L’attractivité est un objectif marqué pour les élus des villes petites et moyennes prises dans un contexte de décroissance démographique. Ce phénomène les incite en effet à s’investir dans des formes de concurrence territoriale. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche signée avec l’Agence d’urbanisme Sud Bourgogne, dont le périmètre d’intervention est situé au nord du département de la Saône-et-Loire, entre Chalon-sur-Saône, Le Creusot, Montceau-les-Mines et Autun. Cette particularité a donné lieu à la réalisation de missions opérationnelles directement sur le terrain. Le but de ce travail de recherche est d’interroger la considération de l’attractivité, par le niveau politique de ces villes, au regard de leur profonde dynamique négative. Dans cette logique, la notion d’ « attractivité » a été déconstruite en trois composantes, l’attrait, l’attraction et les accointances, faisant référence aux questions de cadre de vie et de structuration des relations intra et interterritoriales. L’insertion facilitée au périmètre d’études, à travers une structure déjà intégrée localement, a permis la mise en place d’une méthodologie basée sur l’observation participante, complétée par une investigation statistique locale et nationale, qui a conduit à l’identification de deux axes de recherche opérationnelle. Le premier rend compte des potentiels de complémentarité en matière d’aménités, entre les intercommunalités, dans la réflexion d’une démarche interSCoT, alors que le deuxième montre l’opportunité que représente le vieillissement démographique en termes de développement économique, présentiel et productif. Ces éclairages donnent les moyens de comprendre l’attractivité à partir des ressources locales, même quand celles-ci sont habituellement appréhendées comme des indicateurs de la décroissance, et ce, en atténuant la confrontation entre les territoires et en valorisant leur articulation. / Attractiveness is an important objective for the elected representatives of small and medium-sized towns taken in a context of demographic decline. This phenomenon encourages them to invest in forms of territorial competition. This thesis is part of a « Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche » signed with the Agence d’Urbanisme Sud Bourgogne, whose scope of intervention is located in the north of the Saône-et-Loire department, between Chalon-sur- Saone, Le Creusot, Montceau-les-Mines and Autun. This particularity has led to the realization of operational missions directly in the field. The objective of this research is to question the attractiveness of the political level of these cities in terms of their deep negative dynamics. In this context, the notion of « attractiveness » has been deconstructed into three components, « appeal », « attraction » and « acquaintances », referring to issues of living environment and structuring intra and interterritorial relations. The facilitated insertion into the study area, through a structure already integrated locally, made possible to set up a methodology based on participant observation, supplemented by a local and national statistical investigation, which led to the identification of two lines of operational research. The first reports on the potential for complementarity in terms of amenities, between intercommunalities, in the reflection of an interSCoT approach, while the second shows the opportunity represented by demographic ageing in terms of economic development, face to face and productive. These insights provide the tools to understand the attractiveness of local resources, even when they are usually understood as indicators of decay, and this, attenuating the confrontation between territories and enhancing their articulation.

中山高速公路交流道鄰近地區多劃設為交流道特定區，交流道特定區具備維持交流道運輸和保持附近聚落都市生活品質雙重功能。而根據交流道區域特性與土地使用組合的不同，劃分交流道特定區為發展型、帶動發展型、輔助發展型與管制型。本研究以麻豆（帶動發展型）和永康（發展型）交流道特定區為研究範圍，探究交流道地區居民對生活環境品質之態度。 　　影響生活環境品質的因素很多，本研究探討土地使用對生活環境品質的影響，以社會心理學方法衡量居民對生活環境品質的滿意度，進一步比較分析交流道地區居民對交流道區內和區間生活環境品質的評價和滿意度，並在考慮居民基本屬性（性別、職業、教育、年齡、所得）下，探討不同類型交流道特定區是否影響居民之生活環境品質態度。 　　綜合本研究之分析得到以下之結論： 　　一、交流道地區居民對住宅內部環境之滿意度高於對住宅外部環境之滿意度。 　　二、交流道地區居民對交流道地區間之生活環境品質的認知和滿意程度是相同的，對交流道地區內之生活環境品質的認知和滿意程度有差異。 　　三、在考慮居民的基本屬性下，不同類型交流道特定區之土地使用會影響居民生活環境品質態度之形成。 　　根據研究結論提出下列建議： 　　一、改善交流道地區的生活環境品質，應著重在交流道地區內，如鄰里公共設施之興闢。 　　二、影響交流道地區生活環境品質之因素多與車輛交通有關，所以提升交流道特定區生活環境品質之方法，是以交通運輸網路配合居住聚落之配置。 　　三、本研究假設影響居民生活環境品質態度形成之因素為土地使用與居民基本屬性，是否還有其他影響之因素，可做進一步之分析。

<p>The purpose with this study was to examine which opinions and knowledge the directors have about the physical residential environment's importance on accommodations for people with dementia disease and how they do to create and to maintain a good physical residential environment. The issues have been: Which opinions and knowledge the directors had about the physical residential environment's importance for the people with dementia? How did the managers work in order to create and maintain a good physical residential environment? We had four themes, homelike environment on the accommodations, priorities on the accommodation, care/nursing in the physical residential environment and the manager’s possibility to influence the physical residential environment. The study followed a qualitative method. Five managers were interviewed on four accommodations and the managers were said to work actively with the physical residential environment. The results of the study were analyzed on the basis of Antonovskys theoretical perspectives called ”the feeling of contexts”. The result showed that the managers considered that the living environment for people with dementia should be a homelike environment which is individual tailored from their previous life. The managers wanted to accomplish a living environment which stimulated involvement.</p>

<p>Historiskt sett har bostadsfastigheter begränsats till den areal som krävs för att fastigheten väsentligen ska få karaktär av en bostadstomt. En ökad efterfrågan på ett attraktivt landsbygdsboende resulterade i ändringar av fastighetsbildningslagen, vilket gjorde det möjligt att bilda stora bostadsfastigheter med kombinerat ändamål, helt i linje med den gällande glesbygdspolitiken. Fortfarande fanns det dock restriktioner mot att tillföra skogsmark till bostadsfastigheter för att skydda det produktiva skogsbruket. Lantmäteriet tog därför fram arbetsrekommendationer för att underlätta möjligheten att tillföra skogsskiften, bland annat för uttag av husbehovsved. Denna studie hade syftet att undersöka hur lagändringen med efterföljande arbetsrekommendationer påverkat bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden.</p><p>Varför människor flyttar är en viktig fråga för både forskare inom området och politiker, eftersom regionalpolitik bör anpassas till var människor vill bo och varför de väljer att flytta dit. Tidigare studier har framförallt fokuserat på ekonomiska flyttmotiv, men boendemiljöns och naturens inverkan har belysts alltmer under de senare åren. Den betydelse fastighetens fysiska utformning har för flyttbeslutet är dock mindre utrett. Vi har därför undersökt om och hur dessa fastigheter påverkat bosättningen på landsbygden inom de utvalda kommunerna. Studien bestod dels av en postenkät till de fastighetsägare som innehar dessa stora bostadsfastigheter med ingående skogsskiften, dels semistrukturerade intervjuer med lantmätare som genomfört dessa förrättningar.</p><p>Sammantaget såg vi att stora bostadsfastigheter med skog och mark var en anledning till den kontraurbanisering som skett eftersom flera av de flyttskäl som angetts varit svåra att uppnå med en annan typ av fastighet. Även om lantmätarnas bedömning skiljde sig när det gällde detaljer så uppfylldes det huvudsakliga syftet att bilda lämpliga och attraktiva bostadsfastigheter utan att det produktiva skogsbruket skadats. Slutsatsen att de fastigheter som bildats upplevs som attraktiva drog vi genom att de som flyttat till dessa fastigheter utnyttjade de möjligheter som fanns med detta boende.</p> / <p>Historically, residential property is limited to the area needed for the property to substantially have the character of a residential plot. An increased demand for an attractive rural housing resulted in changes to property law, which made it possible to form large residential properties with combined purposes, all in line with the existing rural policy. Still, however, there were restrictions to bring forest land to residential plots for the protection of the productive forestry. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) have therefore created working recommendations to facilitate the opportunity to incorporate forest plots, including the collection of firewood for household use. This study had the aim to investigate how the amended legislation, with subsequent work recommendations influenced the formation of large residential properties in rural areas.</p><p>Why people move is an important issue for both researchers in the field and politicians, as the regional policy should be adapted to where people want to live and why they choose to move there. Previous studies have mainly focused on economic motives, but the living environment and nature’s impact has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. The importance of the property’s physical design for the decision to move, however, is less investigated. We have therefore examined whether and how those properties affected settlement in rural areas within the selected municipalities. The study consisted partly of a postal questionnaire to the property owners who hold these large residential properties with forest parcels included and semi-structured interviews with surveyors who carried out these missions.</p><p>Overall, we saw that large residential properties with forest and land was a reason for the counter-urbanization that has taken place because many of the migratory reasons given have been difficult to achieve with a different type of property. Although surveyors’ assessment differed in terms of details the main purpose to create appropriate and attractive residential properties without the productive forest damaged was fulfilled. We made the conclusion that the property formed, perceived as attractive by those who moved to these properties because they took advantage of the opportunities available with this accommodation.</p>

The purpose with this study was to examine which opinions and knowledge the directors have about the physical residential environment's importance on accommodations for people with dementia disease and how they do to create and to maintain a good physical residential environment. The issues have been: Which opinions and knowledge the directors had about the physical residential environment's importance for the people with dementia? How did the managers work in order to create and maintain a good physical residential environment? We had four themes, homelike environment on the accommodations, priorities on the accommodation, care/nursing in the physical residential environment and the manager’s possibility to influence the physical residential environment. The study followed a qualitative method. Five managers were interviewed on four accommodations and the managers were said to work actively with the physical residential environment. The results of the study were analyzed on the basis of Antonovskys theoretical perspectives called ”the feeling of contexts”. The result showed that the managers considered that the living environment for people with dementia should be a homelike environment which is individual tailored from their previous life. The managers wanted to accomplish a living environment which stimulated involvement.

Historiskt sett har bostadsfastigheter begränsats till den areal som krävs för att fastigheten väsentligen ska få karaktär av en bostadstomt. En ökad efterfrågan på ett attraktivt landsbygdsboende resulterade i ändringar av fastighetsbildningslagen, vilket gjorde det möjligt att bilda stora bostadsfastigheter med kombinerat ändamål, helt i linje med den gällande glesbygdspolitiken. Fortfarande fanns det dock restriktioner mot att tillföra skogsmark till bostadsfastigheter för att skydda det produktiva skogsbruket. Lantmäteriet tog därför fram arbetsrekommendationer för att underlätta möjligheten att tillföra skogsskiften, bland annat för uttag av husbehovsved. Denna studie hade syftet att undersöka hur lagändringen med efterföljande arbetsrekommendationer påverkat bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden. Varför människor flyttar är en viktig fråga för både forskare inom området och politiker, eftersom regionalpolitik bör anpassas till var människor vill bo och varför de väljer att flytta dit. Tidigare studier har framförallt fokuserat på ekonomiska flyttmotiv, men boendemiljöns och naturens inverkan har belysts alltmer under de senare åren. Den betydelse fastighetens fysiska utformning har för flyttbeslutet är dock mindre utrett. Vi har därför undersökt om och hur dessa fastigheter påverkat bosättningen på landsbygden inom de utvalda kommunerna. Studien bestod dels av en postenkät till de fastighetsägare som innehar dessa stora bostadsfastigheter med ingående skogsskiften, dels semistrukturerade intervjuer med lantmätare som genomfört dessa förrättningar. Sammantaget såg vi att stora bostadsfastigheter med skog och mark var en anledning till den kontraurbanisering som skett eftersom flera av de flyttskäl som angetts varit svåra att uppnå med en annan typ av fastighet. Även om lantmätarnas bedömning skiljde sig när det gällde detaljer så uppfylldes det huvudsakliga syftet att bilda lämpliga och attraktiva bostadsfastigheter utan att det produktiva skogsbruket skadats. Slutsatsen att de fastigheter som bildats upplevs som attraktiva drog vi genom att de som flyttat till dessa fastigheter utnyttjade de möjligheter som fanns med detta boende. / Historically, residential property is limited to the area needed for the property to substantially have the character of a residential plot. An increased demand for an attractive rural housing resulted in changes to property law, which made it possible to form large residential properties with combined purposes, all in line with the existing rural policy. Still, however, there were restrictions to bring forest land to residential plots for the protection of the productive forestry. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) have therefore created working recommendations to facilitate the opportunity to incorporate forest plots, including the collection of firewood for household use. This study had the aim to investigate how the amended legislation, with subsequent work recommendations influenced the formation of large residential properties in rural areas. Why people move is an important issue for both researchers in the field and politicians, as the regional policy should be adapted to where people want to live and why they choose to move there. Previous studies have mainly focused on economic motives, but the living environment and nature’s impact has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. The importance of the property’s physical design for the decision to move, however, is less investigated. We have therefore examined whether and how those properties affected settlement in rural areas within the selected municipalities. The study consisted partly of a postal questionnaire to the property owners who hold these large residential properties with forest parcels included and semi-structured interviews with surveyors who carried out these missions. Overall, we saw that large residential properties with forest and land was a reason for the counter-urbanization that has taken place because many of the migratory reasons given have been difficult to achieve with a different type of property. Although surveyors’ assessment differed in terms of details the main purpose to create appropriate and attractive residential properties without the productive forest damaged was fulfilled. We made the conclusion that the property formed, perceived as attractive by those who moved to these properties because they took advantage of the opportunities available with this accommodation.

Darbo objektas: Vidutinio ir vyresnio amžiaus skirtingos gyvensenos žmonių sveikatos, fizinio aktyvumo ypatumai ir gyvensenos sąsaja su gyvenamąja aplinka. Darbo problema – vykstant sparčiam technikos progresui stebimas visuotinis fizinio aktyvumo mažėjimas ir didėjantis fizinis pasyvumas. Fizinio aktyvumo stoka lemia daugelį lėtinių ligų, tarp jų širdies ir kraujagyslių ligas, kurios pirmauja pasaulyje mirčių skaičiumi. Žmogui senstant fizinis aktyvumas mažėja ir tai padidina rizikos tikimybę sveikatos atžvilgiu. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti praktikuojančių skirtingą gyvenseną vidutinio ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonių sveikatos, fizinio aktyvumo ypatumus ir gyvensenos sąsają su gyvenamąja aplinka. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti fizinio aktyvumo ypatumus būdingus skirtingos gyvensenos vidutinio ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonėms; 2. Nustatyti sveikatos ypatumus būdingus skirtingos gyvensenos vidutinio ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonėms; 3. Nustatyti gyvensenos ir gyvenamosios aplinkos sąsajas. Darbe keliamos hipotezės: 1. Sveiką gyvenseną praktikuojantys asmenys turi mažiau sveikatos negalavimų; 2. Asmenys gyvenantys arčiau žaliųjų erdvių dažniau būna fiziškai aktyvūs. Išvados: 1. Sveiką gyvenseną praktikuojantys respondentai fiziškai aktyvesni nei nepraktikuojantys sveikos gyvensenos darbinėje veikloje, pagal laiką sugaištą einant ir grįžtant iš darbo ir mankštinimosi dažnį laisvalaikiu (p<0,05). 2. Analizuojant nustatytų ligų paplitimą tarp sveiką gyvenseną praktikuojančių ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of work: middle-aged and elderly people of different lifestyles health, physical activity and lifestyle characteristics relationship with the living environment. Work problems: during the rapid technological progress it is observed decrease in general physical activity and higher rates of physical inactivity. Lack of physical activity leads to many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, which leads the world in number of deaths. Physical activity decreases with age and this increases the probability of a risk to the health. Work object: to identify middle-aged and elderly people practicing different lifestyles, health, physical activity characteristics and lifestyle relationship with the living environment. Goals: 1. To identify the features of physical activity in relation to the health of middle-aged and elderly people with different lifestyles; 2. To identify specific health key characteristics of middle-aged and elderly people practising different lifestyles; 3. To identify lifestyle and living environment relationships. Hypothesis: 1. Individuals practicing a healthy lifestyle have fewer health complaints; 2. People living in rural areas tend to be more physically active. Conclusions: 1. Respondents practicing a healthy lifestyle are more physically active than those who do not practice healthy lifestyle at work based on time spent going to and returning from work and exercise frequency (p <0,05) during leisure time. 2. There is no significant... [to full text]

鑒於國內住宅需求殷切，同時卻仍有大量空屋無人居住使用，顯示居住環境需求與供給間確存有極大的差異，以致公私部門不能利用有效財源作有效的投資。本研究為縮短供需差距，摒除已往研究偏重所得與需求關係的研究，建購所得型式及居住支出之居住環境需求理論模型，複於需求模型導入住戶規模因素，使所得、支出與住戶屬性並列為需求影響因素。其次，利用住宅現況調查資料，分析居住環境水準與相關住戶屬性之對照關係，並著手分析各居住群組之居住環境需求量，以提升分析可信度，對住戶群落予以細分及區隔居住環境群落，凸顯各種影響因素特性。本研究實證結果：居住支出增加、有業人口數愈多，家計負責人教育程度提高及年齡愈大，則其住宅面積及房間數數量愈多，而且其住宅座落與各種都市服務設施距離相對縮短，但國小、工作場所與市場則無顯著關係。 有關理論模型建購，係基於Stone－greay 函數符合需求模型相關假設，及效用之可分性、可加件原則，以儲蓄率自所得中另離析支出之需求模式，再由個人居住需求累計為住戶居住環境需求模型，進一步設定其最小居住環境需求量為Barten之人口規模函數。在實證分析方面，為了瞭解住戶居住環境水準，以次數分析、關聯分析就歷年發展、地區別、住宅權屬、家計負責人屬性分析其分組水準及分析頻度，並檢定住戶與居住環境的變數關聯程度，以擇定需求量迴歸分析的應變數組及自變數組，及就具有居住支出項的大量樣本進行住戶屬性及居住環境特性的群落分析，俾進行各群組需求分析。 本研究雖已跳脫以所得推導居住環境需求窠臼，惟由於資料及分析係援用政府既成問卷，造成研究領域受限，需再就研究之主題深入設計調查問卷。本研究需求函數係設定為直線，然而居住環境需求量與住戶屬性間若非線性關係時，則其相關係數偏低，且無法驗證兩者間之需求關係。住戶自變數(行業、職業、所得等屬性)間，並未檢定其是否已存在高度相關，無法達到自變數完全獨立之要求。居住環境設施具有共用之基本生活設備時，雖可測定其居住環境水準，但無法進行其需求分析。群落分析固然能分離居住環境群及住戶群，但易使迴歸分析模型內部分虛擬變數與其他變數形成共線而無解，而且本分析僅偏重實質居住環境需求，對於住戶非實質需求、偏好及社會文化群族傾向等因素，在經濟學之需求模型中均無法予以論證，有待識者續以作為研析之題材。 / The domestic housing are in great demand, but on the other hand lots of housing remain vacant. This phenomenon reveaIs there exists a significant difference between supply and demand for housing environments. Therefore, both public and private sectors are unable to make the most use of available funds to invest effectiveIy. The purpose of this study is to lessen the above difference. Prior studies stressed the importance and the relationship between income and the demand for housing. In this study,first the anthor build up a theoretic demand model for housing environments. This demand model is mainly relevant to no only income but also household expenditure. Secondly, the author converts the factor of household scale into the model. That makes income, expenditur,and household attributes serve as three major factors affecting this demand model. Then, applying data (housing status quo ) gathering from government statistics, the author analyzes the relationships between quantities of housing environments and relevant household attributes. FinaIly,the author analyzes the quanities of living environments for each Iiving cluster,which is specified and segregated, to explicate the property of each factor,thus to enhance the reliability of this study. The result of this study indicates that those household with more living expenditure,more emplyed employed persons, higher education and more age, will have more floor area and room number. In addition, the distances between their residenes and the variety of public service facilities are relatively shoty,but they are litte related with the elementary school, work place and market. Theoretically,this model has been built based on Ston-geary utility function which is suitable for certain hypotheses for demand model. And frOm the additivity and the separability of this utilty function, the author derives the demand mode, reIevant to household expenditure, for housing environments. Then the author integrates individual demand model into the household one for living environments, and further defines the least quantities for living environments as Barten's population scaIe function. In empirical performance, the author applies frequency analysis and Chi-square analysis to analyze physical Iiving environments,respecting the past 20 yeare, different districts, household tenure, and household attributes. Ih addition. the author examines the co-relations of those variables between dwelling units and household environments to determine dependent and independent variables for regression. Besides, a great deal of samples with household expenditure has been inspected by cluster anaiyis. Although this paper analyzes the demand function for housing environments on many factors instead of only on income (elasticity, the study is somehow limited since the data acquired from government tatistics.It would be more appropriate if we design a better questionnaire proper to this subject. Also, in this paper,the demand function has been defined as linearity,but if the demand quantities of living environment and household properties develop as a non-linear reationship, then the multiple coefficient of determination appears low,hence the demand relationship can not be tested between them.Moreover, the independent variables for resident themse1ves, such as industry,occupation, and income, have not been tested whether if they are highly related,thus these bariables do not fit in the requirement of complete classified into different living environment Ievels, their demands can not be anaIyzed. Likewise, cluster analysis can segregate living environment clusters and resident clusters, it is apt tO make some variables, especiaIIy those in those regression models with dummy variables, convert into the combination of other variables thus can not be explained. Ih summary,this study underlines the demand for physical living environments. To those factors, such as non-realistic demand, preference, and social/cultural inclinations, they can not be tested in the demand models of economic theories, nowadays. This challenge stiII needs more endeavors to make.

Detta examensarbete har genomförts i samarbete med Åkerskolan i Strängnäs kommun och med stöd från Tekniska museet i Stockholm. Eleverna som har deltagit i studien går i årskurserna 1-4. Kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer har gjorts med eleverna på skogsutflykter med skolan och fritids för att samla data om deras förhållande till skogen och djur i skogen. Studien är en fenomenologisk studie som lutar sig mot begreppet affordance, en term inom informationsdesign som beskriver relationen mellan ett fysiskt objekt och en person och de möjliga interaktionerna mellan en person och miljön omkring. Studien tar upp teorier om  människors relation till skogen och djurs relation till skogen för att visa ett perspektiv på skogen som ett hem. Arbetet har resulterat i ett gestaltningsförslag i form av ett undervisningskoncept som ska kunna användas av lärare till årskurs 1-4 att använda till sina klasser i undervisningen, det är lekfullt och lärorikt för eleverna och kommer ändra deras sätt att se på sin närliggande skog och att tänka innan de agerar nästa gång. / This study was made with the elementary school Åkerskolan in Strängnäs county and with some support from the Museum of Technology, Tekniska Museet, in Stockholm county. The students that participated in the case were in first to fourth grade. Qualitative interviews and observations have been done with the students in a forest during school trips. This was to collect data about their relation to the forests and animals in the forest. The study is a phenomenological study that focuses on affordance, which is a concept within information design that describes the relation between a physical object and a person and the possible interactions between a person and its environment. The study also brings up theories about the human relation and distance to the forest and animals' relation to the forest, to give a perspective of the forest as a home. The work has resulted in a design as a concept for teachers in first to fourth grade to do with their students in school. It could be both playful and educational for the students and it will change their way to look at their nearby forests and they will think before they act next time.

This diploma thesis is occupy by assesment optimum method straining of tyres and then constructional concept of test cell for ozone degradation of rubber tyres with sizes from 13” to 15”. The final aim of this diploma thesis is construction of test cell which is based on choice of optimum method straining of tyres. The next output of this diploma thesis is concept of unit for ozone degaradation of tyres.