Orientador: Roberto Teixeira Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_RenataAugusto_M.pdf: 3282784 bytes, checksum: 6a46851f6f2598c4a5a53d945dbfad6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Dos primeiros passos até que a criança alcance maturidade suficiente para a marcha biomecanicamente semelhante a do adulto, estará exposta a diversas experiências motoras, cognitivas e sociais. De acordo com a literatura sobre o desenvolvimento motor, a história dos calçados, a definição de saúde de CAPRA (1999) como uma experiência de bem-estar resultante de um equilíbrio dinâmico que envolve aspectos físicos e psicológicos do organismo, assim como suas interações com o meio ambiente natural e social; o calçado pode ser considerado um elemento situado entre o ambiente (como perspectiva externa não-corporal) e a dimensão corporal, com representação própria, constante e perene ao usuário, participando de praticamente todo o processo maturacional da marcha humana, envolvido em condições experienciais às quais a criança em desenvolvimento estará exposta neste período. O calçado é um fator que corrobora a saúde dos indivíduos o que deve ser observado com cuidado principalmente na faixa etária sugerida nesta pesquisa. O objetivo deste estudo é abordar os conhecimentos técnicos quanto à confecção de calçados adequados a meninas hígidas entre 01 e 07 anos de idade e discutir sobre a motivações da escolha de modelos pelas próprias meninas e seus responsáveis na hora da compra. O calçado deve ser elemento de proteção e apoio individual, que poderá tanto representar um recurso auxiliar no processo de aquisição e maturação da marcha humana, quanto interferir negativamente em seu desempenho. A pesquisa de campo utilizará técnicas da Metodologia Qualitativa e será realizada ao abordar as mães em entrevistas semidirigidas, onde, através deste instrumento, pode-se acumular dados descritivos sobre a escolha do calçados e as influências que possam sofrer, desenvolvendo no pesquisador uma ideia de como os familiares que têm condições financeiras de adquirir bons calçados, interpretam a escolha quanto ao aspecto saudável e funcional no desenvolvimento motor de suas filhas em idade de desenvolvimento da marcha / Abstract: From our first steps until the child reaches maturity to the march biomechanically similar to the adult, will be exposed to different experiences motor, cognitive and social. According to the literature on motor development, the history of footwear, the definition of health Capra (1999) as an experience of well-being resulting from a dynamic equilibrium involving physical and psychological aspects of the body, as well as their interactions with the natural environment and social footwear can be considered an element located between the environment (external perspective as non-body) and body size representation, constant and enduring to the user, participating in virtually all the maturational process of human gait engaged in experiential conditions to which the developing child will be exposed during this period. Footwear is a factor that supports the health of individuals which should be carefully observed mainly in the age range suggested in this research. The aim of this study is to address the technical knowledge regarding the making of shoes suitable for healthy girls between 01 and 07 years of age and discuss the motivations for the choice of models for the girls themselves and their parents at the time of purchase. The shoes must be an element of protection and support individual, which may represent either an aid in the acquisition and maturation of human gait, and adversely affect their performance. The field research will employ techniques of Qualitative Methodology and will be held to address the mothers in semi-structured interviews, where, through this instrument, it can accumulate descriptive data on the choice of footwear and the influences that might suffer, the researcher developed an idea how family members who can afford to buy good shoes, interpret the choice as to look healthy and functional motor development of their daughters in developmental age of the march / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Abstract Many adults with schizophrenia have cognitive deficits, and many children who go on to develop schizophrenia as adults have subtle sub-clinical signs of early developmental deviance. However, the relationship between early markers of neurodevelopment and later neurocognition remains unclear. The present thesis principally investigates infant neurodevelopment, adolescent scholastic function and adult cognition in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n = 12,058). Proxy markers of neurocognition – developmental milestones and school performance – were collected prospectively. Individuals who went on to develop schizophrenia were identified. School performance in pre-schizophrenic individuals was assessed by teacher ratings (n = 100). Cognition in subjects with schizophrenia was assessed at age 33–35 (n = 61). A representative sample of the general population at risk was studied as a comparison group (school assessments n = 9351; neurocognitive assessment n = 104). The schizophrenia group achieved neuromotor milestones later (p < 0.0001) and performed worse than the control group on all cognitive measures (p < 0.0025). In pooled analyses there were associations between infant motor development and adult cognition in executive function (p = 0.006), verbal learning (p = 0.007) and visuospatial working memory (p = 0.02), (earlier development was linked to better adult cognition) but not in visual object learning. The pattern of associations between development and adult cognition was broadly similar in schizophrenia and the general population, whereas associations between development and adolescent scholastic function were stronger in schizophrenia than in controls (p < 0.05). A complementary neuropsychological case study of spontaneous clinical and cognitive improvement in chronic schizophrenia is also presented, showing that cognitive deficits in schizophrenia do not always represent a static encephalopathy, but can be subject to marked improvement. The possibility of using knowledge about premorbid features to help predict and prevent schizophrenia is also critically reviewed, using the school setting as a practical example. It is concluded that many obstacles remain before knowledge about premorbid features can be translated to preventative interventions. Overall, the results of these investigations are consistent with the hypothesis that in schizophrenia, mild infant motor developmental delay, adolescent scholastic performance and cognitive deficits may be age dependent manifestations of the same underlying neural process. Thus, they may be better considered as part of a single longitudinal syndrome. / Tiivistelmä Skitsofreniaa sairastavilla aikuisilla on kognitiivisten toimintojen puutoksia. Kognitiivisia (tiedon prosessoinnin) toimintoja ovat esimerkiksi tarkkaavaisuus, huomiokyky, oppiminen, muisti, asioiden suunnittelu ja ongelmanratkaisu. Monilla lapsilla, jotka sairastuvat aikuisiällä skitsofreniaan, on vähäisiä, kliinisesti merkityksettömiä varhaisen kehityksen poikkeamia tai hitautta. Varhaisen kehityksen ja myöhemmän kognition yhteys on toistaiseksi epäselvä. Tämä tutkimus selvittää varhaisen hermostonkehityksen, nuoruusiän koulunkäynnin ja aikuisiän kognition yhteyttä Pohjois-Suomen 1966 syntymäkohortissa (N = 12 058). Tiedot hermoston tietotoimintoja kuvaavista muuttujista (varhainen kehitys ja koulumenestys) kerättiin prospektiivisesti, samoin tieto skitsofreniaan sairastumisesta. Opettajat arvioivat tutkittavien (n = 100) koulumenestystä ennen sairastumista. Skitsofreniaa sairastavien kognitiivinen suorituskyky arvioitiin 33–35 vuoden iässä (n = 61). Vertailuryhmänä käytettiin edustavaa otosta yleisväestöstä (koulumenestys n = 9351; kognitiivinen suorituskyky n = 104). Skitsofreniaryhmä saavutti motoriset kehityskynnykset (kuten seisomaan ja kävelemään oppiminen) keskimäärin merkittävästi myöhemmin ja suoriutui huonommin kuin kontrolliryhmä kaikissa kognitiivisen suorituskyvyn mittauksissa. Lisäksi varhaisen motorisen kehityksen ja aikuisiän kognitiivisen suorituskyvyn välillä havaittiin yhteys. Erityisesti varhainen motorinen kehitys ennusti hyvää toiminnanohjausta, verbaalista oppimista ja visuospatiaalista työmuistia. Vastaavaa yhteyttä ei havaittu visuaalisen oppimisen alueella. Varhaisen kehityksen ja aikuisiän kognitiivisten toimintojen yhteys oli samantyyppinen sekä skitsofreniassa että yleisväestössä, kun taas varhaisen kehityksen ja nuoruusiän koulumenetyksen yhteys oli vahvempi skitsofreniaan sairastuneilla kuin verrokkihenkilöillä. Yhtenä osatyönä esitetään tapausselostus, jossa kaksi kroonista skitsofreniaa sairastavaa henkilöä toipui spontaanisti sekä kliinisesti ja kognitiivisesti. Tapausselostus osoittaa, että skitsofreniaan liittyvä kognitiivisen tason lasku ei välttämättä heijasta pysyvää aivojen toiminnantason laskua, vaan tila voi huomattavasti korjaantua. Tutkimuksen osana on myös katsaus siitä, missä määrin on mahdollista ennustaa skitsofreniaa sairautta edeltävien piirteiden ja koulussa tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella. Katsauksen valossa on ilmeistä, että on edelleen hyvin vaikea hyödyntää sairautta edeltäviä piirteitä tulevan sairauden ennustamisessa ja etenkin ehkäisyssä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta tämän tutkimuksen keskeisten tulosten tukevan hypoteesia, jonka mukaan skitsofreniaan myöhemmin sairastuneilla havaittu lievä varhaisen motorisen kehityksen viive, heikko nuoruusiän koulumenestys ja kognitiivisen tason lasku heijastanevat ikäsidonnaista keskushermoston kehitysprosessia ja voivat olla osa samasta pitkittäisestä oirekokonaisuudesta.

In today´s society health is a part of everyday life and good health in children is something that is important. Good conditions are needed for the children to be able to promote a physical lifestyle and this needs to be started already in preschool. The purpose of this study was to investigate what it looks like in preschool when it comes to physical activity and how teachers perceive it. The chosen method in the study was a questionnaire survey that resulted in 78 answered surveys from people who works at preschool´s. The theoretic perspective that is used in the study is Hannaford´s theory, it says that learning takes place throughout the whole body and not just in the head. In the results it appears that planned physical activity is something  that usually occurs 1-2 times a week and that the educators consider physical activity important to use in preschool. The educators also consider that they have not received such a large background of work with physical activity.

This thesis is focused on the psychomotor development of institutionalized children of the early age, with regard to children who were prenatally under mother's abuse of pervitin. The theoretical part summarizes firstly mothers with drug addiction, secondly describes institutionalized care and its effect to children's development. Further there is a contemporary outline of the infant's institutionalized care system in the Czech Republic as well as statistical data about those infants. Last theoretical chapter describes developmental diagnostics methods of the children of early age with its specifics. Two selected diagnostic methods, used in our country, are deeply described here. All mentioned topics are submitted here based on deeply study of Czech, as well as international relevant literature sources. The empirical part of the thesis describes study, which was realized on the ground of particular infant care center. The study measures psychomotor development of infants, who were prenatally under mother's abuse of pervitin. This is compared to psychomotor development of infants, who had no those experiences of any illegal drug substance. There was no significant difference found out between these two groups in any of psychomotor development area. Keywords: Infants, institutionalized care system,...

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The aim of this study was to prospectively, evaluate the effectiveness of an individually designed home-based physical activity programme in combination with massage therapy, on motor and cognitive development in children infected with HIV. This study used a randomized controlled trial design. One hundred and twenty-eight infants and toddlers (children) were recruited between March 2010 and September 2010 and randomly allocated to receive either an individually designed home-based physical activity programme in combination with massage therapy or standard treatment and massage on a 1:1 ratio. Motor and cognitive development was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development third edition (Bayley-III)

The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to map children’s consequences, positive and negative, from motor development and how these refer to the Swedish school subject physical education (PE). Two research questions are used: (1) What positive respectively negative impacts follow a sophisticated or underdeveloped motor competence for children?, and (2) What relationship do such impacts have in a holistic perspective for PE? Through a systematic information retrieval from several databases, 12 primary sources are selected, summarized and scrutinized to answer the aforementioned research questions. The sources consist of international and national studies, dissertations and journal articles ranging back to 2003. The result section outlines each of the 12 sources from a critical standpoint. A summary of each study's purpose, method and results is presented. The results showed a connection between increased PE and improved motor development in preschool children. Physically active children were found further promoting their motor development. Moreover, motor development had an exponential development curve and if facilitated early, showed a snowball effect on its peers. Several cognitive advantages were presented.  A connection between motor skills and academic achievement was shown, namely in reading, from enhanced visual motor skills and mathematics from more efficiently processing abstract information. Further affected areas are elaborated on. Several studies found significant superiority among boys compared to girls. Explanations why, for example lack of social encouragement, were provided. In a school setting motor development is further perplexed from relative age effect and students’ varying skills. Early childhood and puberty stages further intensify this. Deliberate training promotes motor development, thus structured, planned and conscious teaching is critical as well as the educated PE teacher. Motor skills and their development are a convoluted problem, and they entail real consequences.

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La locomotion autonome est une étape clef du développement du nourrisson. Elle débute dans la majorité des cas par la marche quadrupède au deuxième semestre de vie. Cependant, dès la naissance, le nouveau-né est déjà capable de se propulser de manière autonome en position ventrale. Cette mobilité quadrupède précoce a été très peu étudiée, car considérée par la plupart des auteurs comme un simple réflexe de reptation, destiné à disparaître rapidement sous l'influence du développement cortical : cette reptation n'aurait aucun lien avec la marche mature, n'impliquerait pas les bras et aurait pour fonction principale de permettre au nouveau-né de se propulser jusqu'au sein maternel. Contrairement à ce point de vue, quelques auteurs ont observé que cette mobilité semblait complexe et pouvait éventuellement persister jusqu'à l'âge de 2-3 mois, dans un contexte adapté. Ces observations posent la question de savoir si cette mobilité primitive, loin d'être un simple réflexe, pourrait être en lien avec la marche quadrupède et bipède mature. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les différentes caractéristiques, en particulier cinématiques, de cette mobilité quadrupède depuis la naissance jusqu'au sixième mois. Dans ce but, un dispositif a été créé, le CrawliSkate, qui permet de libérer les bras et faciliter la propulsion. Trois études ont été menées et montrent que cette mobilité quadrupède est loin d'être un simple réflexe stéréotypé, qu'elle implique une coordination des jambes et des bras, qu'elle peut en partie être modifiée dès la naissance à un niveau supra spinal par la vision et enfin qu'elle persiste tout en se modifiant durant tout le premier semestre de la vie. / Self-produced locomotion is a key stage in infant development, which usually begins with hand and knees crawling in the second semester of life. Since the moment of birth, however, newborns are already capable of autonomous propulsion from a prone position. This precocious form of quadrupedalism remains largely unstudied due in part to the fact that most researchers consider these creeping movements to constitute a mere reflex, destined dissipate as cortical development progresses. Under such an interpretation, this creeping « reflex » would have no link with mature, bipedal walking, would not recruit the upper limbs and would serve mainly as a mechanism by which newborns could reach the maternal breast. Contrary to this point of view, a handful of authors have observed that these patterns of locomotion seem complex, and might persist in some form until the age of 2-3 months. These observations invite us to consider the possibility that such primitive locomotion might be directly involved in the emergence of quadrupedal and bipedal gait. The present thesis examines the various characteristics (particularly cinematic) of this prone mobility, from birth to about six months of age. To this end, we describe the creation of an experimental tool that frees the use of a newborn's limbs and facilitates the aforementioned form of propulsion: the CrawliSkate. We present three studies showing that neonatal prone mobility goes beyond simple reflexes, involves coordination between the upper and lower limbs, and can be partially modified at birth at a supra-spinal level through visual stimulation. Lastly, we demonstrate that this pattern of locomotion persists, albeit with heavy modification, throughout the first semester of life.

Thirty-two non-anemic children were assessed clinically, biochemically and anthropometrically at six months, one year and two years of age to investigate the relationship of iron status to mental and motor development. Using dietary history and dietary record instruments, dietary iron was estimated and compared to the National Food Consumption Survey (1985) and the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for corresponding age groups. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (which assess mental and motor development) and the Caldwell Home Inventory (which evaluates the environmental stimuli) were performed and correlated with blood iron parameters, anthropometric measurements and dietary nutrient intakes. Nutrient intakes of these children were similar to those reported in the NFCS (1985) for one- and two-year-olds. Iron intake decreased from 13.2 mg iron daily (88% RDA) at six months to 10.3 mg iron daily (68% RDA) and 7.4 mg iron daily (49% RDA) at two years of age. The correlation between iron intake and development was not statistically significant at any age. Stepwise, multiple regression was employed to investigate the extent to which variation in mental and motor development was explained by dietary variables, blood iron parameters and anthropometric measurements. Hematocrit was the only variable that significantly explained variation in mental development at all three ages. The findings of this study were different from earlier studies in that there was no statistical correlation between iron status and mental development; but, it did confirm the conclusion of more recent experiments that iron status has little effect on infants' and toddlers' development. The finding that infants and toddlers consuming less than the RDA for iron do not display iron deficiency symptoms and were not developmentally delayed or compromised should be comforting to parents who are concerned about iron intake during this critical period of infants' brain growth.