Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie ondersoek is navorsing gedoen oor die Romeinse huweliksverhouding ten einde vas te stel of die klassieke Romeinse reg die Romeinse vrou se huweliksverhouding beskerm het indien dit deur haar man se wangedrag geskend is. Die navorsing het getoon dat, soos in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, die Romeinse huweliksverhouding teen die klassieke tydperk 'n consortium omnis vitae met veral morele huwelikspligte was en dat die nie-nakoming van hierdie pligte op wangedrag en skending van die huweliksverhouding neergekom het. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat, soos in die moderne reg, ook die Romeinse man die huweliksverhouding kon skend deur wangedrag, beperkte vorme van seksuele wangedrag, iniuria en bigamie. Die klassieke Romeinse reg het egter nie aan die Romeinse vrou direkte regsbeskerming verleen by die man se skending van die huweliksverhouding deur wangedrag nie. Sy het egter wel indirekte regsbeskerming in die vorm van toevlugof afskrikmiddels (soos egskeiding en die dos) geniet. / In this study research has been done on the Roman marital relationship in order to determine whether classical Roman law protected the Roman wife's marital relationship if it had been breached by her husband's misconduct. Research has shown that by the classical period, as in South African law, the Roman marital relationship was a consortium omnis vitae with primarily moral marital duties. Non-compliance with these duties amounted to misconduct and breach of the marital relationship. It was concluded that, as in modern law, the Roman husband too could be in breach of his marital relationship through misconduct, limited forms of sexual misconduct, iniuria and bigamy. However, classical Roman law did not grant the Roman wife any direct legal protection where her husband was in breach of the marital relationship because of misconduct. She nevertheless enjoyed indirect legal protection in the form of deterrents (such as divorce and the dos). / Law / LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

本研究旨在瞭解子女婚姻態度的概況，並分析子女知覺父母婚姻關係、親子依附風格與其婚姻態度間之關係。 本研究採取問卷調查法，以便利取樣的方式，選取台灣北、中、南、東四區801位大學生為研究對象，以「知覺父母婚姻關係量表」、「人際依附風格量表」、「婚姻態度量表」為研究工具。所蒐集資料以描述統計、T 考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、結構方程模式分析等方法進行統計分析。 本研究的主要發現如下： 1、子女對婚姻的感受傾向於美好、認為婚姻是對配偶一輩子的承諾，不能隨意放棄，但對於是否未來踏入婚姻關係中仍持較為謹慎、中立的態度。 2、男性子女的未來結婚意向、婚姻感受性、婚姻長久性皆較女性子女來得正向、積極。 3、父母婚姻關係的親密程度以及和諧程度，與子女的未來結婚意向、婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性存有正相關。 4、子女依附風格為安全型的，會與其未來的結婚意向、婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性間存有正相關。 5、子女依附風格為焦慮型的，會與其未來婚姻的長久性存有正相關。 6、子女依附風格為忽略逃避型的，會與其未來結婚意向、婚姻感受性間存有負相關。 7、子女依附風格為害怕逃避型的，會與其未來結婚意向、婚姻感受性、婚姻長久性間存有負相關。 8、知覺父母婚姻關係的親密程度，會透過安全型依附風格，對子女的未來結婚意向、婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性，帶來間接的影響。 9、知覺父母婚姻關係的親密程度，會透過害怕逃避型依附風格，對子女的婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性，帶來間接的影響。 10、知覺父母婚姻關係的和諧程度，不但會對子女的婚姻感受性，帶來直接的影響，且會透過焦慮型依附風格，對子女的婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性，帶來間接的影響。 11、知覺父母婚姻關係的和諧程度，不但會對子女的婚姻感受性，帶來直接的影響，且會透過害怕逃避型依附風格，對子女的婚姻感受性及婚姻長久性，帶來間接的影響。 本研究最後根據研究發現與結果，對家庭教育方面、學校輔導與教育方面、社會教育方面及未來研究方面提出具體建議。 關鍵字：子女、父母婚姻關係、依附風格、婚姻態度

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-17T18:18:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeovana Scopel Picheti.pdf: 656141 bytes, checksum: f782ded9db81e1e05debfa60aa1b3968 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T18:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeovana Scopel Picheti.pdf: 656141 bytes, checksum: f782ded9db81e1e05debfa60aa1b3968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação é composta por dois artigos: um estudo bibliométrico e o segundo um artigo empírico. O artigo de revisão bibliométrico avaliou publicações em língua inglesa, entre os anos de 2001 e 2011, sobre o tema comunicação em casais em que um dos cônjuges tem câncer. A pesquisa resultou da análise de catorze artigos, que apontam em seus resultados para a importância do casal conversar sobre questões relacionadas ao seu relacionamento conjugal e a vivência do câncer. O artigo empírico tem delineamento de estudos de casos múltiplos e seu objetivo é avaliar a relação conjugal em situação de câncer em um dos cônjuges. Participaram quatro casais selecionados por conveniência em um hospital geral de uma cidade da Serra Gaúcha - Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os casais e com cada um dos membros separadamente. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas. Os casos foram analisados individualmente e de forma conjunta. Foi possível identificar três eixos temáticos: Caracterização do ciclo de vida dos casais, Intimidade/Sexualidade e Comunicação. Os resultados apontaram para o fato de que os casais participantes estavam na transição entre a meia idade e a velhice; pacientes em cuidados paliativos, dificuldades com relação à vivência da intimidade, em virtude dos mesmos desempenharem menos o papel de marido/mulher e mais o de cuidador(a)/paciente; e confirmam resultados de artigos internacionais sobre o fato dos casais não falarem sobre mudanças ocorridas na sexualidade, bem como sobre sentimentos relacionadas à possibilidade de morte. Portanto, constata-se a importância da comunicação sobre percepções e sentimentos, em casais que estão vivenciando o câncer, sobre as mudanças ocorridas na conjugalidade e sobre a possibilidade da morte. / This thesis is composed by two papers: the first one is a bibliometric review, and the second is an empirical research. The paper about the bibliometric review evaluated researches published in English between 2001 and 2011 that approached communication in couples in which one spouse has cancer. This research resulted in fourteen papers that highlight how important it is for the couple to talk about subjects related to their marital relationship and the cancer experience. The empirical research deals with multiple case studies and aims at evaluating the marital relationship when a spouse has cancer. Four couples took part in this study, and they were selected by convenience from a hospital in a town in the Serra Gaúcha region, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the couples and with the spouses separately. The interviews were recorded in audio and then transcribed. The cases were analyzed both individually and as a couple. It was possible to identify three thematic axes: Characterization of the life cycle of the couple, Intimacy/Sexuality and Communication. The results pointed to the fact that the participant couples were in a transition point between a middle-aged and an elderly life; patients in palliative care, patients who had difficulties in the marital experience because of the fact they played the role of caregiver/patient more often than the role of husband/wife; and the reaffirmation of international research results about the fact that the couples do not talk about changes in sexuality, as well as about the feelings concerning the possibility of death. It is possible to observe the importance of the communication about perceptions and feelings in couples that are experiencing cancer and about the changes in conjugality, as well as about the feelings regarding the possibility of death.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-08T23:21:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaHaack.pdf: 624572 bytes, checksum: 37d2f90fc304fddab997c0189d738396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T23:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaHaack.pdf: 624572 bytes, checksum: 37d2f90fc304fddab997c0189d738396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O avanço tecnológico constituiu a Internet como uma poderosa ferramenta, capaz de superar grandes distâncias para possibilitar a comunicação entre pessoas de diferentes localidades praticamente em tempo real. Com isso, observou-se também um crescimento de usuários nas redes sociais, sites de relacionamentos e chats. Espaços estes que propiciaram que pessoas localizadas em diferentes regiões geográficas se conhecessem e desenvolvessem diferentes tipos de relacionamentos, inclusive amorosos. Reconhecendo os dados que revelam o crescente índice de relacionamentos amorosos que se desenvolvem exclusivamente pela internet, a presente dissertação objetiva comparar os relacionamentos amorosos mediados pela Internet com os relacionamentos amorosos não mediados pela Internet, no que diz respeito ao amor, à qualidade conjugal e às concepções de infidelidade. Esta pesquisa, de caráter quantitativo, foi realizada com 86 usuários de Internet, divididos em dois grupos (43 em relacionamentos amorosos mediados pela internet e 43 em relacionamentos amorosos não mediados pela Internet). O documento da dissertação está composto por três artigos. No primeiro, é exposto um perfil discriminante entre os relacionamentos amorosos mediados e não mediados pela internet. No segundo, apresenta-se a comparação dos grupos no que diz respeito à qualidade conjugal e aos três componentes do amor: intimidade, paixão e decisão/compromisso. Por fim, no terceiro artigo, são apresentadas as concepções dos usuários de Internet sobre questões relacionadas à infidelidade. Os resultados revelam que existe diferenças significativas entre os grupos, apontando uma melhor qualidade conjugal, comprometimento, intimidade e paixão nos relacionamentos amorosos presencias. Além de indicar maior tempo de uso para acesso a redes sociais, chats e demais atividades de lazer nos relacionamentos amorosos mediados pela Internet, apontou também índices mais altos de infidelidade e problemas conjugais. Neste sentido, sugere-se que a Internet é um meio para conhecer pessoas e iniciar um relacionamento, entretanto para desenvolver o relacionamento, com mais intimidade, paixão, decisão/compromisso e qualidade conjugal recomenda-se que ocorra em contexto presencial. / Technological advances makes the Internet a powerful tool, capable of overcoming great distances to enable communication between people from different locations in real time. With that, there was also a growth of users in social networs, social networking sites and chat rooms. These tools have led these people located in different geographic regions to know each other and develop different types of relationships, including loving ones. Recognizing that the current data show the increasing rate of loving relationships tha develop exclusively on the internet, this paper aims to compare the loving relationships mediated by the Internet with loving relationships that are not mediate by the Internet, with regard to love, marital quality and conception of infidelity. This research, with a quantitative design was conducted with 86 Internet users that were divided into two groups (43 in loving relationships mediated by the Internet and 43 in loving relationships unmediated by the Internet). The thesis document is composed of three articles. In the first one, is exposed a discriminant profile between loving relationships mediated and unmediated by the Internet. On the second, is presented the comparison of the groups with regard to marital quality and the three components of love: intimacy, passion and decision/commitment. Finally, in the third article, we present the concepts of Internet users os issues to infidelity. The results show that there are significant differences between the groups, indicating better marital quality, commitment, passion and intimacy in presencial loving relationships. Besides indicating longer access on social networks, chats and other leisure activities, the romantic relationship mediated by the Internet also showed higher rates of infidelity and marital problems. In this sense, it is suggested that the Internet is a way to meet people and start relationship, although the relationship to develop within more intimacy, passion, decision/commitment and marital quality is recommended that occur in presencial context.

Estudou-se a experiência de mulheres vivendo com HIV e aids também conviverem com situações de violência por parceiro íntimo, e as repercussões destes entrecruzamentos para o cuidado de sua saúde. Tomamos como referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade já formulado para a AIDS e retrabalhado especificamente para as questões de gênero, permitindo explorar o conceito nas situações de violência doméstica contra as mulheres. Partiu-se do pressuposto que os contextos do HIV/Aids podem gerar situações de violência de mulheres soropositivas e que as representações amorosas, o ideal de conjugalidade e de família podem influenciar no impacto do cuidado da saúde das mulheres. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres em acompanhamento do HIV/Aids, inseridas nos Serviços de Saúde da Rede Especializada em DST/Aids da cidade de São Paulo, na modalidade história de vida. Encontraram-se diversos contextos da vulnerabilidade, denominada de gênero, nas narrativas produzidas, na infância, adolescência e fase adulta, reforçando padrões hegemônicos de gênero ao longo dos diferentes ciclos de vida dessas mulheres. O estudo aponta que as experiências do adoecimento na revelação do diagnóstico é o elemento disparador de medos e sofrimentos em decorrência da reação dos parceiros e a das preocupações com os filhos. O diagnóstico do HIV é o momento não só do contato com a doença, mas de desvelar ou reconhecer situações de violência. É a partir das concepções e contextos de vida que as mulheres identificam o modo de se situarem no enfrentamento do HIV e da violência. O cuidado da saúde foi abordado tanto como cuidado de si, quanto na relação com os serviços de saúde, o que mostrou a grande preocupação representada pelas dificuldades que, em função de suas condições de portadoras do HIV, essas mulheres viam para se manterem na condição tradicional de cuidadoras, dentro das referências do padrão social de gênero, quer em torno de seus adoecimentos e expectativas de vida futura, quer para com os filhos. Tais preocupações surgem como justificativas da manutenção da família diante de parceiros violentos. Embora presente, observou-se que o tema violência não é pauta na atenção à saúde da mulher vivendo com HIV e aids, nos serviços de saúde especializados. A vulnerabilidade de gênero destaca-se pela ênfase na condição materna, em que por ela e para ela as mulheres dão significados às suas vidas, ao adoecimento e ao cuidado. / This work studied the experience of women living with HIV and AIDS also live with situations of violence by their intimate partner and the implications of these intersections for their health care. We took as reference the concept of vulnerability already formulated to AIDS and adapted for gender issues, allowing explore it in situations of domestic violence against women. We started from the assumption that the contexts of HIV / AIDS can lead to situations of domestic violence involving HIV positive women and that the representations of love, the ideal of marital and family can influence on health care of these women. We made 20 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV / AIDS, followed on STD / AIDS reference centers of the Municipality of São Paulo, using living history method. We found in the narratives several contexts of the so called gender vulnerability occurred in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, reinforcing hegemonic gender patterns over the different life cycles of these women. The study shows that the fact of the diagnosis disclosure to be made during an illness is the element that triggers fear and suffering in relation to the reaction of the partners and worries with their children. The time of HIV diagnosis is not only the moment of contact with the disease, but also the time to uncover or recognize situations of violence. It is through conceptions and contexts of life that women identify how to locate themselves in the struggle against HIV and violence. Health care was addressed as much as caring for oneself as well in relation with the health services. This approach showed the great concern about the difficulties perceived by these women in order to keep the condition of traditional caregivers within the references of hegemonic social pattern of gender, either about their illnesses and future life expectations either about children. Such concerns arise as a justification for maintaining the family when there is coexistence with a violent partner. Although present, it was observed that violence is not an issue discussed in health care of women living with HIV and AIDS in specialized health services. The vulnerability of gender of these women is distinguished by an emphasis on maternal condition which gives meaning to their lives, illness and care.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

Estudou-se a experiência de mulheres vivendo com HIV e aids também conviverem com situações de violência por parceiro íntimo, e as repercussões destes entrecruzamentos para o cuidado de sua saúde. Tomamos como referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade já formulado para a AIDS e retrabalhado especificamente para as questões de gênero, permitindo explorar o conceito nas situações de violência doméstica contra as mulheres. Partiu-se do pressuposto que os contextos do HIV/Aids podem gerar situações de violência de mulheres soropositivas e que as representações amorosas, o ideal de conjugalidade e de família podem influenciar no impacto do cuidado da saúde das mulheres. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres em acompanhamento do HIV/Aids, inseridas nos Serviços de Saúde da Rede Especializada em DST/Aids da cidade de São Paulo, na modalidade história de vida. Encontraram-se diversos contextos da vulnerabilidade, denominada de gênero, nas narrativas produzidas, na infância, adolescência e fase adulta, reforçando padrões hegemônicos de gênero ao longo dos diferentes ciclos de vida dessas mulheres. O estudo aponta que as experiências do adoecimento na revelação do diagnóstico é o elemento disparador de medos e sofrimentos em decorrência da reação dos parceiros e a das preocupações com os filhos. O diagnóstico do HIV é o momento não só do contato com a doença, mas de desvelar ou reconhecer situações de violência. É a partir das concepções e contextos de vida que as mulheres identificam o modo de se situarem no enfrentamento do HIV e da violência. O cuidado da saúde foi abordado tanto como cuidado de si, quanto na relação com os serviços de saúde, o que mostrou a grande preocupação representada pelas dificuldades que, em função de suas condições de portadoras do HIV, essas mulheres viam para se manterem na condição tradicional de cuidadoras, dentro das referências do padrão social de gênero, quer em torno de seus adoecimentos e expectativas de vida futura, quer para com os filhos. Tais preocupações surgem como justificativas da manutenção da família diante de parceiros violentos. Embora presente, observou-se que o tema violência não é pauta na atenção à saúde da mulher vivendo com HIV e aids, nos serviços de saúde especializados. A vulnerabilidade de gênero destaca-se pela ênfase na condição materna, em que por ela e para ela as mulheres dão significados às suas vidas, ao adoecimento e ao cuidado. / This work studied the experience of women living with HIV and AIDS also live with situations of violence by their intimate partner and the implications of these intersections for their health care. We took as reference the concept of vulnerability already formulated to AIDS and adapted for gender issues, allowing explore it in situations of domestic violence against women. We started from the assumption that the contexts of HIV / AIDS can lead to situations of domestic violence involving HIV positive women and that the representations of love, the ideal of marital and family can influence on health care of these women. We made 20 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV / AIDS, followed on STD / AIDS reference centers of the Municipality of São Paulo, using living history method. We found in the narratives several contexts of the so called gender vulnerability occurred in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, reinforcing hegemonic gender patterns over the different life cycles of these women. The study shows that the fact of the diagnosis disclosure to be made during an illness is the element that triggers fear and suffering in relation to the reaction of the partners and worries with their children. The time of HIV diagnosis is not only the moment of contact with the disease, but also the time to uncover or recognize situations of violence. It is through conceptions and contexts of life that women identify how to locate themselves in the struggle against HIV and violence. Health care was addressed as much as caring for oneself as well in relation with the health services. This approach showed the great concern about the difficulties perceived by these women in order to keep the condition of traditional caregivers within the references of hegemonic social pattern of gender, either about their illnesses and future life expectations either about children. Such concerns arise as a justification for maintaining the family when there is coexistence with a violent partner. Although present, it was observed that violence is not an issue discussed in health care of women living with HIV and AIDS in specialized health services. The vulnerability of gender of these women is distinguished by an emphasis on maternal condition which gives meaning to their lives, illness and care.

Abstract According to the literature, postpartum depression affects 10–15% of all mothers giving birth. The purpose of this study is to examine the time after a child is born in the everyday life of a family from the salutogenic perspective. The target group of the 'Lapsiperhe 1992' survey were the married and cohabiting couples living in the region of the city of Oulu who were expecting their first child and had the due date between 1 February 1992 and 31 January 1993. The study evaluated the mood of the mothers quantitatively using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during pregnancy and after childbirth. The relationships of the couples were studied using parts of Spaniers's (1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and part of Bienvenu's Marital Communication Inventory that were combined to form a relationship questionnaire. Altogether 85% of the mothers (n = 558) participated in the study before giving birth and 74% (n = 487) after childbirth. As many as 472 of those who answered both questionnaires (n = 475) also filled in the EPDS questionnaire. Altogether 10.4% (n = 58) exceeded the cut-off point of 13 points, according to the EPDS, during pregnancy and 8.3% (n = 39) after childbirth. The questionnaire on moods during pregnancy and perception of the relationship were analysed by means of cross-tabulation for those subjects who answered both the questionnaire on moods and the relationship questionnaire (n = 461). In this study, the questionnaire on moods was divided into two categories, EPDS ≤ 12 and EPDS ≥13, similar to the relationship questionnaire < 70 (n = 43, 9.3%) and relationship questionnaire ≥ 70 (n = 418, 90.7%). If the relationship was considered bad (< 70) the risk of developing depression during pregnancy was 4.7 times higher (RR = 4.7, 95% confidence interval 2.8–8), and after childbirth 5.5 times higher (RR = 5.5, 95% confidence interval 3.1–9.6). The qualitative section of the study identifies the resources for recovery used by the subjects. A focused interview was carried out with 29 mothers during their maternity leave, 3–10 months after childbirth. The subjects for the interview were selected on the basis of the EPDS questionnaire and they formed three groups: EPDS ≤ 5 (n = 13), EPDS ≥ 13 (n = 13) and others (n = 3). The method of analysis used was the grounded theory method. Many of those who had exceeded the cut-off point felt they had suffered from passing melancholy or they had problems in their marital relationship. Those who suffered from severe depression also had coping methods. The most important coping methods were seeking social support, taking distance, physical exercise, relaxation by reading, cognitive methods, religion and humour. The support given by one's husband or significant other played an essential role in recovery. It is important to make a difference between depression diagnosed using the EPDS and clinically diagnosed depression, in order to avoid medicalisation. / Tiivistelmä Aikaisemman tutkimuksen mukaan synnytyksen jälkeinen masennus koskettaa 10–15 % kaikista synnyttäjistä. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia salutogeenisestä näkökulmasta lapsen syntymän jälkeistä aikaa perheen arkielämässä. Kohdeväestönä Lapsiperhe 1992 -tutkimuksessa olivat ne avio- ja avoparit Oulun kaupungin alueella, jotka odottivat ensimmäistä lastaan ja joiden laskettu aika oli 1.2.1992–31.1.1993. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin kvantitatiivisesti äitien mielialaa käyttäen EPDS-kyselyä (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) odotusaikana ja synnytyksen jälkeen. Parisuhdetta tutkittiin käyttäen osaa Spanierin (1976) kehittämästä kyselystä (Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DAS) sekä osaa Bienvenun aviopuolisoitten vuorovaikutuskyselystä, joista muodostettiin parisuhdekysely. Tutkimukseen osallistui 85 % äideistä (n = 558 ) ennen synnytystä ja 74 % (n = 487) synnytyksen jälkeen. Molempiin kyselyihin vastanneista (n = 475) EPDS-kysely oli täytetty 472:lla. 10,4 % (n = 58) ylitti katkaisupistemäärän 13 pistettä EPDS-mittarin mukaan raskausaikana, ja 8,3 % (n = 39) synnytyksen jälkeen. Mielialakyselyä odotusaikana ja koettua parisuhdetta on analysoitu ristiintaulukoinnin avulla niiltä vastaajilta, jotka olivat vastanneet sekä mielialakyselyyn että parisuhdekyselyyn (n = 461). Tässä tarkastelussa mielialakysely on jaettu kahteen luokkaan, EPDS ≤ 12 ja EPDS ≥ 13, samoin kuin parisuhdekysely < 70 (n = 43, 9,3 %) ja parisuhdekysely ≥ 70. (n = 418, 90,7 %). Koetun parisuhteen ollessa huono (<  70) riski masentuneisuuden kehittymiselle odotusaikana on 4,7-kertainen (RR = 4,7, 95 %:n luottamusväli 2,8–8), ja synnytyksen jälkeen 5,5-kertainen (RR = 5,5, 95 %:n luottamusväli 3,1–9,6). Laadullisessa osassa kartoitettiin tutkittavien toipumisen resursseja. 29 äidille tehtiin teemahaastattelu äitiysloman aikana 3–10 kuukautta synnytyksen jälkeen. Haastateltavat valittiin EPDS-kyselyn perusteella muodostaen kolme ryhmää: EPDS ≤ 5 (n = 13), EPDS ≥ 13 (n = 13) ja muut (n = 3). Analyysimenetelmänä oli grounded teoria -menetelmä. Monet kynnyspisteen ylittäneet kokivat itse kärsineensä ohimenevästä alakuloisuudesta tai heillä oli parisuhdeongelmia. Myös niillä, jotka kärsivät vakavasta masennustilasta, oli käytössään coping-keinoja. Tärkeimmät coping- keinot olivat sosiaalisen tuen hakeminen, etäisyydenotto, liikuntaharrastus, rentoutuminen lukemalla, kognitiiviset keinot, uskonnollisuus ja huumori. Puolison tuki oli oleellinen tekijä toipumisessa. Medikalisaation välttämiseksi on tärkeää tehdä ero EPDS-mittarilla todetun masentuneisuuden ja kliinisesti todetun depression välillä.

[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral estudar sobre as repercussões da transição para a parentalidade na conjugalidade. Realizamos pesquisa qualitativa, através de entrevista semiestruturada, com quatro homens e cinco mulheres, pais de primeiro(a) filho(a) com idade entre 12 e 25 meses, com desenvolvimento típico. A pesquisa foi realizada com sujeitos independentes, pertencentes à camada média da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e emergiram cinco categorias: (1) Projeto Parental: do desejo ao momento ideal para a chegada do filho; (2) Transformação da intimidade conjugal; (3) Conflitos conjugais: motivações e estratégias de resolução; (4) O impacto do trabalho na dinâmica conjugal e parental; (5) Influências da família de origem. Constatou-se diminuição na frequência e espontaneidade das relações sexuais, no uso do tempo para estarem juntos e desenvolvimento de novos comportamentos para expressão da intimidade. Os principais motivos geradores de conflito foram a relação com as famílias de origem, a criação dos filhos e a divisão das tarefas domésticas. Em relação ao padrão de resposta aos conflitos, tanto as mulheres como os homens, fizeram menos uso de estratégias construtivas e mais uso de comportamentos de retirada e evitação. A família ampliada foi citada por todos os entrevistados como parte essencial da rede social, sendo capaz de oferecer ajuda e apoio em momentos de crise. Observou-se também que a representação mental que homens e mulheres fazem em relação à geração anterior é preditora de seu comportamento enquanto pais. Concluímos que a satisfação conjugal é afetada por diferentes fatores na transição para a parentalidade. / [en] This research intended to study the repercussions in conjugality of the transition to parenthood. We conducted qualitative research, through semi-structured interviews, with four men and five women, parents of first-born children with ages ranging between 12 and 25 months, with typical development. The research was carried out with independent subjects, belonging to the middle class of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The collected data were submitted to content analysis and five categories emerged: (1) Parental Project: from the desire to the ideal moment for the child s arrival; (2) Transformation of conjugal intimacy; (3) Marital conflicts: motivations and resolution strategies; (4) The impact of work on marital and parental dynamics; (5) Influences of the family of origin. Results showed reduction in the frequency and spontaneity of sexual relations, decrease in time spent together and the development of new behaviors to express intimacy. The main reasons for conflict were the relationship with families of origin, child care and division of house chores. Regarding the pattern of response to conflicts, the new parents made less use of constructive strategies and more use of withdrawal and avoidance behaviors. The extended family was cited by all respondents as an essential part of the social network, being able to offer help and support in times of crisis. It was also observed that the mental representation that men and women make in relation to the previous generation is a predictor of their behavior as parents. We conclude that marital satisfaction is affected by different factors in the transition to parenting.