Doctor Legum - LLD / Within the context of South Africa‘s diverging religious, cultural and social backgrounds, new questions on the nature of a multicultural society are raised from the perspective of human rights. The universality and indivisibility of human rights are challenged by this diversity and consequently implies that standards, concepts and structures for implementation have to be reconsidered. International and national standards are being (re)interpreted and attention is not only focused on the contents of the norms but on the limitations imposed thereupon. The debate on whether limits should be set in permitting or accommodating cultural or religious pluralism is becoming extremely relevant. The manner in which these questions are responded to is even more prominent in the light of our history of apartheid which has disregarded respect for religious and cultural diversity. In the scope of this research emphasis will be placed on the right to freedom of religion and in particular the limitation of the right to religion in an attempt to balance conflicting rights and accommodates religious diversity. The right to freedom of religion albeit constitutionally entrenched is subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations. However, no clear guidelines have been formulated on the criteria for limiting the right to freedom of religion. The main aim of this research is to find guiding criteria to facilitate the imposition of limitations on the right to freedom of religion. The limitations of the right to freedom of religion are interrelated with the following research questions: Firstly, the definition afforded to the right to freedom of religion in accordance with national and international standards; secondly, the relationship between culture and religion and any interconnection that exists between these rights. This is followed by the influence of the particular value framework or normative commitments f the judiciary on the interpretation of the right to religion, as well as the relationship between the state and religion. The above issues will be researched both on a national and an international level. The aim is to conduct research that will build on an appreciation of the guidelines that should be employed in ensuring the protection of the right to freedom of religion. To this end comparisons will be drawn with other legal systems, which on the one hand acknowledge the protection of the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand have to find ways in which the right can be balanced in the event of conflict. It is envisaged that the research of the criteria imposed on the limitation of the right to religion both on a national and an international level will assist in suggesting criteria that will influence scholarly debate on the topic. In addition that this debate will allow for the formulation of a transformative approach within the South African context that sanctions the celebration of diversity in all its aspects and in particular the right to freedom of religion. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one’s home, one’s community and rebuilding one’s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called “Die Vlakte” during that time.Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr.Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event; and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim’s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim’s home (van der Merwe & Vienings, 2001).So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line. / South Africa

The theoretical focus of this study is Meaning in Architecture. The study does not draw from history or popular culture for meaning, but will aim to transcend Post-modern concepts by focusing on the contemporary condition and archetypal forms as a result of history and popular culture. This is done through the use of fractal geometry and deals with the questions that arise regarding signification. Fractals can be considered a subdivision of the language of mathematics and will be utilised as mediation between the reality of our world and the generation of form for the purpose of design. This is explored in two analogies, Architecture and Mathematics; and Architecture and Language. Through this process, subjectivity relating to form is removed as the design was developed in conjunction with the area in which it manifests, through the transformation of quantifiable entities into form. The programme and the process have become a unified whole in that mathematical concepts were utilised to design a building to house people involved with mathematics. The aim of the design proposal is to contribute to the urban landscape of Tshwane by allowing access to facilities in which training in mathematics and computer science can be achieved and to allow individuals to come to a place of self-actualization. The design is defined as a snapshot of the contemporary condition and therefore makes use of passive and active technologies to create a habitable environment. It is imperative to realise that society is in a process of transition and this can be embraced by combining ‘green’ and ‘non-green’ design approaches, while working towards more energy-efficient design solutions. Copyright / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

[pt] No mês de junho de 2013, jovens de diversas capitais do Brasil ocuparam as ruas para tentar impedir o aumento da tarifa dos transportes públicos. Conseguiram. Como uma onda, as manifestações se espalharam e logo aconteciam em pequenas e grandes cidades, portando as mais diversas bandeiras. As Jornadas de Junho de 2013 configuraram-se como um movimento essencialmente urbano e, em meio a tudo o que elas trouxeram à tona, um aspecto e um movimento social presente na vida urbana se destacaram: a pauta da mobilidade e o Movimento Passe Livre (MPL). Além de ressaltar essas duas variáveis, esta dissertação situa o debate em meio à produção acadêmica que há tempos se dedica a estudar o urbano e suas problemáticas. Seguindo uma linha de pensamento que compreende a cidade como lugar de existência plena do homem urbano, a luta pelo direito à cidade aparece como conceito fundamental para a compreensão dos conflitos urbanos hoje. / [en] In June 2013, young people from big cities of Brazil took to the streets to try to prevent the increase of public transport fare. They succeeded. Like a wave, the demonstrations spread and soon took place in lots of different towns and cities, carrying different flags. The Jornadas de Junho de 2013 were an essentially urban movement and, in the middle of everything that was brought to the streets, an aspect and a social movement present in urban life stood out: the agenda of the mobility and the Free Pass Movement. In addition to highlighting these two variables, this dissertation sets this agenda through the academic production that has long been dedicated to study the city and its problems. Following a thought line that understands the city as a place of full existence of urban men, the struggle for the right to the city appears as a key concept for understanding of urban conflicts today.

Cette thèse étudie comment le discours mis de l’avant par l'État colombien a contribué à la production de la violence sexuelle commise par la police nationale à l'encontre des manifestant.e.s. prenant part au paro nacional de 2021. Cette recherche analyse les stratégies discursives par lesquelles le discours institutionnel colombien a cadré les manifestations comme une menace à la survie de l'État dans sa forme actuelle, soit le protecteur et instigateur des structures d'oppression que sont néolibéralisme, le patriarcat et colonialisme. Ce cadrage de la manifestation a non seulement légitimé toute forme de violence sous le couvert de la protection de l'État, mais a également renforcé la violence structurelle. En s'inscrivant sur le continuum de la violence basée sur le genre initié à l'intersection des structures d'oppression, cette violence structurelle s'est matérialisée sous la forme de violence sexuelle commise par la police à l'endroit des corps « dissidents ». En effet, considérant le rôle de la police, bras armé de l'État responsable de rétablir l'ordre nécessaire à sa continuité et à son évolution au sein des systèmes d'oppression, la violence sexuelle a été articulée comme un outil pour punir la contestation, mais surtout pour contrôler la transgression.

Existing traffic models are widely used in multiple frameworks, most prominently, microscopic vehicle-scale occurring on the scale of seconds and macroscopic city-scale flow patterns that develop over the scale of hours. Research works and practical applications usually employ either one or the other framework, and there is little overlap in the respective research communities. This dissertation develops mathematical techniques to bridge the two scales. The particular case of bridging the micro and macro scales of models in the stable traffic regime has been extensively studied, however what has been often overlooked is the unstable regime. Thus, of particular importance are models that can capture dynamic instabilities and traveling traffic waves called phantom jams. Such models are particularly challenging to analyze, as many papers on PDE models explicitly exclude the unstable situation. This thesis (i) outlines the mathematical foundations of microscopic and macroscopic models of interest, (ii) establishes a principled procedure of generating macroscopic flow quantities from microscopic models in the unstable regime, (iii) presents a study addressing the averaging of scales and the understanding of macroscopic manifestations of microscopic car-following traffic waves based on a framework of systematic hierarchy of tests that isolate the car-following dynamics, (iv) explains the corresponding effective traffic state and non-equilibrium wave structures that rise in the fundamental diagram, (v) and derives and validates vehicle type specific simple fuel consumption rate models that are accurate, computationally fast, and have desirable physics-like properties. The insights gained from this study has many applications. One of them presented here is the relevance of dampening traffic waves in the presence of sparse control and in light of the energy demand of traffic at the vehicle-scale, waves-scale, and city scale. / Mathematics

Lors des travaux de la Commission du droit international relatifs aux actes unilatéraux des États, le rapporteur spécial a nié que le silence puisse être qualifié de manifestation de la volonté étatique. Rien dans la théorie de l’acte juridique ne justifie pourtant cette position. L’étude de la pratique révèle en outre que, selon les cas, le silence étatique peut être qualifié de refus ou d’acquiescement et qu’il joue un rôle fondamental dans la formation, l’interprétation ou la modification des rapports de droit interétatiques. En effet, dans la mesure où, en droit international, il revient aux États d’apprécier le bien-fondé ou la légalité du comportement de leurs pairs, l’objectif de la sécurité juridique impose de retenir la pertinence légale de leur silence. Cet objectif, sous ses diverses facettes, constitue la raison d’être de l’attribution d’un effet légal au silence et permet ainsi une systématisation des hypothèses très variées où il pèse sur les États une « charge de réagir ». Selon la situation face à laquelle il est appréhendé, le silence permet ainsi d’assurer la détermination actuelle ou future des rapports de droit.L’étude des conditions nécessaires à la production de l’effet attribué au silence révèle par ailleurs que le droit positif consacre la possibilité théorique d’y voir un acte juridique. Pour que son silence produise des effets, le droit international exige toujours que l’État ait été libre de réagir et qu’il ait eu connaissance de la situation qui le rendait pertinent. En outre, les régimes de la preuve de la connaissance et de l’existence du silence ne justifient pas nécessairement la dénonciation du caractère honteusement fictif de l’explication volontariste des phénomènes en cause. Il n’y a, en toute hypothèse, aucune fiction juridique à qualifier le silence en tant qu’acte juridique / . During the work of the International Law Commission regarding Unilateral Acts of States, the Special Rapporteur denied that State’s silence could be qualified as a manifestation of its will. Nevertheless,no theoretical reason justifies this position. The study of the practice reveals more over that, as the casemay be, State’s silence can be qualified as refusal or as acquiescence and that it plays a fundamental role in the formation, the interpretation or the modification of legal interstate relations. Indeed, since it is the State’s prerogative to appreciate the legality of the behavior of others States, legal certainty imposes to hold the legal relevance of their silence. Under its diverse facets, this objective constitutes the raison d’être of the effect attributed to silence and thus allows a systematization of the various hypothesis in which it is taken into account. Depending on the situation to which it reacts, silence ensures the current or future determination of legal relations. Furthermore, the study of the conditions necessary for the production of the silence’s effects reveals that positive law consecrates the theoretical possibility of qualifying silence as a legal act. International law requires, in order toattribute an effect to silence, that the silent State was free to react and had knowledge of the situation that made his silence legally relevant. Moreover, the rules governing the proof of the knowledge and of the existence of silence do not necessarily justify the criticism towards the fictive character of the voluntarist explanation of the phenomena. There is, in any event, no legal fiction in qualifying silenceas a legal act.

Periodontal Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (pEDS) is a rare disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in complement 1 subunit genes C1R and C1S. To date, 148 cases have been described in the literature.We describe a case of a suspected de novo-mutation of pEDS with generalized Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD) and cerebral leukoencephalopathy.

O transplante renal é uma modalidade de tratamento para substituir os órgãos em falência. As manifestações orais mais freqüentes nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) e transplantados renais (TR) são as alterações do esmalte, as estomatites, gengivites, diminuição do fluxo salivar, hiperplasias gengivais e as infecções por vírus, bactérias e fungos. A prevalência de infecções ativas causadas pelos herpesvírus aumentam quando há imunossupressão dos indivíduos. Em transplantados renais, apesar de ser realizada a profilaxia antiviral, a infecção clínica pelos vírus desta família tem levado a muitas complicações póstransplante aumentando a mortalidade e a morbidade destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente as condições bucais e a presença dos vírus HSV-1 e EBV na saliva de pacientes pediátricos com IRC, TR e em pacientes normorreativos, através da técnica de PCR. Aplicou-se questionário a todos os pais ou responsáveis para obtenção dos dados demográficos, histórias médica e odontológica. Realizou-se avaliação da saúde bucal e coleta de saliva de 100 pacientes pediátricos de 0 à 16 anos, divididos em 3 grupos. O grupo 1 foi composto por 25 crianças insuficientes renais crônicos, o grupo 2 por 25 crianças transplantadas renais na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, e o grupo 3 por 50 crianças normorreativas na Clínica Odontológica da FOUSP. Independentemente do grupo, a maioria das crianças exibia pobre higiene oral, gengivite e moderada incidência de cárie. Entre as manifestações bucais avaliadas as que apresentaram diferença entre os grupos foram: No grupo 1 palidez da mucosa bucal (8/25, 32%), alteração de esmalte (5/25, 20%), manchas brancas (4/25, 16%), e sensação de boca seca (3/25, 12%). No grupo 2 foram: candidíase (1/25, 4%), queilite angular (1/25, 4%), e dentes conóides (1/25, 4%). A hiperplasia gengival medicamentosa esteve presente em 4 dos 25 (16%) dos pacientes desse grupo estudado, sendo em todos os casos grau 1 . No grupo 3 observou-se alteração de esmalte (6/50, 12%), manchas brancas (8/50, 16%) e fratura dental (1/50, 2%). Quanto a presença dos vírus observou-se que o HSV-1 foi encontrado na freqüência de: 4% no G1, 28% no G2 e 22% no G3 sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,039). O EBV foi encontrado em 24% dos pacientes do G1, 60% do G2 e em 44% dos pacientes do G3, sendo a diferença entre G1 e G3 estatisticamente significante (p=0,010). Frente as manifestações bucais e a presença do HSV-1 e do EBV encontradas nesta população evidencia-se a o importante papel do cirurgião dentista na equipe transplantadora, participando de novos métodos de diagnóstico, adequação bucal dos pacientes na fase pré transplante, como também nas intervenções curativas nas fases pré, trans e pós transplante. / Renal transplantation may be a treatment choice for patients with a failing kidney. Patients who present chronic renal failure and have undergone renal transplantation may show enamel abnormalities, periodontal disease, decrease of the salivary flow and gingival enlargement as common oral manifestations. Bacterial, fungal and viral infections can also develop, being the later a major cause of post-transplantation morbidity and mortality despite the antiviral prophylaxis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to observe the occurrence of oral manifestations and also to detect the presence of herpes virus 1 (HSV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the saliva of pediatric renal transplant patients (RT), pediatric patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and immunocompetent patients, comparing the results among the three experimental groups. All the analyses were performed through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A questionnaire was applied to the respective parents or legal responsible in order to obtain the demographic data, medical and dental histories. Oral manifestation records and saliva samples were obtained from 100 pediatric patients with an age that ranged from 0 to 16 years old. The experimental groups consisted of: Group 1 (G1): 25 children with chronic renal failure, group 2 (G2): 25 children after renal transplantation conducted at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo city and group 3 (G3): 50 immunocompetent children clinically examined at the School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo. All of the analyzed children presented poor hygienic conditions, periodontal diseases and decreased rates of dental caries. G1 presented the following oral manifestations: paleness of oral mucosa (8/25, 32%), enamel abnormalities (5/25, 20%) and xerostomia (3/25, 12%). G2: oral candidiasis (1/25, 4%), angular cheilitis (1/25, 4%) and conic teeth (1/25, 4%). Four patients also presented gingival enlargement at degree one (16%). G3 presented enamel abnormalities (6/50, 12%) and dental fracture (1/50, 2%). HSV-1 was detected in G1 (4%), G2 (28%) and G3 (22%) and presenting statistically significant differences among the groups (p=0,039). EBV was detected in 24% of G1, 60% of G2 and 44% of G3, being this difference statistically significant (p=0,010). Oral manifestations as well as the presence of HSV-1 and EBV in CRF e RT patients highlight the importance of a dentist in the renal transplant team, providing optimal dental care of patients before and after the renal transplant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO MARTINS DA SILVA.pdf: 12727321 bytes, checksum: 9f91eed0ade36b7371a053ba93e55d6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / The objective of this research is to discuss Traditions and manifestations of popular culture in Goiás, with the object to Our Party Lady D Abbey in Quirinopolis. It aims to understand if it acts as forming a religion rooted in popular practices, and also, if from these practices, there is the identification of the people with the party sufficient to promote the creation of a cultural identity, and understand if there is the production of a memory. Finally understand what the changes taking place, and if they had any influence in relation to religion. In this way our methodological proposal started from the literature search, observation and participation in the party, interviews and images. Therefore observe the Feast of Our Lady D Abadia translates as place of memory, being remembered for generations, appearing not only as a tradition but as an object of his time, part of a cultural identity, so his perpetuating. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir Tradições e Manifestações da cultura popular em Goiás, tendo como objeto a Festa de Nossa Senhora D Abadia em Quirinópolis. Pretende-se entender se a mesma age como formadora de uma religiosidade enraizada nas práticas populares, e também, se a partir destas práticas, há a identificação do povo com a festa, que seja suficiente para promover a criação de uma identidade cultural, e entender se há a produção de uma memória. Por fim perceber quais as mudanças ocorridas, e se estas tiveram alguma influência em relação a religiosidade. Desta forma a nossa proposta metodológica iniciou-se a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica, observação e participação na festa, entrevistas e imagens. Por tanto observamos que a Festa de Nossa Senhora D Abadia traduz-se como lugar de memória, sendo relembrada por gerações, se apresentando não somente como uma tradição e sim como um objeto de seu tempo, parte de uma identidade cultural, por isso sua perpetuação.