Moreover, literate words were used significantly more often in expository than in narrative text, except derived adjectives. Additionally, metalinguistic verbs occurred more often in narrative writing than expository writing; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Age-related increases occurred in the use of abstract nouns, derived nominals, early/late developing metacognitive verbs and late developing metalinguistic verbs in narrative writing. Age-related increases also occurred in the use of derived adjectives, and late developing metacognitive and metalinguistic verbs in expository writing. The present study adds to the knowledge base concerning the development of literate word use in narrative and expository writing in typically developing children and adolescents. / Adviser: Marilyn Nippold

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 verzola_z_me_fran.pdf: 6455247 bytes, checksum: 07e309d2a6da339e351e005e22f911cb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a alfabetização em escolas públicas. A proposta surgiu da observação de que muitos alunos têm chegado ao final do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Fundamental (4ª série) e até mais além, sem as habilidades de leitura e escrita consideradas satisfatórias. O estudo averigüa, de forma dialética, a existência de fatores de sucesso na alfabetização em três salas de aula de escolas estaduais em Franca. Fundamenta-se nas reflexões de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre a linguagem, sua constituição e funcionamento e nos estudos sobre alfabetização realizados por Magda Soares. Na análise dos dados, outros referenciais, considerados pertinentes, são utilizados. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que alguns fatores constituem-se em facilitadores da aquisição inicial da leitura e da escrita: a) a escola ver-se como um agente de transformação social; b) o aprendizado da língua ser um processo social, que trabalha com a reconstrução dos sistemas de referências e com a constituição do sujeito; c) a alfabetização ser uma prática abrangente, que vá desde a aquisição do código escrito até o acesso ao patrimônio cultural. Das três escolas que participaram do estudo, duas delas estão, na prática, mais próximas dos fundamentos teóricos percebidos. / This work proposes a reflection about the literate process in public schools. The proposal arose from the observation that many students have arrived to the finish of the First Schooling Period - the fourth schooling year - or more, without the reading and writing satisfactory abilities. This study ascertains, dialectically, the existence of factors of success in the literate process on three classrooms of different public schools at Franca-SP-Bra. The work leaves from the reflections of Mikhail Bakhtin, concerning the language, its constitution and operation, and from the studies about the literate process by Magda Soares. In the analysis of data, other viewpoints, considered pertinent, are applied. The found results with effect from the research reveal that some factors aid to facilitate the initial reading and writing acquisitions: a) the school performing as an agent of social transformation; b) The learning of language to be a social process, that works with the rebuilding of the systems of references and with the building of the personality; and c) the literate become an ample practice, involving since the written code acquisition, until the access to the cultural social patrimony. Two of the three studied schools are, actually, near of the noticed theoretical principles.

Orientador: Djanira Soares de Oliveira e Almeida / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a alfabetização em escolas públicas. A proposta surgiu da observação de que muitos alunos têm chegado ao final do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Fundamental (4ª série) e até mais além, sem as habilidades de leitura e escrita consideradas satisfatórias. O estudo averigüa, de forma dialética, a existência de fatores de sucesso na alfabetização em três salas de aula de escolas estaduais em Franca. Fundamenta-se nas reflexões de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre a linguagem, sua constituição e funcionamento e nos estudos sobre alfabetização realizados por Magda Soares. Na análise dos dados, outros referenciais, considerados pertinentes, são utilizados. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que alguns fatores constituem-se em facilitadores da aquisição inicial da leitura e da escrita: a) a escola ver-se como um agente de transformação social; b) o aprendizado da língua ser um processo social, que trabalha com a reconstrução dos sistemas de referências e com a constituição do sujeito; c) a alfabetização ser uma prática abrangente, que vá desde a aquisição do código escrito até o acesso ao patrimônio cultural. Das três escolas que participaram do estudo, duas delas estão, na prática, mais próximas dos fundamentos teóricos percebidos. / Abstract: This work proposes a reflection about the literate process in public schools. The proposal arose from the observation that many students have arrived to the finish of the First Schooling Period - the fourth schooling year - or more, without the reading and writing satisfactory abilities. This study ascertains, dialectically, the existence of factors of success in the literate process on three classrooms of different public schools at Franca-SP-Bra. The work leaves from the reflections of Mikhail Bakhtin, concerning the language, its constitution and operation, and from the studies about the literate process by Magda Soares. In the analysis of data, other viewpoints, considered pertinent, are applied. The found results with effect from the research reveal that some factors aid to facilitate the initial reading and writing acquisitions: a) the school performing as an agent of social transformation; b) The learning of language to be a social process, that works with the rebuilding of the systems of references and with the building of the personality; and c) the literate become an ample practice, involving since the written code acquisition, until the access to the cultural social patrimony. Two of the three studied schools are, actually, near of the noticed theoretical principles. / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-13T14:02:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_AnaKarine_BC.pdf: 9677886 bytes, checksum: 7a5f526e96da76f17cfd9a1bbbb018dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T14:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_AnaKarine_BC.pdf: 9677886 bytes, checksum: 7a5f526e96da76f17cfd9a1bbbb018dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Esta investigação tem como objetivo central analisar as tradições discursivas (TDs), dos anúncios de fuga de escravos dos jornais do Recife, do século XIX, e compará-las com as dos anúncios de procurados da atualidade, identificando os elementos constitutivos de ambos os gêneros, a fim de estabelecer um elo entre inovação e conservação de TDs entre os textos. Os critérios definidores da historicidade e tradicionalidade dos textos residem na repetição e evocação de expressões que adquirem valor de signos próprios, princípios que fundamentam a noção de TD. O arcabouço teórico está ancorado nos pressupostos das TDs, a partir das considerações de Coseriu (1979, 1980), Schlieben-Langue (1983), Koch (1997, 2008), Oesterreicher (1994, 1996, 2006), Kabatek (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008), da teoria dos gêneros textuais com Bakhtin (2003) e Marcuschi (2002; 2008), que procuram compreender a constituição e o funcionamento do gênero na sociedade; a prática do jornalismo impresso e na história da imprensa no Brasil e em Pernambuco com Rizzini (1968), Sodré (1999), Pessoa (2002; 2006) e Barbosa (2010); a história social da escravidão no Brasil com Freyre (1967/2010; 2006), Schwarcz (1987) e Carvalho (2010); e nas análises linguístico-discursivas que se apoiam nos trabalhos de Oesterreicher (1994), Pessoa (2003) e Toral (2013). A metodologia consiste no método histórico e na abordagem quanti-qualitativa, pautada na análise estrutural, descritiva, interpretativa dos dados, e na pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A investigação inicial reside na averiguação das TDs que permaneceram retoricamente situadas nos anúncios de fuga de escravos e quais delas mudaram e migraram para os anúncios de procurados. No entanto, o anúncio de fuga de escravos, como TD da cultura impressa, o jornal, mostra-se como produção de autores semicultos, i.e., de competência escrita restrita, que transportam traços da fala à elaboração textual. As análises evidenciaram que tais anúncios estão muito próximos do que Oesterreicher denominou de imediatez comunicativa, apresentando sintaxe truncada, ausência de pontuação ou pontuação inadequada e ausência de elementos sintáticos que contribuem com a ruptura no tópico discursivo, entre outros aspectos. As análises empreendidas não pretendem submeter os dados às exigências de uma teoria, mas de valorizar o jornal como fonte histórica, dos anúncios de fuga escravos (diacronia) e de procurados (sincronia) como TDs legítimas tanto para as análises linguísticas, quanto para a história social. Ao falarmos em repetição, evocação, atualização e tradição, acreditamos que uma língua particular, como o português brasileiro, é afetada pelos aspectos históricosociais e, em decorrência disso, há elementos tradicionais que se tornam imutáveis e outros que são vulneráveis a mudanças, favorecendo, dessa forma, a mudança linguística. / This research aims at analyzing the discursive traditions (DTs) “slaves escape ads” of newspapers from Recife, in the nineteenth century, and comparing them with those of today's wanted fugitives ads, identifying the constituent elements of both genders, in order to establish a link between innovation and conservation of DTs in texts. The defining criteria of historicity and traditionalism of the texts lie in repetition and evoking expressions that acquire value of own signs, principles underlying the notion of DT. The theoretical framework is anchored on the assumptions of the studies of DTs, from considerations of Coseriu (1979; 1980), Schlieben-Langue (1983), Koch (1997; 2008), Oesterreicher (1994; 1996; 2006), Kabatek (2003; 2004; 2005; 2008); the theory of genres with Bakhtin (2003) and Marcuschi (2002; 2008), by seeking to understand the constitution and functioning of the genre in society; the practice of print journalism in the history of the press in Brazil and Pernambuco with Rizzini (1968), Sodré (1999), Pessoa (2002; 2006) and Barbosa (2010); the social history of slavery in Brazil with Freyre (1967/2010; 2006), Schwarcz (1987) and Carvalho (2010); and the linguisticdiscursive analyses that support the work of Oesterreicher (1994), Pessoa (2003) and Toral (2013). The methodology consists of the historical method and the quantitative and qualitative approach, based on structural analysis, descriptive and interpretative data, and documentary and bibliographic research. The initial research is the investigation of DTs who remained rhetorically located in the slaves escape ads and which ones changed and migrated to the wanted ads. However, the announcement of slaves escape, as DT of print culture, the newspaper, is shown as production of semicultos (half-literate), i.e., authors with restricted writing competence, carrying traces of speech to textual written elaboration. Analyses show that such ads are very close to what Oesterreicher termed “communicative immediacy”, with truncated syntax, no punctuation or improper punctuation and absence of syntactic elements that contribute to the breakdown in the discursive topic, among others. The current analysis do not intend to submit the data to the demands of a theory, but to value the newspaper as a historical source of slaves escape advertisements (diachrony) and its transformation into wanted fugitives ads (synchrony) as legitimate DTs both for linguistic analysis, as for social history. When we talk about repetition, retrieval, update and tradition, we believe that a particular language, such as Brazilian Portuguese, is affected by sociohistorical aspects and, as a result, there are traditional elements that become immutable and others who are vulnerable to change, favoring thus the language change.

A partir do pressuposto de que a escola é responsável pela inserção cada vez mais ampla dos sujeitos na cultura letrada - o que implica assumir a formação de leitores e escritores competentes como uma das principais metas educativas - e do fato de que as crianças precisam ser consideradas, desde as séries iniciais da educação infantil, como efetivas usuárias da língua escrita, o trabalho tem por objetivo investigar reflexões e ações dos pequenos aprendizes frente a tarefas desafiadoras de produção textual. Tomando a escrita como um sistema de representação configurado em diferentes gêneros textuais, entendendo que interações com esse objeto de conhecimento e com outros aprendizes são necessárias para a ampliação da competência escritora, pretende-se fazer uma análise dos processos de oito duplas de crianças, de 4 a 6 anos. Para tanto, foi proposta a produção de quatro textos (duas parlendas e duas listas) com base em diferentes variáveis: textos conhecidos de memória e textos cujo conteúdo precisava ser criado; textos com estruturas e propósitos comunicativos diversos; textos escritos no computador ou com lápis e papel; textos com a presença de dois sistemas de notação (letras e números). Interessam a esta análise as informações e conhecimentos (de natureza conceitual ou procedimental) intercambiados entre as crianças, que subsidiaram as decisões tomadas na composição dos textos. Os dados coletados permitem a constatação da amplitude das reflexões que as crianças são capazes de realizar, mesmo sem o domínio das convenções do sistema de escrita ou dos gêneros textuais. Além disso, o estudo objetiva situar a interação entre as crianças como fator relevante para as conquistas individuais em seus processos de aprendizagem. Assim, a análise dos dados tem como meta captar os processos cognitivos, mapeando suas tendências mais típicas e, ao mesmo tempo, apreendendo as suas singularidades a fim de enfocar a diversidade inerente à construção do conhecimento e que precisa ser um dos pilares do ensino da escrita. À luz dos postulados de teóricos construtivistas (sobretudo das referências de Piaget, Vygotsky, Coll, Ferreiro e Teberosky) e também de outros teóricos que destacam a importância da interação social na aprendizagem da escrita (entre os quais Bakhtin), a análise de aspectos discursivos e de aspectos notacionais, evidenciados nos processos de elaboração textual, visa contribuir para a revisão das atuais práticas escolares de ensino da escrita, defendendo princípios didáticos pautados na interação, na concepção de escrita como objeto social e histórico de conhecimento e na complexidade da aprendizagem desse objeto. / Based on the assumption that the school is responsible for the wider insertion of the individual in the literate culture - which implies assuming the formation of both competent readers and writers as one of the main objectives of education - and on the fact that children must be regarded, from the very early stages of learning, as effective users of the written language, this study aims at investigating young learners\' reflections and actions when faced with challenging text production tasks. Assuming writing as a representative system depicted in different types of texts and taking into account that interaction with this object of knowledge and other learners is necessary to amplify the writing competence, one aims at making an analysis of the processes carried out with eight pairs of children, aged 4 to 6. With this in mind, the production of four texts (two nursery rhymes and two lists) based on different variables was proposed: texts known by heart and texts whose content had to be created; texts with different structures and communicative goals; computer written texts and handwritten texts; and texts which use two different graphic systems (letters and numbers). This case study is mainly concerned with the information and knowledge (of concept or procedure nature) shared by the children, and which subsidised the decisions taken in the actual writing of the texts. The data collected enables the realisation of the amplitude of the reflections which children are able to make, despite their lack of mastery of the writing system conventions or an awareness of the different existing text types. Beside this, the case study aims at placing the interaction among children as a relevant factor for individual achievement in the learning processes, surveying their most typical tendencies as well as distinguishing its singularities so as to focus the inherent diversity of building knowledge, which must be one of the pillars of teaching writing. In the light of the postulates of constructive theorists (Piaget; Vygotsky, Coll, Ferrero and Teberosky) as well as other theorists who emphasise the importance of social interchange in writing (among whom is Bakhtin), the analysis of discursive and notational aspects revealed in the elaboration of the writing process, proposes to help revise the present teaching practices of writing carried out at school, defending principles in which the conception of writing as a social and historical object of knowledge and the complexity of the learning process of this object are present.