Pat Barker’s fictional account of the Great War, The Regeneration Trilogy, completed in 1995, is considered to be her most important work to date and has captured the imagination of the reading public as well as attracting considerable scholarly attention. Although the trilogy appears to be written in the realistic style of the traditional historical novel, Barker approaches the past with certain preoccupations from 1990s Britain and rewrites the past as seen through these contemporary lenses. Consequently, the trilogy illustrates not only how the past returns to haunt the present, but also how the present reciprocally haunts perceptions of the past. The haunting quality of the trilogy is developed through an extensive, intricate pattern of intertextuality. This reciprocal haunting at times breaks the realistic framework of the narrative, giving rise to anachronisms. This study offers a reading of trauma, class, gender and psychology as thematic areas where intertexts are activated, allowing Barker to revise and re-accentuate stories of the past. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s concept of discourse and Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of dialogue, it focuses on the trilogy as an interactive link in an intertextual chain of communication about the Great War. Received versions of history are confirmed, expanded on and sometimes questioned. What is innovative about the trilogy is how Barker incorporates discursive formations not only from the Great War period, but from the whole twentieth century. The Great War is regenerated and transformed as it passes from one dialogic context to another. My reading shows that the trilogy presents social structures from different historical epochs through dialogism and diachronicity, making the present-day matrices of power and knowledge that continue to surround, determine and limit people’s lives highly visible. The Regeneration Trilogy regenerates the past, simultaneously confirming Barker’s claim that the historical novel can also be “a backdoor into the present”.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4715.pdf: 16730774 bytes, checksum: d768455056e10756be408d6e470403c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The objective of this thesis was to discuss the election of 2010 under the bias of print journalism. The analysis was made by the editorial in the Folha de S.Paulo and O Estado de S.Paulo. We had as hypothesis that newspapers represent concepts and ideas of the reading public medium that would influence the editorial published in the coverage of the three major presidential candidates. Then, we compare the final result of the election with the different approaches of the editorials in relation to candidates in order to know whether an editorial could influence the election or not. The theory was founded on the philosophy of language, concept and method created by Mikhail Bakhtin and based on ideological correctness of the text and context, relating the socio-historical moment. The theory was founded on the philosophy of language, concept and method created by Mikhail Bakhtin and based on the correlation of the text and ideological context, relating the socio-historical moment. The qualitative results showed that O Estado de S.Paulo quoted 14.02% of 442 collected texts cited presidential candidates, while the Folha de S.Paulo quoted presidential candidates in 22.8% of 285 texts - with the name appearing Rousseff on average 59 times, Jose Serra quoted 37.5 and Marina Silva quote 10.5. The qualitative result proved the trajectory of incandescent Election: Nine themes were prevalent in newspaper articles and revealed a complex scenario of the race to the presidency. We observed that the effect of former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and political scandals have earned high relief - generating protests from editorial writers - highlighting the role of the press watchdog - to the point of the O Estado de S.Paulo first take position in an election. In the other one was related issues directly with the electoral rules, the relationship with government plans while the other (FARC, Abortion/religion and Privatization) resumed discourses that traditionally appear at critical moments in which it is called when it is necessary to trigger the review public. / O objetivo desta tese foi abordar a Eleição de 2010 sob o viés do jornalismo impresso. A análise foi feita pelos editoriais da Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S.Paulo. Tínhamos como hipótese primeira que os jornais representam conceitos e ideias do público leitor médio, o que influenciaria no que os editoriais publicaram na cobertura dos três principais candidatos à presidência. Depois, buscamos comparar o resultado final do pleito com as diversas abordagens dos editoriais em relação aos candidatos a fim de saber se um editorial poderia influenciar ou não a eleição. A base teórica foi fundada na Filosofia da Linguagem, conceito e método criado pelo russo Mikhail Bakhtin que se apoia na correlação ideológica do texto e contexto, relacionando o momento sócio-histórico. O resultado qualitativo mostrou que O Estado de S.Paulo citou 14,02% de 442 textos coletados citavam os presidenciáveis, enquanto a Folha de S.Paulo citou os presidenciáveis em 22,8% dos 285 textos com o nome de Dilma Rousseff aparecendo em média 59 vezes, José Serra 37,5 citação e Marina Silva com 10,5. O resultado qualitativo mostrou a trajetória candente da Eleição: nove temas foram preponderantes nos textos jornalísticos e revelaram um cenário complexo da corrida ao Palácio do Planalto. Pudemos constatar que o efeito do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e os escândalos políticos ganharam alto relevo gerando protestos dos editorialistas ressaltando o papel da imprensa cão de guarda até o ponto do O Estado de S.Paulo pela primeira vez assumir posição em uma eleição. Nos demais temas um foi relacionado diretamente com as regras eleitorais, a relação com os planos de governo enquanto os outros (FARC, Aborto/religião e Privatização) reassumiram discursos que aparecem tradicionalmente nos momentos críticos em que se é convocado quando é preciso acionar a opinião pública.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5120.pdf: 2852465 bytes, checksum: 77f35893f4551cd3f6537435f6b45bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-07 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This paper seeks indications of how discourses of science are transmitted to society and even to find ideological confrontations between these two discursive forces. For this the chosen corpus was constituted from the texts of the Superinteressante magazine, and the main concepts used to support this work were the dialogical theory, memories of the future, the incompleteness and the valuation of aesthetic Bakhtin. We will also use Leon (1999), who shows us the ways and history of scientific discourse. Thus we have as hypotheses of how this discourse is constructed, how it is valued and how it also serves to entertain and inform. We also use old speeches about the apocalypse, as the Holy Bible, the Mayan prophecies and the prophecies of Nostradamus to turn the discourse of the magazine historical discourses, seeking thereby modeling common to apocalyptic discourse. Thus, it seeks to relate all these concepts with the main problem: how language mediates to change the perception of science and society. / Este trabalho busca indícios de como os discursos da ciência são transmitidos para a sociedade e, inclusive como nesse jogo também encontramos embates ideológicos entre essas duas forças discursivas. Para isso o corpus escolhido foi constituído a partir das textualizações da revista Superinteressante, e os principais conceitos utilizados para embasar este trabalho foram a teoria dialógica, as memórias de futuro, o inacabamento e a valoração do estético de Bakhtin. Também utilizaremos Leon (1999), que nos mostra os caminhos e a história dos discursos de divulgação científica. Desta maneira temos como hipóteses de como esse discurso é construído, como ele é valorado e como ele também serve para entreter, além de informar. Utilizaremos também discursos antigos sobre o apocalipse, como a Bíblia Sagrada, as profecias Maias e as profecias de Nostradamus para ligar os discursos da revista com os discursos históricos, buscando assim, modelações comuns aos discursos apocalípticos. Desta forma, busca-se relacionar todos esses conceitos com o problema principal: como a língua serve de mediação para mudar a percepção de ciência e de sociedade.

The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the popular party of dirty-Lambe and caboclinhos city Laranjeiras through a bias-discursive language, using it for the articulation between different areas of knowledge, such as the very language, history the collective memory and discourse analysis. Aiming to establish new counterpoints to monologic discourse than would be the party to that community, as well as trying to identify under festive two concepts used by Russian thinker Mikhail Bakhtin, who would dialogism and polyphony. The study was based on the observation that during the party, which is the war between two distinct ethnic groups, which would be known as blacks lick dirty and the Indians called caboclinhos. During the encounter, not only physical, but also discursive both groups waging a struggle dialogical, which brings up the concepts coined by Bakhtin, dialogism and polyphony, which rest in a universe where the inversion takes account of the life of brincantes, resuming another concept that can not be discarded in this study, which would be carnivalization bakhtininiana. The investment in relation to the openness of brincantes during the celebration and reception of the public promoting dialogism and polyphony desired, with the inclusion of otherness discourse, and the expressions of the views of the spectators, reinforcing the notion of a collective identity for that community, conveyed through the feast of dirty-Lambe and Caboclinhos. The text explains and reflects on the discursive universe that opens during the presentation of groups, finally proving the hypothesis of work. In short, when it comes to results on the proposed topic, it appears that the party promotes an annual turnover and continuous construction and reconstruction of identity made possible by the roles played by the party brincantes, who converted to participants and / or interactors, cumulatively renew , expand and problematize the notion of identity through a popular festival like the one in question. / O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a festa popular dos Lambe-Sujos e caboclinhos da cidade de Laranjeiras através de um viés linguístico-discursivo, utilizando-se para isso a articulação entre áreas distintas do conhecimento, como por exemplo, a própria linguística, a história, a memória coletiva e a análise do discurso. Com o objetivo de, estabelecer novos contrapontos ao discurso monológico do que seria a festa para aquela comunidade, bem como tentar identificar no âmbito festivo dois conceitos utilizados pelo pensador russo Mikhail Bakhtin, que seriam o dialogismo e a polifonia. O estudo partiu da observação de que durante a festa, que representa a guerra entre duas etnias distintas, que seriam os negros conhecidos como lambe-sujos e os índios chamados de caboclinhos. Durante o embate não só físico, como também discursivo os dois grupos travam um embate dialógico, que traz à tona os conceitos cunhados por Bakhtin, o dialogismo e a polifonia, que se apóiam em um universo onde a inversão toma conta da vida dos brincantes, retomando outro conceito que não pode ser descartado nesse estudo, que seria a carnavalização bakhtininiana. O investimento com relação aos graus de abertura dos brincantes durante o festejo e a recepção do público promovem o dialogismo e a polifonia almejados, com a inclusão da alteridade discursiva, das expressões e dos pontos de vista dos espectadores, reforçam a noção de uma identidade coletiva para aquela comunidade, veiculada através da festa dos Lambe-Sujos e Caboclinhos. O texto explicita e reflete sobre o universo discursivo que se abre durante a apresentação dos grupos, comprovando por fim a hipótese do trabalho. Em suma, no que tange aos resultados sobre o tema proposto, conclui-se que a festa promove um movimento anual e contínuo de construção e reconstrução identitária possibilitado pelos papéis exercidos na festa pelos brincantes, que convertidos em participantes e/ou interatores, cumulativamente renovam, expandem e problematizam a noção de identidade através de uma festa popular como a citada em questão.

Ce mémoire porte sur le terrorisme dans l’œuvre de Dostoïevski. Au travers d’une analyse s’appuyant sur la théorie mimétique de René Girard ainsi que sur ses contributions sur Dostoïevski, l’auteur dégage de l’œuvre du romancier russe certains des motifs et éléments de représentation pouvant constituer l’ébauche d’une analytique dostoïevskienne du terrorisme. Cette analytique dostoïevskienne réfute le paradigme de la violence religieuse et conteste la notion de violence découlant de la radicalisation (idéologique ou religieuse) pour rendre compte du terrorisme. Elle montre comment la religion ou l’idéologie sont superficielles et comment doivent plutôt nous intéresser un ensemble de déterminants et médiations psychologiques – les désirs, pulsions, émotions et fantasmes au fondement de la violence – pour rendre compte de la violence. L’analyse des trois figures dostoïevskiennes de Chatov (Les Démons), Raskolnikov (Crime et Châtiment) et Stavroguine (Les Démons) mettent chacune en lumière trois explications causales simplifiées des ressorts et motivations de la violence terroriste. L’étude de Chatov met de l’avant le désir mimétique frustré que sous-tend la violence ainsi que la blessure narcissique, la posture réactionnelle d’opposition et le désir de revanche qu’il produit. Celle de Raskolnikov expose les rêves prométhéens et les désirs d’élévation aux fondements de la violence, mais aussi le récit héroïque auto-mystificateur qu’elle sous-tend. Enfin, l’étude de Stavroguine démontre la centralité de la dimension sexuelle pour rendre compte de la violence terroriste. / This memoir focuses on terrorism in Dostoyevsky's work. Through an analysis based on René Girard's mimetic theory as well as his contributions to Dostoevsky, the author draws from the work of the Russian novelist some of the motifs and elements of representation that constitute the outline of a Dostoevskian analytics of terrorism. This Dostoevskian analytics refutes the paradigm of religious violence and challenges the notion of violence stemming from radicalization (ideological or religious) to account for terrorism. It shows how religion or ideology is superficial and how we should instead be interested in a set of psychological determinants and mediations – desires, impulses, emotions and fantasies at the root of violence - to account for violence. The analysis of the three Dostoevskian figures of Chatov (The Demons), Raskolnikov (Crime and Punishment) and Stavrogin (The Demons) each bring to light three simplified causal explanations of the motives and dynamics of terrorist violence. Chatov's study puts forward the frustrated mimetic desire behind violence as well as the narcissistic wound, the reactionary posture of opposition and the desire for revenge it produces. Raskolnikov's analysis exposes Promethean dreams and desires of elevation to the foundations of violence, but also the heroic self-mystifying narrative that it underlies. Finally, Stavrogin's study demonstrates the centrality of the sexual dimension in accounting for terrorist violence.

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This thesis explores the relationship between the plurality of polyphonic and independent voices and consciousnesses, a Mikhail Bakhtin's concept, in two plays by Lope de Vega. El maestro de Danzar y El bobo del colegio are two of his least known and studied. Both plays present protagonists, simple citizens, which pretend to court two noble ladies. Under these circumstances, they are forced to avoid social rejection, issue guaranteed by their humble lineage. In order to complete their undertaking, they disguise as a dance teacher and a university fool. This process shields them from, the above mentioned, traditional disapproval they are subject to. It also entitles them to become, symbolically and virtually, the main dialogic executors in the play. Bakhtin depicts the process of embracing an alternate identity, different from their own, as a vital part of carnival. It compels the leading characters, El maestro and El bobo being no exception, to undergo two changes. First, they become a new individual, recognizable only to those who are aware of their masks. Second, their voices attract attention to the point of influencing the preeminent nobles of the comedy to follow their lead. Further, their ideas come to matter more than those of any other voice in the comedy. In the beginning they follow an ideal, and are subdued by social hierarchy. At the conclusion, they finish leading and controlling the polyphonic relationship between the independent voices and consciousnesses of the other characters in the play. And rather than a conflict, both comedies depict a harmonic social interaction of all their characters. Although scholarship exists analyzing individual plays, a comprehensive study of the effective association between language and disguise favoring a villano over high-class citizens has never been undertaken. This is Lope's strategy to plainly contrast the traditional social differentiation of classes.

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本論文研究渥雷‧索因卡《死亡與國王的侍衛長》一劇，以及本劇對約魯巴（Yoruba）人孤注一擲抵制西化卻徒勞無功的境遇所做的關注。本劇改編真實歷史，重演一九四五年在奈及利亞奧約（Oyo）城發生的動亂。當時應舉行侍衛長（Horseman）自殺儀式，然而英國殖民者以武力中斷。本劇一方面解釋這個儀式在約魯巴社會的重要性，另一方面揭露侍衛長心不甘情不願了結生命，並斷言活人獻祭這類殘忍的傳統必然要革除，特別是在因英國殖民而致的動盪時刻。 / 論文分為四個章節，依據米哈依爾‧巴赫汀（Mikhail Bakhtin）的時空型（chronotope）理論，探究《死亡與國王的侍衛長》其社會歷史背景與戲劇表演手法。第一章介紹作者和劇本，並回顧評論，以及說明接下來討論的議題和理論架構。第二章分析文本與現實世界相互輝映的關係。艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦（Eric Hobsbawm）在〈發明傳統〉（"Inventing Traditions"）的見解用以闡明傳統是因時制宜的產物。比爾‧阿希克洛夫特（Bill Ashcroft）等三人提出的後殖民典型，有助於瞭解約魯巴人為了阻擋外來影響竭力奮戰，儘管殖民政府的干預相當強勢。第三章詮釋劇中人物的性格特徵，以弗朗茲‧法農（Frantz Fanon）告誡不可畫地自限的觀點為鑑。無法順應社會變異因此冥頑不靈的人，失去了看世界的洞察力。而那些猶豫不決者，為了遵從老一套的價值觀，受煎熬得筋疲力盡。第四章總結本文，認為本劇主張靈活性和果斷力以進行改變。 / This thesis studies Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman and its concerns for the Yoruba people's desperate but futile resistance to Westernization. Adapted from a real historical event, this play reenacts the disturbance in the Oyo city of Nigeria in 1945, when the ritual of the Horseman's suicide was interrupted by the British colonial force. While the play explains the importance of the ritual in the Yoruba society, it reveals the Horseman's reluctance to end his life and asserts that cruel tradition like human immolation must be reformed especially at the fluctuating moment caused by the British colonization. / Consisting of four chapters, this thesis relies on Mikhail Bakhtin's chronotope to explore the socio-historical context and theatrical representation of Death and the King's Horseman. Chapter one introduces the dramatist and the play, reviews critical opinions, and illustrates the purpose and theoretical framework of the following discussion. Chapter Two, which analyzes the interrelationship between textual and actual worlds, adopts Eric Hobsbawm's "Inventing Traditions" to clarify tradition as produced according to specific circumstances. The postcolonial models proposed by Ashcroft et al helps understand the Yoruba people's struggle for no foreign impact despite powerful intervention by the colonial government. Chapter Three interprets the roles' characterization with the aid of Frantz Fanon's warning of self-confinement. Unable to adjust to social variances, the obstinate people blind their vision of the world, while those procrastinating become dead exhausted by difficult conformity to old values. Chapter Four concludes that this play argues for resilience and resolution to make difference.