Global mobility, wireless technology and networked society are transforming the airport territory. These changes (hard factors) have been analysed in airport planning and transportation studies (Koll-Schretzenmayr 2003; Banister 2003; Schaafsma 2003; Knippenberger &Wall 2010; Salewski & Michaelli 2011; Convenz & Thierstein ed. 2014 et al) and architecture and design (Edwards 1998; Blow 2005; Cuadra 2002; Uffelen 2012; Gensler 2013 et al). But design strategies focusing on the passenger experience (soft factors) have not yet been thoroughly assimilated by architecture and design. On the theoretical level this dissertation spans the analysis of current methodologies in social studies (e.g. Castells 1996; Gottdiener 2000; Cresswell 2006; Urry, 2007; Elliott & Urry 2010; Adey 2010 et al) and their relation to architectural and urban studies concepts for the airport. The latter includes the “Airport as City” (Güller & Güller 2000), “Aviopolis – A Book about Airports” (Fuller & Harley 2005) and “Aerotropolis” (Kassarda 2010). This dissertation also explores IT and aviation industry interests at the interface between technology and air travellers. In this light aviation industry research and solutions (Amadeus 2011, SITA 2013) are important to consider, as well the philosophy behind who travels and for what purpose (Sloterdijk 1998; Koolhaas 1998; Gottdiener 2000; Urry 2007; Birtchnell & Caletrio 2014 et al). Here, the author’s previous field research at Frankfurt International Airport is relevant. We live more mobile lifestyles, we work in hybrid spaces (Suoza 2006; Duffy 2010 et al), and we consequently need to share information and collaborate differently. Using constant travellers as a case study, the impact of physical and informational mobility on perceptions of and behavioural patterns in the airport can lead to a deeper understanding of mobile work and the air travel experience. New design strategies can be developed from research about constant travellers, and the results may improve their work and air travel experience. The author’s combination of design approaches from architecture and social science (sociology and psychology) methodologies can better address the real needs of constant travellers in hybrid workspaces. It is hoped that this dissertation will inspire airport architects and designers, interaction designers and the aviation industry to pay more attention to users’ needs in their design processes.

Esta pesquisa disserta sobre o processo de convergência entre o espaço urbano e as mídias locativas, que forma um terceiro espaço: o espaço cíbrido. O termo cíbrido foi criado pelo arquiteto Peter Anders, para designar um meio híbrido onde se desenvolvem as práticas sociais relacionadas à cibercultura. Com a difusão da Internet 1.0 na década de 90, que ocorre a partir da venda massiva de computadores pessoais, as mais variadas vertentes do conhecimento se debruçaram sobre as implicações do surgimento de um novo lugar: o espaço virtual. Porém é especialmente entre os \'artistas digitais\' da Net.art e arquitetos que se investigou as formas de perceber, produzir e criar esteticamente este novo lugar. Uma década mais tarde, o meio virtual sofreu uma nova guinada: a difusão dos dispositivos portáteis de telecomunicação: os smartphones, acoplados com dispositivos de rastreamento, demarcação e mapeamento espacial. As práticas resultantes destas novas mídias: as mídias locativas, associam camadas informacionais aos objetos, às pessoas e aos agenciamentos em rede e localizam esta rede espacialmente. Para investigar o processo de hibridização entre a esfera informacional e o espaço, traçou-se um mapeamento de obras de arte e arquitetura que tratam especificamente deste tema. A seleção desses dois campos de conhecimento para a análise, se justifica por serem áreas correlatas que vêm promovendo mudanças paradigmáticas neste campo e trazendo contribuições essenciais para a compreensão das práticas sociais que envolvem os espaços cíbridos. Cada projeto selecionado oferece em sua especificidade, o suporte teórico, descritivo, sobre as atuais formas de convergência telemática no espaço e tensionam questões específicas desse processo de hibridização, contribuindo para o avanço do conhecimento acerca do processo de produção, apropriação e compartilhamento destas tecnologias com o espaço urbano. / This research talks about the issue and process of convergence between urban space and locative media, which form a third space: the Cybrid space. The Cybrid is a term coined by the architect Peter Anders, to designate a hybrid environment where to develop social practices related to cyberculture. With the spread of Internet 1.0 in the 90\'s, which takes place from the massive sales of personal computers, the aspects of knowledge have addressed the implications of the emergence of a new place: the virtual space. But it is especially among \'digital artists\' of Net.art and architects who investigated the ways of perceiving, producing and aesthetically create this new place. A decade later, the virtual environment has suffered a new twist: the distribution of portable telecommunication devices: smartphones, coupled with tracking devices, demarcation and spatial mapping. The resulting practices of these new media: locative media, associated informational layers to objects, people and assemblages networking and spatially locate this network. To investigate the process of hybridization between the informational sphere and space, drew up a mapping of art and architecture works that specifically address this issue. The selection of these two fields of knowledge for the analysis is justified because they are related areas that are promoting paradigmatic changes in this field and bringing essential contributions to the understanding of social practices involving cybrids spaces. Each project offers, the theoretical, descriptive support, on current forms of telematics convergence in space and tense specific issues that the hybridization process, contributing to the advancement of knowledge about the production process, ownership and sharing of these technologies urban space.

The topic of smart cities is growing in importance. However, a field study in the city of Malmö, Sweden shows that there is a discrepancy between the ongoing activities of urban planners and companies using analytical and digital tools to interpret humans’ behavior and preferences on the one hand, and the visibility of these developments in public spaces on the other. Citizens are affected by the invisible data and software not only when they use an application, but also when their living space is transformed. By Research through Design, this thesis examines ways of triggering discussion about smart city issues, which are hidden in software and code. In this thesis, a specific solution is developed: a public, tangible, and interactive visualization in the form of an interactive signpost. The final, partly functioning prototype is mountable in public places and points in the direction of the most beautiful walking path. The design refers to a smart city application that analyzes geo-tagged locative media and thereby predicts the beauty and security of a place.The aim is to trigger discussion about the contradictory issue of software interpreting the beauty of a place. Through its tangible, non-digital, and temporary character, the interactive representation encourages passers-by to interact with the prototype.

Au croisement de la sociologie des classes populaires et de la sociologie urbaine et du logement, cette thèse porte sur l’une des formes de logements non ordinaires qui a connu un développement massif en France dans les territoires ruraux et périurbains au cours de ces dernières années : le camping résidentiel. Combinant immersion ethnographique dans plusieurs campings de la région parisienne, entretiens, archives et statistiques, elle montre l’existence d’une véritable stratification interne à cet habitat, eu égard à l’hétérogénéité des situations résidentielles, des trajectoires, des ressources, des expériences et des styles de vie des habitants. Le camping résidentiel est de fait apparu comme remplissant trois grandes fonctions sociales segmentant la population qui le pratique : il peut représenter une alternative à la maison individuelle inaccessible, figurer un déclassement subjectif et objectif ou encore s’apparenter à une solution qui pallie la pénurie de logement abordable et évite le dénuement extrême de la rue. Inscrite dans une approche à la fois contextualiste et dispositionnaliste des manières d’habiter, la thèse rapporte ces trois fonctions du camping – qui constituent également trois styles de vie distincts – aux caractéristiques particulières de cette forme d’habitat non ordinaire mais aussi à des ressources, des trajectoires et des socialisations résidentielles différentes articulées à des dispositions populaires relativement homogènes. Elle identifie enfin les causes, les dynamiques et les conséquences des pratiques de délogement en documentant « de l’intérieur » un cas de fermeture de terrain de camping, exemple de concrétisation du risque associé au statut juridique de cet habitat. / This thesis finds itself at the intersection of the sociology of the working classes and urban sociology, with a special interest in housing. It focuses on one of the forms of non-ordinary housing that has seen massive development in France in recent years: residential camping. Combining an ethnographic immersion in several campsites in the Paris region, interviews, archives and statistics, it shows the existence of a real internal stratification within this habitat, taking into account the heterogeneity of residential situations, trajectories, resources, experiences and lifestyles of the inhabitants. Residential camping has in fact emerged as fulfilling three major social functions which segment the population that practices it: it may represent an alternative to the inaccessible single-family home, or stand as a subjective and objective downgrading or even be a solution that makes up for the shortage of affordable housing, thus preventing the extreme destitution of living in the streets. Illustrating a dispositionalist-contextualist approach to ways of living, the thesis connects these three functions of camping - which also constitute three distinct lifestyles - with the particular characteristics of this unusual form of housing. It also links it to different resources, trajectories and forms of residential socialisation corresponding to relatively homogeneous popular dispositions. Finally, it identifies the causes, dynamics and consequences of eviction practices by documenting "from the inside" the case of a campground closure, an example of the risk involved in the legal status of this habitat.

本篇論文主要是採用詞彙功能語法以及篇章功能語法來檢視處所詞倒置的結構在中英文裡的表現，分別從四個層次來檢視，包括了語意結構、詞組結構、句法功能結構、以及信息結構。首先，能進行處所詞倒置的動詞必須要是帶有一個客體及一個方位詞的論元結構，或是帶有一個由主事者和客體所組成的複合論元以及一個方位詞的論元結構。其次，在詞組結構中，英文的前置處所詞是屬於介系詞，而中文裡的前置處所詞是屬於名詞。再者，前置的處所詞在中文裡是位於主詞的位置，但在英文裡是句法功能結構上的主詞。最後，在句子的信息結構上，考量到信息編排的方式，後置的名詞傾向是無定的名詞而非代名詞，而且傾向是比前置的處所詞還要長的詞組。就篇章信息而言，處所詞倒置必須考慮到對前的連結及對後的連結。另外在文體修飾上為了對仗的效果也會促使處所詞倒置的產生。 透過對比分析，本篇論文有系統地比較英文和中文在處所詞結構的表現，主要目的在於為學習英文的中文講者提供教學上的啟發。而將理論語法運用在教學語法上，也顯示出這兩者語法之間的關連性以及合作性。一方面理論語法可以提供教學語法一個強而有力的理論後盾；另一方面，教學語法也提供了理論語法研究的動機。總的來說，將理論語法運用在教學方面，不僅對語言教學有助益，對語言學研究的領域上也有相當的幫助。 / This paper examines locative inversion construction by adopting Lexical Functional Grammar and discourse grammar. The examination concerns both English and Mandarin, from four structure levels, a-structure, c-structure, f-structure, and information structure. First, a locative inversion verb takes an a-structure of <theme locative> or <agent-theme locative>. Second, in c-structure, the preposed locative belongs to PP in English but to NP in Mandarin. Third, whereas the preposed locative phrase is in the subject position in Mandarin, the one in English is only a functional subject in f-structure. Finally, in information structure, given information packaging, the postposed theme is inclined to be an indefinite nominal instead of a pronoun and to be a longer constituent than the preposed locative phrase; in contextual information, a linking device, used either anaphorically or cataphorically, is necessary for locative inversion, and stylistic parallelism further facilitates the occurrence of locative inversion. With the systematic comparison of English and Mandarin, this paper aims to provide pedagogical suggestions in regard to English learning for Mandarin speakers, by virtue of the use of Contrastive Analysis. The application of theoretical grammar to the language teaching field indicates the correlation and cooperation between theoretical grammar and pedagogical grammar. On the one hand, the theoretical grammar provides a firm and reliable theoretical support for language teaching; on the other hand, the pedagogical grammar is the motivation to the research of theoretical grammar. All in all, the application of theoretical grammar to language teaching contributes not only to the language teaching filed but also to the linguistic research.

Det här arbetet syftar till att genom design av en telefonapplikation undersöka hur ljud kan förstärkas av den omgivande miljön. Arbetet visar på hur miljöförstärkt ljud skiljer sig från ljudförstärkt miljö samt vilka begränsningar det innebär att använda en vanlig smartphone som plattform.  Ett långsiktigt mål är att genom en produkt som låter oetablerade ljudproducenter distribuera sina alster i den offentliga miljön främja fri kultur och kreativitet. Arbetet har följt principen för RtD (research through design), där designprocessen utgör det fall som studeras och dokumentationen av den utgör den bas av data som analyseras och leder till slutsatser kring ämnet. Designprocessen i detta arbete innebär en mindre omfattande användarstudie i enkätform för att identifiera målgrupp, krav och mål. Följd av en andra studie där en prototyp framtagen med grund i resultaten från användarstudien utvärderas av deltagare genom observation, intervju och reaktionskort.  De största utmaningarna för designen grundar sig i att ta fram en applikation som inte stör upplevelsen, men samtidigt kan instruera användaren i hur man använder applikationen. Utifrån arbetet dras slutsatsen att användarinstruktioner, såväl visuella som auditiva, löper större risk att störa upplevelsen i miljöförstärkt ljud än i ljudförstärkt miljö. Vidare konstateras att den största bristen i en lösning som bygger på standardutrustning i jämförelse med en lösning som nyttjar dedikerad utrustning utgörs av begränsningar när det kommer till att ange riktning med hjälp av ljudets rumslighet.

Diese Dissertation untersucht die Syntax nichtkanonischer Subjekte und Subjektpositionen - insbesondere zwei Phänomene: Lokativinversion (LI) in Englisch, Französisch, Italienisch und Hebräisch; und Verbdrittverletzungen der Verbzweitregel (V2) in Kiezdeutsch - eine urbane Kontaktvarietät des Deutschen. In LI besetzt eine Lokativ-XP die präverbale Stelle, aber das kanonische DP-Subjekt in Nominativ taucht postverbal auf. Sprachübergreifend vergleiche ich a) die Verteilung unterschiedlicher Null- und overten Argumente in LI und b) die Verfügbarkeit von LI in Matrix- und Nebensätzen. Die zweite Fallstudie befasst sich mit kiezdeutschen V2-Verletzungen, denn sie folgen einer regelmäßigen Reihenfolge: [Rahmensetzer > Subjekt > finites Verb]; dies ist bemerkenswert aufgrund der Verletzung der ansonsten strengen Verbzweitregel und auch, weil es auf die Innovation einer Art Subjektposition hindeutet, die im Standarddeutschen fehlt. Anhand einer Korpusstudie komme ich zu der Erkenntnis, dass die scheinbare Subjektvoraussetzung auch für resumptive V3-Dislozierungsphänomene gilt. Dennoch wird gezeigt, dass die Subjektvoraussetzung mit dem nominativischen DP-Subjekten verbundenen EPP nicht ganz übereinstimmt. Ich entwickele eine Theorie von Subjektvoraussetzungen, die sowohl die Breite der untersuchten Variation in LI als auch die An/Abwesenheit von Subjektvorausetzungen im Vorfeld bei V3-Sätzen im Standarddeutschen und Kiezdeutschen erklären kann. Schließlich lassen sich diese Phänomene durch unterschiedliche Verteilungen und Vererbungsoperationen von D-, ϕ- und informationsstrukturellen δ-Merkmalen (cf. Miyagawa 2017) zwischen dem Phasenkopf C und T erklären. Die Anwesenheit nichtkanonischer Subjekte in LI und kanonischer Subjekte in einer nichtkanonischen Subjektposition im Kiezdeutschen werden durch Variation in der Verteilung eines für das Prädikatssubjekt spezifizierten δ-Merkmal abgeleitet. Dieses Merkmal ist aber unabhänging von den üblichen EPP-Voraussetzungen. / This dissertation addresses syntactic structures involving non-canonical subjects and non-canonical subject positions, investigating two phenomena: Locative Inversion (LI) in English, French, Italian, and Hebrew; and verb-third violations of the verb-second (V2) rule in Kiezdeutsch, an urban contact variety of German. In LI a spatio-deictic XP appears in the preverbal canonical subject position, while the canonical nominative subject DP surfaces postverbally. I compare the distribution of different covert and overt arguments participating in LI and the availability of LI in embedded and matrix contexts crosslinguistically. The second case study concentrates on Kiezdeutsch V2 violations, as they follow a regular order of [frame-setting adverb > Subject > finite verb]; this is remarkable because it both violates an otherwise strict V2 requirement and also indicates the innovation of a subject position lacking in Standard German. I carry out a corpus study and find that an apparent subject requirement extends to other verb-third resumptive-dislocation phenomena, yet we cannot understand this requirement in the sense of an EPP position associated with nominative DP subjects. From a theoretical perspective, this dissertation develops a theory of subject requirements capable of accounting for the breadth of investigated crosslinguistic variation in LI and the presence or absence of a high clausal subject requirement in Kiezdeutsch V2-violations and more standard varieties of German. Ultimately, I make use of finite differences across C and T in the distribution of D, ϕ, and discourse-related δ-features (cf. Miyagawa 2017) via different inheritance options from the phase head. The presence of non-canonical subjects in LI and the presence of canonical subjects in a seemingly non-canonical subject position in Kiezdeutsch are both derivable via variation in the placement of a δ-feature with a specification for Subject of Predication orthogonal to typical EPP requirements.