Bimodal tvåspråkighet hos personer med hörselnedsättning är ett forskningsområde med begränsad omfattning. Denna studie syftar till att belysa hur bimodal tvåspråkighet kan fungera i en klass för hörselskadade elever, så kallad hörselklass. Genom deltagande observation har videoinspelningar av interaktionen i klassrummen gjorts, vilka sedan transkriberats utifrån en multimodal samtalsanalys då analysen avsett både den talspråkliga och den teckenspråkiga interaktionen. Utifrån frågeställningen hur och på vilket sätt tecken och teckenspråk används i klassrumsinteraktionen visar resultaten att kodblandning, dvs. simultan användning av tal och tecken är vanligt förekommande hos både lärare och elever. Ett annat förekommande fenomen som framkommit i klassrumsobservationerna hos eleverna är kodväxling, som sker när eleverna byter språk för särskilda syften, t.ex. för att viska med varandra medan lektionen pågår. En annan funktion kodväxlingen uppvisade var möjligheten till att genomföra samtalsdelningar under en pågående aktivitet. / Bimodal bilingualism among people with hearing loss is an area of ​​research with limited extent. This study aims to highlight how bimodal bilingualism can work in a class of hard-of hearing students. Through partaking observation, video recordings of interaction in the classrooms have been made, which later have been transcribed with a multimodal conversation analysis approach. The multimodal conversation analysis comprises both the spoken and the signed interaction. Based on the questions of how and in what way signs and the sign language are used in classroom interaction, the results show that code-blending, i.e. simultaneous use of speech and signs, was common among both teachers and students. Another common phenomenon that emerged in the classroom observations is code-switching, which occurs when pupils change their language for specific purposes, e.g. to whisper to each other during the ongoing lesson. Another feature code-switching demonstrated was the ability to conduct schismings during an ongoing activity.

The concepts of multimodality and genre and a critical perspective on language have been recurrent in contemporary debates, both in the local context (BRASIL, 2006; MOTTA-ROTH, 2008b; NASCIMENTO, 2012; to name a few) and global (COPE; KALANTZIS, 2000, 2008, 2012; KRESS, 2003; JEWITT, 2005, 2008; O'HALLORAN, 2008, to name a few). However, little is known about how to implement these concepts through explicit and interrelated ways in the pedagogical context. Informed by the concept of recontextualization of these concepts, related to current knowledge of language science, this study aimed at investigating to what extent and how activities based on comics genres offer potential to promote what I call critical multimodal literacy for English teaching. Based on the proposal of Critical Genre Analysis (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008b), by combining a language theory based on a systemic functional and a social semiotic approach, a genre-based pedagogical perspective and a critical approach to language, I intend to verify critical multimodal literacy practices in English textbooks, part of the National Textbook Program for Modern Foreign Language in high school level education (BRASIL, 2009b, 2011). In order to meet the objective of the research: 1) the contexts of production, circulation and consumption of the textbooks, considered under the concept of genre, were investigated in search of references to the concepts of genre, multimodality and critical literacy (guided by the perspective of multiliteracies), which theoretically and methodologically associated generate a proposal for critical multimodal literacy; 2) activities that explore comics genres were selected and analyzed on the basis of linguistic and contextual strata of Systemic Functional Linguistics exploited in combination with epistemic moves which describe the analytical and pedagogical objectives of the activities; 3) contextual and textual data were combined to interpret and explain to what extent and how the activities have the potential to promote critical multimodal literacy. The results showed that the activities offer great potential to explore practices of critical multimodal literacy, although they lack systematic application of the concepts of multimodality and critical literacy. Occurrences of activities were observed across all strata, although the visual semiotic resources were usually explored in graphic and lexicogrammatical strata. Although fewer occurrences of activities focused on the analysis of the contextual stratum of discourse were identified, there is potential for expansion of the discussions, as the teacher s guide and the evaluation presented in the Textbooks Guide indicate. In this sense, the emphasis lies in the role of teachers as language experts and key players in the educational process and not in the textbook. The textbook functions as a mediator genre of social practices of the school context, which appears to be displaced from the center of this process, as one of many discursive practices which recontextualize discourses from language science in the educational context. / Os conceitos de multimodalidade e gênero discursivo e uma perspectiva crítica sobre a linguagem tem sido recorrentes em debates contemporâneos, tanto no contexto local (BRASIL, 2006; MOTTA-ROTH, 2008b; NASCIMENTO, 2012; para citar apenas alguns) quanto global (COPE; KALANTZIS, 2000, 2008, 2012; KRESS, 2003; JEWITT, 2005, 2008; O HALLORAN, 2008, para citar apenas alguns). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre práticas de aplicação desses conceitos de forma explícita e inter-relacionada no contexto pedagógico. Com base em um processo de recontextualização desses conceitos, como conhecimentos contemporâneos da ciência da linguagem, investigo na presente pesquisa em que medida e como atividades didáticas sobre gêneros dos quadrinhos oferecem potencial para promover o que denomino letramento multimodal crítico para o ensino de inglês. Com base na proposta da Análise Crítica de Gêneros (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008b), ao associar uma teoria de linguagem de base sistêmico-funcional e sociossemiótica, uma perspectiva de ensino e aprendizagem baseada em gêneros discursivos e uma abordagem crítica sobre o discurso, pretendo verificar práticas de letramento multimodal crítico em livros didáticos de inglês (LDI) integrantes ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) de Língua Estrangeira Moderna (LEM) para o Ensino Médio (BRASIL, 2009b, 2011). Para responder ao objetivo da pesquisa, 1) os contextos de produção, circulação e consumo do gênero LDI do PNLD foram investigados em busca de referências aos conceitos de gênero discursivo, multimodalidade e letramento crítico, orientados pela perspectiva dos multiletramentos, os quais teórica e metodologicamente associados compõem uma proposta de letramento multimodal crítico; 2) atividades didáticas que exploram os gêneros dos quadrinhos foram selecionadas e analisadas com base nos estratos linguísticos e contextuais da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional acionados em combinação a movimentos epistêmicos, os quais descrevem os objetivos analíticos e pedagógicos das atividades; 3) os dados contextuais e textuais encontrados foram combinados para interpretar e explicar em que medida e como a organização das atividades didáticas oferece potencial para promover letramento multimodal crítico. Os resultados revelaram que as atividades apresentam potencial para explorar práticas de letramento multimodal crítico, no entanto carecem de expansão em relação à aplicação dos conceitos de multimodalidade e letramento crítico de maneira sistemática. Foram observadas ocorrências de atividades relacionadas a todos os estratos dos sistemas semióticos, apesar do sistema semiótico imagético ser sistematicamente explorado nos estratos gráfico e lexicogramatical. Embora tenham sido identificadas poucas ocorrências de atividades voltadas para a análise do estrato do discurso, há potencial de expansão das discussões, conforme apontam as orientações ao professor e a avaliação apresentada no Guia de Livros Didáticos. Nesse sentido, a ênfase situa-se no papel de professores, como especialistas em linguagem e principais agentes no processo educacional e não no LDI. O LDI funcionaria como um gênero mediador das práticas sociais da esfera escolar, o qual parece estar sendo deslocado do centro desse processo, como uma das muitas práticas discursivas de recontextualização do discurso da ciência da linguagem no contexto educacional.

Ce travail de thèse réalisé à l’Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne porte dans un premier temps sur la synthèse d’agents chélatants bifonctionnels adaptés à la chélation de radiométaux trivalents, notamment l’indium-111. La plus grande partie de ce travail a ensuite consisté à réaliser le greffage d’un agent chélatant bifonctionnel dérivé du DOTA sur différents anticorps ou fragments d’anticorps monoclonaux : le trastuzumab (anti HER2, traitement de cancers du sein), le cétuximab (anti EGFR, traitement de nombreux cancers, dont le cancer colorectal) et l’abciximab (antiagrégant plaquettaire). Une attention particulière a été apportée à la caractérisation des différents immunoconjugués. La dernière étape de ce travail de thèse porte sur le radiomarquage à l’indium-111 de deux immunoconjugués préparés : le trastuzumab et le cétuximab. Ces étapes de radiomarquage nous ont permis de déterminer la fraction immunoréactive et l’affinité de chaque radiotraceur. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier la biodistribution in vivo de ces radiotraceurs chez la souris par imagerie SPECT-CT. Nous avons également développé une méthode de greffage originale pour le marquage d’un fragment d’anticorps de type Fab, l’abciximab, dans le but de suivre la biodistribution de cet antiagrégant plaquettaire. Enfin, nous avons également validé le concept d’imagerie multimodale à travers le greffage et le radiomarquage d’un agent bimodal pour l’imagerie optique et la SPECT sur des lipopolysaccharides bactériens. Les travaux réalisés nous ont permis d’acquérir un savoir faire en matière de greffage d’anticorps et de radiomarquage. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’envisager le greffage d’autres anticorps ou biomolécules, ainsi que l’utilisation d’autres radionucléides pour l’imagerie PET ou la radioimmunothérapie / This work conducted at the “Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne” carries at first on the synthesis of bifunctional chelating agents suitable for the chelation of trivalent radiometals, including indium-111. The greater part of this work was then dedicated to the grafting of a DOTA derivative bifunctional chelating agent on different antibodies or fragments of monoclonal antibodies: trastuzumab (anti-HER2 treatment of breast cancer), cetuximab (anti EGFR, treatment of many cancers, including colorectal cancer) and abciximab (antiplatelet). Particular attention was paid to the characterization of various immunoconjugates. The critical step of this thesis consisted in the indium-111 radiolabeling of two previously prepared immunoconjugates: trastuzumab and cetuximab. These steps of radiolabelling allowed us to determine the immunoreactive fraction and affinity of each radiotracer. Thus, we were able to study the in vivo biodistribution of the radiotracers in tumour-bearing mice by SPECT-CT. We also developed an original method for the labeling of a Fab antibody fragment in order to monitor the biodistribution of the antiplatelet agent (abciximab). Finally, we also validated the concept of multimodal imaging through grafting and radiolabeling of a bimodal agent for optical and SPECT imaging on bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Thank’s to this work, we gained an expertise in antibodies radiolabeling. The results obtained allow to consider the labeling of antibodies or other biomolecules, and the use of other radionuclides for PET imaging and radioimmunotherapy

Abstract: The interest in this empirical study aims at assessment, more precisely feedback as part of ordinary activities within hairdressing education. The study investigates feedback practices related to assessment of knowing during production, with focus on communication between student and teacher. Communication is regarded as interactively constructed and is investigated through a multimodal social semiotic perspective which implies studying verbal as well as nonverbal resources in meaning making. Speech and body movements are not subordinate to each other and are studied as contributing in communication on their own terms. Video observations were used to investigate feedback practices in the hairdressing classroom, during a couple of lessons when last year’s students received customers for various treatments. From one hour recording, a selection was made showing communication between student and teacher with joint focus of attention during production. The selection is based on the assumption of feedback as interactively constructed and represented in a multimodal way. The analysis of the feedback practice shows a multifaceted result, since each interaction between a student and a teacher is unique. Nevertheless, a recurrent pattern of feedback construction could be discerned. Three important functions of feedback were distinguished, that of control, instruction and evaluation. Furthermore, these functions interact in temporal processes of cycles and loops. The core of feedback practice is found within the loop, where questions and wonders from the student are brought into a joint investigation. / Baksidestext: Cykler och loopar i Salongen handlar om återkoppling i yrkesgymnasiet, närmare bestämt på hantverksprogrammets frisörutbildning. Återkoppling studeras genom videoobservationer av kommunikation mellan lärare och elev under pågående undervisning, där elever arbetar med olika hårvårdsbehandlingar på kunder. Återkoppling görs genom olika meningsskapande resurser. Det verbalspråkliga är bara en del av kommunikationen. Kroppsrörelser, blickar och olika redskap används också för att kommunicera av både elev och lärare. Mönster i form av olika återkopplingsfunktioner och cykliska processer kan urskiljas i kommunikationen mellan lärare och elev. I det cykliska uppstår ibland loopar, som utgörs av händelser där något moment blir uppmärksammat i ett gemensamt utforskande. Looparna utgår från elevens frågor och funderingar och betraktas därför som centrala i återkopplingspraktiken. Studien bidrar med beskrivningar av den dagliga klassrumskommunikationen, där bedömning och undervisning är sammanvävda förlopp. Den riktar sig till forskare och lärare inom yrkesutbildning och andra skolformer, men också till övriga läsare med intresse för bedömningsfrågor och återkopplingspraktik. Licentiatuppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för Lic-forskarskolan i yrkesämnenas didaktik. / Intresset i denna studie är riktat mot klassrumsbaserad bedömning, närmare bestämt återkoppling som en del av den dagliga undervisningen. Studien undersöker återkopplingspraktik i frisörklassrummet relaterad till bedömning av kunnande under pågående arbete, med fokus på kommunikationen mellan lärare och elev. Kommunikationen betraktas som interaktivt konstruerad och studeras ur ett multimodalt perspektiv utifrån socialsemiotisk teori. Det innebär att återkoppling studeras både verbalt i samtalsform, men även icke-verbalt i form av bland annat gester, artefakter och blickar. De betraktas i detta perspektiv som jämbördiga resurser i meningskonstruktionen. Videoobservationer har därför varit ett lämpligt sätt att undersöka återkopplingspraktik i frisörklassrummet. Detta har gjorts under några lektionspass när elever i åk. 3 hade kundmottagning. Utifrån en timmes inspelningar, har urval gjorts som visar kommunikation mellan lärare och elev med gemensamt uppmärksamhetsfokus på ett pågående arbete. Urvalet baseras på grundantagandena om återkoppling som interaktivt konstruerad och multimodalt representerad. Analysen av återkopplingspraktiken visar på ett mångfacetterat resultat eftersom varje interaktion mellan lärare och elev är unik, således också deras kommunikation. Ändå har återkopplingspraktiken visat sig vara konstruerad enligt vissa återkommande mönster. Tre centrala återkopplingsfunktioner har kunnat urskiljas: den kontrollerande, den instruerande och den värderande, utgående från handlingar som kännetecknar dem. Vidare samspelar dessa över tid i cykliska processer och loopar. I looparna tas elevens frågor och behov tillvara i ett gemensamt utforskande. De kan betraktas som själva kärnan i återkopplingspraktiken.

Les performances des systèmes de traduction automatique statistique dépendent de la disponibilité de textes parallèles bilingues, appelés aussi bitextes. Cependant, les textes parallèles librement disponibles sont aussi des ressources rares : la taille est souvent limitée, la couverture linguistique insuffisante ou le domaine des textes n’est pas approprié. Il y a relativement peu de paires de langues pour lesquelles des corpus parallèles de tailles raisonnables sont disponibles pour certains domaines. L’une des façons pour pallier au manque de données parallèles est d’exploiter les corpus comparables qui sont plus abondants. Les travaux précédents dans ce domaine n’ont été appliqués que pour la modalité texte. La question que nous nous sommes posée durant cette thèse est de savoir si un corpus comparable multimodal permet d’apporter des solutions au manque de données parallèles dans le domaine de la traduction automatique.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié comment utiliser des ressources provenant de différentes modalités (texte ou parole) pour le développement d’un système de traduction automatique statistique. Une première partie des contributions consisteà proposer une technique pour l’extraction des données parallèles à partir d’un corpus comparable multimodal (audio et texte). Les enregistrements sont transcrits avec un système de reconnaissance automatique de la parole et traduits avec unsystème de traduction automatique. Ces traductions sont ensuite utilisées comme requêtes d’un système de recherche d’information pour sélectionner des phrases parallèles sans erreur et générer un bitexte. Dans la deuxième partie des contributions, nous visons l’amélioration de notre méthode en exploitant les entités sous-phrastiques créant ainsi une extension à notre système en vue de générer des segments parallèles. Nous améliorons aussi le module de filtrage. Enfin, nous présentons plusieurs manières d’aborder l’adaptation des systèmes de traduction avec les données extraites.Nos expériences ont été menées sur les données des sites web TED et Euronews qui montrent la faisabilité de nos approches. / The performance of Statistical Machine Translation Systems statistics depends on the availability of bilingual parallel texts, also known as bitexts. However, freely available parallel texts are also a sparse resource : the size is often limited, languistic coverage insufficient or the domain of texts is not appropriate. There are relatively few pairs of languages for which parallel corpora sizes are available for some domains. One way to overcome the lack of parallel data is to exploit comparable corpus that are more abundant. Previous work in this area have been applied for the text modality. The question we asked in this thesis is : can comparable multimodal corpus allows us to make solutions to the lack of parallel data in machine translation? In this thesis, we studied how to use resources from different modalities (text or speech) for the development of a Statistical machine translation System. The first part of the contributions is to provide a method for extracting parallel data from a comparable multimodal corpus (text and audio). The audio data are transcribed with an automatic speech recognition system and translated with a machine translation system. These translations are then used as queries to select parallel sentences and generate a bitext. In the second part of the contribution, we aim to improve our method to exploit the sub-sentential entities creating an extension of our system to generate parallel segments. We also improve the filtering module. Finally, we présent several approaches to adapt translation systems with the extracted data. Our experiments were conducted on data from the TED and Euronews web sites which show the feasibility of our approaches.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work has the multimodal text and its interfaces with two semiotic codes: word and still image as theme. Currently it lives a strongly trend marked by approximations between relationship the "Writing civilization" and the "civilization image" in multimodal texts, whose reading and construction of meaning, by the user in general and, in particular, by the PLE learner involves the use of a semiotic approach that offers conditions to explain the peculiarities of each of the co-occurrent code in a multimodal text, as well as to establish possible relationships between them.Among the theoretic models of semiotic, we have opted for the ModeloSemânticoReformulado (MSR), proposed by Eco, in his General Treaty of Semiotic, in which the author recasts the previous model of Katz and Fodor, in association, in this Thesis, with categories of indexicals referential relations between word and image, and other forms of referential relations between these two semiotics in the plans of content and expression, presents in Santaella and Nöth. To this end, it is conceived the multimodal text within a process of unlimited semiosis, initially proposed by Peirce and later taken over by Eco. Was selected as corpus an advertising campaign of Sadia company, it consists of six commercials, in a view that advertising discourse is guided by the maintenance of social cognition landmarks, which it favors the process of meaning by the use of lexias with a high degree of lexicalization and by images that often corroborate certain visions of the sociocultural world of a society or certain social groups. In this sense, the corpus choice has as main objective the appreciation of communicative approach to PLE teaching, based on / by interculturality, by the relational route between word and image in multimodal texts of advertising genre. The obtained results point to the use of multimodality as one of the contributions to the foreign learner ressemantize encyclopedic sememes in the target language, associated with the images, by the cultural exchanges that it establishes with the social representations of their mother language. / Este trabalho tem por tema o texto multimodal e suas interfaces com dois códigos semióticos: palavra e imagem fixa. Vive-se atualmente uma tendência fortemente marcada pelas relações aproximativas entre a “civilização da escrita” e a “civilização da imagem” em textos multimodais, cuja leitura e construção de sentidos, por parte do usuário em geral, e, em particular, pelo aprendiz de PLE, implica o uso de uma abordagem semiótica que ofereça condições para explicar as peculiaridades de cada um dos códigos co-ocorrentes em um texto multimodal, bem como estabelecer relações possíveis entre eles. Dentre os modelos teóricos da semiótica, optou-se pelo Modelo Semântico Reformulado (MSR), proposto por Eco, em seu Tratado Geral de Semiótica, no qual o autor reformula o modelo antecedente de Katz e Fodor, em associação, nessa Dissertação, às categorias de relações referenciais indexicais entre palavra e imagem, e de outras formas de relações referenciais entre essas duas semióticas nos planos do conteúdo e da expressão, presentes em Santaella e Nöth. Para tanto, concebe-se o texto multimodal no interior de um processo de semiose ilimitada, proposto inicialmente por Peirce, e posteriormente retomado por Eco. Selecionou-se como corpus uma campanha publicitária da empresa Sadia, constituída por seis anúncios publicitários, tendo em vista que o discurso publicitário é orientado pela manutenção dos marcos de cognição social, o que favorece o processo de significação pelo uso de lexias com alto grau de lexicalização e por imagens que, quase sempre, corroboram determinadas visões do mundo sociocultural de uma dada sociedade ou de determinados grupos sociais. Nesse sentido, a escolha do corpus tem como principal intuito a valorização da abordagem comunicativa para o ensino de PLE, ancorada na/pela interculturalidade, pela via relacional entre palavra e imagem em textos multimodais do gênero anúncio publicitário. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o uso da multimodalidade como um dos contributos para que o aprendiz estrangeiro ressemantize os sememas enciclopédicos na língua-alvo, associados às imagens, pelas trocas culturais que estabelece com as representações sociais de sua língua materna.

Les travaux réalisés au cours cette thèse ont eu comme objectif l’étude de l’interaction de la lumière polarisée avec des milieux et des particules diffusants. Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans un contexte collaboratif fort entre le LPICM et différents laboratoires privés et publics. Des aspects très variées ont été traités en profondeur dont le développement instrumental, la simulation numérique avancée et la création de protocoles de mesure pour l’interprétation de donnés à caractère complexe.La partie instrumentale de la thèse a été consacrée au développement d’un instrument novateur, adapté à la prise d’images polarimétriques à différents échelles (du millimètre au micron) pouvant être rapidement reconfigurable pour offrir différents modes d’imagerie du même échantillon. Les deux aspects principaux qui caractérisent l’instrument sont i) la possibilité d’obtenir des images polarimétriques réelles de l’échantillon et des images de la distribution angulaire de lumière diffusé par une zone sur l’échantillon dont sa taille et position peuvent être sélectionnée par l’utilisateur à volonté, ii) le contrôle total de l’état de polarisation, de la taille et de la divergence des faisceaux utilisés pour l’éclairage de l’échantillon et pour la réalisation des images de celui-ci. Ces deux aspects ne se trouvent réunis sur aucun autre appareil commercial ou expérimental actuel.Le premier objet d’étude en utilisant le polarimètre imageur multimodal a été l’étude de l’effet de l’épaisseur d’un milieu diffusant sur sa réponse optique. En imagerie médicale il existe un large consensus sur les avantages de l’utilisation de différentes propriétés polarimétriques pour améliorer l’efficacité de techniques optiques de dépistage de différentes maladies. En dépit de ces avantages, l’interprétation des observables polarimétriques en termes de propriétés physiologiques des tissus se trouve souvent obscurcie par l’influence de l’épaisseur, souvent inconnue, de l’échantillon étudié.L’objectif des travaux a été donc, de mieux comprendre la dépendance des propriétés polarimétriques de différents matériaux diffusants avec l’épaisseur de ceux-ci. En conclusion, il a été possible de montrer que, de manière assez universelle, les propriétés polarimétriques des milieux diffusants varient proportionnellement au chemin optique que la lumière a parcouru à l’intérieur du milieu, tandis que le dégrée de polarisation dépend quadratiquement de ce chemin. Cette découverte a pu être ensuite utilisée pour élaborer une méthode d’analyse de données qui permet de s’affranchir de l’effet des variations d’épaisseur des tissus, rendant ainsi les mesures très robustes et liées uniquement aux propriétés intrinsèques des échantillons étudiés.Un deuxième objet d’étude a été la réponse polarimétrique de particules de taille micrométrique. La sélection des particules étudiées par analogie à la taille des cellules qui forment les tissus biologiques et qui sont responsables de la dispersion de la lumière. Grâce à des mesures polarimétriques, il a été découvert que lorsque les microparticules sont éclairées avec une incidence oblique par rapport à l’axe optique du microscope, celles-ci semblent se comporter comme si elles étaient optiquement actives. D’ailleurs, il a été trouvé que la valeur de cette activité optique apparente dépend de la forme des particules étudiées. L’explication de ce phénomène est basée sur l’apparition d’une phase topologique dans le faisceau de lumière. Cette phase topologique dépend du parcours de la lumière diffusée à l’intérieur du microscope. L’observation inédite de cette phase topologique a été possible grâce au fait que l’imageur polarimétrique multimodale permet un éclairage des échantillons à l’incidence oblique. Cette découverte peut améliorer significativement l’efficacité de méthodes optiques pour la détermination de la forme de micro-objets. / The work carried out during this thesis was aimed to study the interaction of polarized light from the scattering media and particles. This work is part of a strong collaborative context between the LPICM and various private and public laboratories. A wide variety of aspects have been treated deeply, including instrumental development, advanced numerical simulation and the creation of measurement protocols for the interpretation of complex data.The instrumental part of the thesis was devoted to the development of an innovative instrument, suitable for taking polarimetric images at different scales (from millimeters to microns) that can be quickly reconfigured to offer different imaging modes of the same sample. The two main aspects that characterize the instrument are i) the possibility of obtaining real polarimetric images of the sample and the angular distribution of light scattered by an illuminated zone whose size and position can be controlled, ii) the total control of the polarization state, size and divergence of the beams. These two aspects are not united on any other commercial or experimental apparatus today.The first object of the study using the multimodal imaging polarimeter was to study the effect of the thickness from a scattering medium on its optical response. In medical imaging, there is a broad consensus on the benefits of using different polarimetric properties to improve the effectiveness of optical screening techniques for different diseases. Despite these advantages, the interpretation of the polarimetric responses in terms of the physiological properties of tissues has been obscured by the influence of the unknown thickness of the sample.The objective of the work was, therefore, to better understand the dependence of the polarimetric properties of different scattering materials with the known thickness. In conclusion, it is possible to show that the polarimetric properties of the scattering media vary proportionally with the optical path that the light has traveled inside the medium, whereas the degree of polarization depends quadratically on the optical path. This discovery could be used to develop a method of data analysis that overcomes the effect of thickness variations, thus making the measurements very robust and related only to the intrinsic properties of the samples studied.The second object of study was to study the polarimetric responses from particles of micrometric size. The selection of the particles studied by analogy to the size of the cells that form the biological tissues, and which are responsible for the dispersion of light. By means of the polarimetric measurements, it has been discovered that when the microparticles are illuminated with an oblique incidence with respect to the optical axis of the microscope, they appear to behave as if they were optically active. Moreover, it has been found that the value of this apparent optical activity depends on the shape of the particles. The explanation of this phenomenon is based on the appearance of a topological phase of the beam. This topological phase depends on the path of the light scattered inside the microscope. The unprecedented observation of this topological phase has been done by the fact that the multimodal polarimetric imager allows illumination of the samples at the oblique incidence. This discovery can significantly improve the efficiency of optical methods for determining the shape of micro-objects.

Anne of Green Gables es una serie de libros que narra la historia de Anne Shirley, una niña adoptada por error por unos hermanos, sus aventuras en la ciudad canadiense de Avonlea, sus nuevas amistades y su crecimiento personal. Esta novela ha sido adaptada a los medios audiovisuales en distintos países y en distintas épocas. Asimismo, esta obra muestra el sistema sexo-género en un entorno canadiense del siglo XIX y a personajes femeninos que cuestionan dicho sistema. Por ello, la presente investigación se centra en la manera que es representado el rol de las mujeres del siglo XIX en tres adaptaciones audiovisuales: Anne of Green Gables (1934), Anne of Green Gables (1985) y Anne with an E tomando como texto fuente los tres primeros libros de la saga: Anne of Green Gables (1908), Anne of Avonlea (1909), Anne of the Island (1915). Estas adaptaciones se entenderán como traducción desde un enfoque multimodal ya que son productos culturales que experimentaron transposiciones intersemióticas de un sistema de signos a otro (Hutcheon & O’Flynn, 2013). Esta investigación se llevará a cabo mediante análisis de contenido y análisis contrastivo multimodal de los objetos estudios. Asimismo, se empleará el modelo de adaptation shifts propuesto por Perdikaki. / Anne of Green Gables is a series of books that narrates the story of Anne Shirley, a girl adopted erroneously by two siblings, her adventures in the Canadian town of Avonlea, her new friendships, and her personal growth. This novel has been adapted for audiovisual media in different countries and at different times. It also depicts the sex-gender system in a 19th century Canadian setting and female characters who challenge this system. Therefore, this research focuses on how the role of 19th century women is represented in three audiovisual adaptations: Anne of Green Gables (1934), Anne of Green Gables (1985) y Anne with an E (2017), taking as source text the first three books of the saga:  Anne of Green Gables (1908), Anne of Avonlea (1909), Anne of the Island (1915). These adaptations will be understood as multimodal translation approach since they are cultural products which experience intersemiotic transposition from one sign system to another (Hutcheon & O’Flynn, 2013). This research will be undertaken by means of content analysis and multimodal contrastive analysis of the objects of study. Furthermore, it will be employed the model of adaptation shifts proposed by Perdikaki. / Trabajo de investigación

Digitaliseringen av grundskolorna öppnar för breda multimodala möjligheter. Tidigare forskning visar inte hur verksamma svensklärare hanterar multimodala texter i undervisningen för elever i årskurs 4–6. Denna studie berör hur lärare uppfattar multimodala och berättande texter och hur dessa kan vara skrivutvecklande för elever i årskurs 4–6. För att uppfylla syftet med denna studie valdes tematisk analys som metod. Det finns också ett fokus på aktiva svensklärares uppfattningar om att arbeta med multimodala och berättande texter i klassrummet. Resultatet visar att lärarnas uppfattningar är att när man skapar multimodala och berättande texter måste en interaktion ske. Genom interaktion i klassrummet kommer eleverna att utveckla skrivfärdigheter. Slutsatser som presenteras är att multimodala texter ofta erbjuds via interaktiva medier som YouTube.com. Berättande texter måste produceras med förutbestämd struktur för att kunna bedömas och oavsett vilka texter elever skapar, måste det göras i sammanhang där interaktion ges utrymme. Klassrumsdialogen främjar en berättarglädje. / Primary schools digitalization makes broad multimodal opportunities. Previous research does not illustrate how active teachers who teach the subject Swedish handle multimodal texts in teaching for pupils in grades 4–6. This study illuminates how teachers perceive multimodal and narrative texts and how these texts can develop pupils writing skills in grades 4–6. To fulfill the purpose of this study thematic analysis was chosen as the method. There is also a focus on the conceptions of teachers concerning working with multimodal and narrative texts in the classroom. The result shows that the teachers' conceptions are that when creating multimodal and narrative texts, an interaction needs to happen. Through interaction in the classroom, pupils will develop writing skills. Conclusions presented are that multimodal texts are often offered through interactive media such as YouTube.com. Narrative texts must be produced with predetermined structure to be assessable and regardless of what texts pupils create, it must be done in contexts where interaction is given space. Classroom dialogue promotes pupils to feel a joy in to tell narrative stories.

In this century and the last, serious efforts have been made to digitize the content housed by libraries across the world. In order to open up these volumes to content-based information retrieval, independent elements such as headlines, body text, bylines, images and captions ideally need to be connected semantically as article-level units. To query on facets such as author, section, content type or other metadata, further processing of these documents is required. Even though humans have shown exceptional ability to segment different types of elements into related components, even in languages foreign to them, this task has proven difficult for computers. The challenge of semantic segmentation in newspapers lies in the diversity of the medium: Newspapers have vastly different layouts, covering diverse content, from news articles to ads to weather reports. State-of-the-art object detection and segmentation models have been trained to detect and segment real-world objects. It is not clear whether these architectures can perform equally well when applied to scanned images of printed text. In the domain of newspapers, in addition to the images themselves, we have access to textual information through Optical Character Recognition. The recent progress made in the field of instance segmentation of real-world objects using deep learning techniques begs the question: Can the same methodology be applied in the domain of newspaper articles? In this thesis we investigate one possible approach to encode the textual signal into the image in an attempt to improve performance. Based on newspapers from the National Library of Sweden, we investigate the predictive power of visual and textual features and their capacity to generalize across different typographic designs. Results show impressive mean Average Precision scores (>0:9) for test sets sampled from the same newspaper designs as the training data when using only the image modality. / I detta och det förra århundradet har kraftiga åtaganden gjorts för att digitalisera traditionellt medieinnehåll som tidigare endast tryckts i pappersformat. För att kunna stödja sökningar och fasetter i detta innehåll krävs bearbetning påsemantisk nivå, det vill säga att innehållet styckas upp påartikelnivå, istället för per sida. Trots att människor har lätt att dela upp innehåll påsemantisk nivå, även påett främmande språk, fortsätter arbetet för automatisering av denna uppgift. Utmaningen i att segmentera nyhetsartiklar återfinns i mångfalden av utseende och format. Innehållet är även detta mångfaldigt, där man återfinner allt ifrån faktamässiga artiklar, till debatter, listor av fakta och upplysningar, reklam och väder bland annat. Stora framsteg har gjorts inom djupinlärning just för objektdetektering och semantisk segmentering bara de senaste årtiondet. Frågan vi ställer oss är: Kan samma metodik appliceras inom domänen nyhetsartiklar? Dessa modeller är skapta för att klassificera världsliga ting. I denna domän har vi tillgång till texten och dess koordinater via en potentiellt bristfällig optisk teckenigenkänning. Vi undersöker ett sätt att utnyttja denna textinformation i ett försök att förbättra resultatet i denna specifika domän. Baserat pådata från Kungliga Biblioteket undersöker vi hur väl denna metod lämpar sig för uppstyckandet av innehåll i tidningar längsmed tidsperioder där designen förändrar sig markant. Resultaten visar att Mask R-CNN lämpar sig väl för användning inom domänen nyhetsartikelsegmentering, även utan texten som input till modellen.