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Showing 31 to 38 of 38 (0.103 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"misrepresentation"" "subject:"misrepresentations""
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Remedies van 'n versekeraar in geval van wanvoorstelling en waarborgbreuk deur 'n versekerdeVisser, Hendrik Matthys Pieter 11 1900 (has links)
Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In die skripsie word gekyk na die remedies van 'n versekeraar by
wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) en waarborgbreuk deur 'n versekerde
en veral die beperking van die versekeraar se kansellasiereg.
Die klem sal egter val op die remedies by waarborgbreuk
omdat versekeraars veel meer daarop steun.
Die volgende voorstelle word gemaak. 'n Kansellasiereg behoort
in die geval van wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) nie verleen te
word as die versekeraar nogtans, met kennis van die ware feite,
sou kontrakteer nie. By verbreking van bevestigende waarborge
behoort 'n kansellasiereg toegestaan te word as die waarborgbreuk
die betrokke versekeraar se berekening van die risiko redelikerwys
geraak het maar nie as die versekeraar nogtans sou kontrakteer
nie. By voortdurende waarborge behoort kansellasie beskikbaar
te wees as die waarborgbreuk die skade redelikerwys veroorsaak
het. 'n Skadevergoedingseis behoort beskikbaar te wees waar
'n versekeraar nie kan of wil kanselleer nie. / The remedies of an insurer, in the event of misrepresentation
(non-disclosure) and breach of warranty by an insured are
discussed, particularly limiting the insurer's right to cancel.
The emphasis is on the remedies applicable to breach of warranty
because insurers use these more frequently.
The following solutions are suggested. An insurer should not be
allowed to cancel in the event of misrepresentation (nondisclosure)
if it would still have concluded the contract,
knowing the truth. In the event of affirmative warranties a
right to cancel should be available if breach of warranty
reasonably affected the particular insurer's assessment of the
risk, but not if the contract would still have been concluded.
In the event of promissory warranties, cancellation should only
be available if breach of warranty reasonably caused the loss.
A claim for damages should be available if an insurer can not or
does not wish to cancel. / Private Law / LL.M.
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| 32 |
The Measure Of MeaningPollon, Simon Carl January 2007 (has links)
There exists a broad inclination among those who theorize about mental representation to assume that the meanings of linguistic units, like words, are going to be identical to, and work exactly like, mental representations, such as concepts. This has the effect of many theorists applying facts that seem to have been discovered about the meanings of linguistic units to mental representations. This is especially so for causal theories of content, which will be the primary exemplars here. It is the contention of this essay that this approach is mistaken. The influence of thinking about language and mental representation in this way has resulted in the adoption of certain positions by a broad swathe of theorists to the effect that the content of a concept is identical to the property in the world that the concept represents, and that because of this a concept only applies to an object in the world or it does not. The consequences of such commitments are what appear to be insoluble problems that arise when trying to account for, or explain, misrepresentation in cognitive systems. This essay presents the position that in order to actually account for misrepresentation, conceptual content must be understood as being very much like measurements, in that the application of a content to an object in the world is akin to measuring said object, and that conceptual content ought be understood as being graded in the same way that measurements are. On this view, then, concepts are the kinds of things that can be applied more, or less, accurately to particular objects in the world, and so are not identical to whatever it is that they represent.
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The Measure Of MeaningPollon, Simon Carl January 2007 (has links)
There exists a broad inclination among those who theorize about mental representation to assume that the meanings of linguistic units, like words, are going to be identical to, and work exactly like, mental representations, such as concepts. This has the effect of many theorists applying facts that seem to have been discovered about the meanings of linguistic units to mental representations. This is especially so for causal theories of content, which will be the primary exemplars here. It is the contention of this essay that this approach is mistaken. The influence of thinking about language and mental representation in this way has resulted in the adoption of certain positions by a broad swathe of theorists to the effect that the content of a concept is identical to the property in the world that the concept represents, and that because of this a concept only applies to an object in the world or it does not. The consequences of such commitments are what appear to be insoluble problems that arise when trying to account for, or explain, misrepresentation in cognitive systems. This essay presents the position that in order to actually account for misrepresentation, conceptual content must be understood as being very much like measurements, in that the application of a content to an object in the world is akin to measuring said object, and that conceptual content ought be understood as being graded in the same way that measurements are. On this view, then, concepts are the kinds of things that can be applied more, or less, accurately to particular objects in the world, and so are not identical to whatever it is that they represent.
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Investigation of misrepresentation in tender documentsMynhardt, Armand Johann 11 1900 (has links)
Construction companies, in particular, abuse the objectives of BEE in order to secure multimillion-rand contracts. Misrepresentations, specifically to the Department of Public Works, are made in various forms and stages during the submission of tender documentation by contractors. The status of BEE company owners is abused in order to secure contracts. Apartheid in South Africa prevented black citizens from entering the corporate world and thereby attaining a quality education. The South African government has, since 1994, adopted the BEE policy in order to redress racial and economic imbalances of the past. Fronting (which is regarded as fraud) is detrimental to the objectives of BEE, which are governed by legislation. Fronting further negatively affects the transformation of the South African economy which could be globally competitive. Fraud detection and its investigation are two concepts which are closely linked to each other and are vitally important to any fraud investi-gator. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
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締約前資訊義務之研究楊宏暉, Yang, Hung Hui Unknown Date (has links)
資訊是自主決定的基礎，而自主決定又同是私法自治與競爭秩序的核心基礎，隨著現代經濟社會的高度分工、專業化與複雜化，締約當事人間因資訊不對稱所導致的交易地位不對等問題，備受關注，因資訊不對稱所導致的契約失靈與市場失靈，亦亟待法律的介入調整，修正契約自由下的當事人自我負責原則，而資訊義務的強化，便成為民事法實質化過程中的一項重要工具。資訊義務(Informationspflicht)，意指提供資訊之義務，狹義意指當事人就特定事項，負有主動向他方告知及說明的義務，若將此義務再作廣義的延伸，則資訊的揭露必須真實完整。
由於資訊是一經濟財，具有財產價值，而資訊的搜集也需要投入成本及風險，因此，資訊的揭露會影響締約當事人的行為誘因，故在資訊義務的賦加上，涉及當事人私法自治利益的保障調和，若再加進法律經濟分析面向，則資訊的社會福祉效用、交易成本與效率觀點，也應被考慮，所以資訊誘因、資訊成本、資訊價值等觀點也應納入個案的利益衡量中，蓋契約法也具有經濟任務的功能面向。
關於我國法現行的締約前資訊責任規定，歸結現行民法詐欺規定、瑕疵擔保責任及締約上過失等規定，可以得出民法典對於資訊義務的違反，係採取「故意理論」(Vorsatzdogmatik)的立場。這個規範模式，是否可以滿足社會經濟環境變遷，引發檢討。對此，比較法上已有緩和故意理論而偏往過失責任發展的趨勢，而且在普通民法典之外的特別法，透過法令強制規定與行政管制的手段，針對特定的交易型態廣設諸多詳盡的資訊揭露規定，也反應了當事人的保護需求與強化資訊責任的必要性，故民法的相關規定也須實質化，以回應現實面的需求。從公平衡量的觀點，法律行為決定自由的保護是私法秩序的重要任務，過失違反資訊義務的風險，不能僅歸由被誤導之一方承擔，意思表示錯誤的規定，所能提供的救濟常常是不足夠的，過失責任的強化，可以強化當事人對於法律秩序的信賴，有助於降低契約準備成本和提升交換活動的效率，同時也可避免故意理論下因資訊欠缺所產生的免責特權，而對於資訊獲取提供必要的動力。然現行民法第二四五條之一，因其主客觀構成要件的嚴格性與功能的局限性，無法提供規範需求的滿足，有待更進一步的調整修正。在修法之前，從法律行為自我負責的實質化傾向、締約前資訊重要性的提升以及私法自治資訊義務的功能失常等因素，應可合理化法院在法律明文規定之外，以法律創設的方式從事規範的補充。對於締約前階段的法律關係，德國法學發展出來的締約上過失責任制度，為我國民法所繼受，並有部分案例類型的法典化，因此，經由締約上過失理論的運用，可以為締約前資訊義務的違反，提供法律創造的基礎。
資訊義務的功能在保障當事人的自主決定，使契約締結可以符合期待，雖然誠信原則可為資訊義務提供抽象的法律基礎，但對於具體的義務形成及內容，尚無法提供具體的指引，因此，如何合理化私法自治的限制與資訊風險的轉嫁，便有待資訊義務理論基礎與契約法理論的探討。雖然一般認為信賴責任理論可為締約上過失責任及締約前資訊義務提供理論依據，不過，實際上，雖然不實陳述責任可從信賴責任理論中導出，但是，對於說明義務而言，因單純的不作為尚未創設出信賴事實，因此，惟有將信賴轉化為規範上信賴或正當行為期待時，才能提供說理，惟何時存在規範上信賴或信賴的應然，仍須依靠其他指標，當事人一方在經濟生活中所從事的角色及專業，通常便成為他方當事人應然信賴與正當行為期待的基礎，縱經由對價思想將資訊經濟財概念引入，也會因資訊對價的難以具體化，而仍需依靠價格及角色期待的觀點來合理化，故依據信賴責任理論與對價思想，當事人一方的專業，時常是影響個案判斷的關鍵因素。此外，正當行為期待的觀點，不僅為當事人的個別保護提供基礎，也可在制度總體層面上，與減少交易成本的經濟觀點相配合，蓋經由誠正期待的保護，將締約前資訊風險歸由最小成本之一方負擔，可降低交易過程中的摩擦，增進分工專業經濟活動的效率，故資訊義務與自主決定的保護，也可將契約法的市場面向納入，經濟活動有效運作的保護，長期上可確保個人的決定自由，而個人決定自由的確保，也可促進市場有效競爭及維護市場調控，有助於整體制度的穩定。。
對於資訊義務的成立，在客觀因素上，可從「資訊需求」與「資訊期待可能性」，加以觀察。在交易過程中，可設想參與交易的當事人會具備最低必要資訊與一般基礎知識，以免在交易過程中須時時探查相對人能力而迭生調查成本，而當事人就自己商業領域範圍內之事項及一般的公開資訊，應可期待其為自力的資訊獲取，以免資訊努力的重覆投入，故原則上只有對於他方當事人無法自主獲取的特定重要資訊，才有主動說明的義務。所謂重要資訊，係指對於締約決定具有重要意義之事項，主要是指會影響契約目的實現的情事。經由此一重要性門檻，可以為契約嚴守原則(pacta sunt servanda)提供最低保護，確保契約效力的安定性，同時也意味著完全的資訊對等與完全的資訊揭露，係與契約自由及自我負責的基本原則，並不相符。對於資訊義務人的資訊期待可能性，應依交易觀點而為判斷，除特殊專業外，義務人的行為或表示、特別信賴的表徵、契約性質、交易性質、契約中的利益地位等等，也可推知資訊的期待可能性，此外，資訊誘因與資訊價值的社會福祉因素，以及具體個案中締約當事人雙方的利益平衡，也應納入考慮。在主觀因素上，在故意責任之外，另外建構過失責任，將督使當事人在交易過程中為必要注意。在法律效果上，違反資訊義務者，被害人得請求撤銷或廢棄契約，請求損害賠償，也享有拒絕履行抗辯權，此外，其亦可選擇調整契約作為損害賠償的方式。在故意責任時可適用詐欺規定及侵權行為規定，而過失責任時則依締約上過失請求，倘若締約前資訊義務的內容，涉及契約給付而成為契約內容一部分時，應被債務不履行責任所吸收。
在現代經濟交易過程中，廣告為締約前資訊問題的大宗紛爭來源，為現今競爭法與民事法的重要議題，不實廣告規範可增加事業投機行為的成本，減少廣告不實的誘因。廣告雖可傳遞資訊，然無法期待事業就全部不利事項予以全盤揭露，基於效能競爭及交易資訊透明化的要求，特定重要交易資訊的隱匿，會使交易相對人就產品比較、價格比較或條件比較，發生困難，減損購買決定自由與競爭正當秩序。對此，公平交易法雖未如德國不正競爭防止法增設廣告揭露事項的明文規定，但透過公平交易法第二十一條廣告規定及第二十四條禁止欺罔行為規定，還是可以發揮實際上的規範效用。不實廣告規定，雖係以行政管制方式為主，但亦有民事責任效果，雖然，違反不實廣告規定所締結之契約，係屬後續契約，原則上並不會違反禁止規定與公序良俗而當然無效，但公平交易法第三十條及第三十一條的妨害排除請求權及損害賠償請求權，仍可為個人提供一定的保護，此外，民法與消費者保護法的可適用性，並不被公平交易法所排斥，彼此間的相互補充，將可使當事人自主決定的保護，更加完整。
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A critical analysis of the policing of counterfeit goods in South AfricaThenga, Godfrey 10 1900 (has links)
The researcher conducted a critical analysis of the policing of counterfeit crime in South Africa. A pure qualitative research design and approach was adopted. A literature review, interviews and observations were conducted to provide an overview of this problem nationally and internationally.
Interview schedules were designed with pre-determined open-ended questions, which allowed participants to explain their perceptions, opinions and viewpoints on the policing of counterfeit in South Africa. Some of the designed questions were mailed to respondents.
Questions were posed to members of the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit, members of the South African Police Service’s Crime Prevention Unit, members of the Department of Trade and Industry who deal with counterfeit, prosecutors who normally prosecute counterfeit cases, brand owners/holders/representatives, and attorneys who assist in the policing of counterfeit crime.
The findings of this study informed the proposed recommendations for preventative and reactive response mechanisms. These proposed recommendations suggest ways of improving efficiency and effectiveness in policing counterfeit in South Africa. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)
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特約條款之檢討與重構 / The examination and reconstruction of express warranties of insurance law in Taiwan陳豐年, Chen, Lawrence Unknown Date (has links)
由於過度粗糙立法、缺乏相關深入研究暨流於形式之契約解釋取向，臺灣保險契約法第二章第三節特約條款制度實沈苛已深而積重難返，亟待立法者、司法者及主管機關進行大幅度改造。本文研究聚焦於探討該制度－相當於英美保險契約法之明示擔保條款－起源、本質暨新近發展，並研擬相關修法提案俾供後續立法者與研究者參酌。基此，本文擬採用法律經濟分析、實證分析與比較法等研究方式加以進行。從英美法系各國之立法潮流可發現，契約基礎條款因違反合理期待原則而遭多數國家揚棄。此從英格蘭暨蘇格蘭法律委員會目前保險契約法修法暫時提案，以及澳洲1984年保險契約法第24條規定即可窺見一斑。再者，鑑於肯定擔保條款當初建制基礎已消失殆盡，包含英國、澳洲及紐西蘭皆採取以不實陳述制度取代肯定擔保條款之立法，俾以達成較為公平之規範結果。至於允諾擔保條款部分，增加損失與違反行為間因果關係要件實已蔚為潮流，包含英國、美國數州、澳洲及紐西蘭相關立法皆為適例。此外，相較於無效、得撤銷抑或自動向後免責，賦予保險人契約終止權誠屬較佳之法律效果，已獲各國之共識。職是之故，本文主張應修改特約條款有關肯定特約部分相關文字，使同法第64條據實說明制度可取代之，俾產生較有效率之核保資訊提供制度。另一方面，允諾擔保條款內容應限縮於與危險有關之重要性事項。此外，應考慮增加損失與違反行為間因果關係要件，並使保險人於無因果關係之情形得以主張就系爭損失免責。鑑於解除權易使法律關係趨於複雜，本文建議應以契約終止權取代現行契約解除權較佳。又在前述修法前，法院得透過契約解釋方式緩和現行法弊端，而行政院金融監督管理委員會亦得透過保險商品審查機制過濾不妥之約款加以因應。 / Express warranties of insurance law in Taiwan provoke a great number of dilemmas in both theory and practice due to oversimplified legislation, a paucity of related studies and formalism of contract construction. This study aims not only at exploring the origin, nature and development of the institution for the purpose of elucidating pros and cons of express warranties, but also at providing an amendment to express warranties of insurance law in Taiwan. The dissertation achieves the dual goals by way of comparative study and economic analysis of law.
Obviously, abolition of “basis of the contract clause”－an obsolete and bitterly-criticized contract term－ has been an uncontroversial trend around the world on the grounds of reasonable expectations. English and Scottish Law Commissions’ tentative proposals, as well as Section 24 of Australian Insurance Contracts Act 1984, sets an excellent example. Also, with an eye to the collapse of affirmative warranties’ keystones, several countries, including the U.K., Australia, and New Zealand, substitute misrepresentation for affirmative warranties for the purpose of leveling the playing field. As for promissory warranties, requirement of causal link between losses and breach of promissory warranties has gained a dominant position in the U.K., the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand on the grounds that considerable unfairness to policyholders would arise in the absence of it. In addition, the insurers’ right to terminate contracts has been generally regarded as a more superior legal effect than
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rendering contracts void or avoid, even the insurer automatically discharged from liability.
Based upon these foreign legislation and other considerations, the dissertation proposes the third section “express warranties” of insurance law in Taiwan should be amended thoroughly. Affirmative warranties in the section should be substantially supersede by misrepresentation set forth in article 64, since the latter is capable of inducing the insured to provide necessary information for the insurer in a more efficient way than is the former. On the other hand, promissory warranties of insurance law in Taiwan should be reconstructed by adding the requirement of causal connection to the insurer’s right not liable for specific losses. Furthermore, this dissertation also advocates that legislators replace the insurer’s right to avoid with the right to terminate on the basis of evading complicated legal relationship. Besides, in advance of amending aforementioned articles, the dissertation suggests that courts in Taiwan mitigate harsh effects via contract construction, and regulators should filter inappropriate or nominal warranties from insurance policies by means of administrative screening mechanism.
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FauxtopiaKampf, Raymond William 01 January 2004 (has links)
To all who come to this fictitious place:Welcome.Fauxtopia is your land. Here, age relives distorted memories of the past, and here, youth may savor the challenge of trying to understand the present. Fauxtopia is made up of the ideals, the dreams and the fuzzy facts which have re-created reality... with the hope that it will be a source of edutainment for all the world.Ray KampfFauxtopia DedicationApril 1st, 2004
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