Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adrien 2014.pdf: 1955743 bytes, checksum: 1844ebd80c3533e7707d92c7fb3597e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this paper is to show the implementation strategies and the expansion of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) in sub-Saharan Africa, while taking into account the rapid growth of Pentecostalism in the world and the context of religious trans-nationalization. The UCKG is a Brazilian Pentecostal Church that emerged in 1977 and expanded into many countries worldwide. It is present in 39 countries in sub-Saharan Africa concentrating mostly in large cities. Several factors prove its growth and expansion in Africa, among other factors syncretism, i.e., the ability to adapt to African culture. The other factors are: social visibility (especially through the use of media and social assistance), the political secrecy, the practice of exorcism, prosperity discourses, the friendship and partner-ship with African governments, their anti-ecumenical attitude and the adoption of an Episcopal organization. This paper brings some discussions regarding Pentecostalism and neo-Pentecostalism in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Independent Churches (AIC) and the presence of Christianity in Africa since the very beginning. / Esse trabalho trata das estratégias de implantação e expansão da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) na África Subsaariana, tendo conta de crescimento acelerado do pentecostalismo no mundo e no contexto da transnacionalização religiosa. A IURD é uma Igreja neopentecostal brasileira que surgiu em 1977 e se expandiu em vários países do mundo. Ela está presente em 39 países da África subsaariana e se concentra nas grandes cidades. Vários fatores explicam o seu crescimento e expansão no continente africano, entre os quais o sincretismo, isto é, a capacidade de se adaptar à cultura africana. Outros fatores são: a visibilidade social (especialmente no uso da mídia e a assistência social), a política do segredo, a prática de exorcismo, o discurso da prosperidade, a relação de amizade e de parceria com governos africanos, a sua atitude anti-ecumênica e a adoção de uma organização episcopal. Aborda-se também nesse trabalho, o pentecostalismo e o neopentecostalismo na África, as Igrejas Independentes Africanas (IIA) e a presença do Cristianismo no continente africano desde os primórdios.

O presente trabalho intenta estudar o fenômeno religioso assim chamado neopentecostal, especificamente a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus. A delimitação se insere dentro da realidade religiosa protestante do Brasil, e tem como objetivo pesquisar bibliograficamente o fenômeno do crescimento neopentecostal brasileiro e as circunstâncias sociais em que o mesmo ocorre. Busca-se entender o processo de expansão e aceitação de suas propostas à população. Como resultado, espera-se levantar pontos positivos ou percepções que possam ser indicadores contributivos para as igrejas consideradas históricas. O estudo se pautará em uma referência neopentecostal, no caso a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, e em uma histórica, a Igreja Batista, especificamente a Convenção Batista Brasileira. / This work intends to study the so-called neo-Pentecostal religious phenomenon, specifically the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus. The delimitacional cut falls within the Protestant religious reality of Brazil, It aims to search bibliographically the phenomenon of Brazilian neo-Pentecostal growth and social circumstances in which it occurs. We seek to understand the process of expansion and acceptance of their proposals to the population by the population. As a result, the research expected to raise positive points or perceptions that may be indicators which are contributing to the churches considered historical. The study was accomplished based on a neopentecostal referral, here in case the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, and a historic Baptist Church, specifically the Convenção Batista Brasileira.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-14T13:03:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOSESA.pdf: 1007183 bytes, checksum: 240c387c3fdd0b278affec1965e65932 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-14T16:18:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOSESA.pdf: 1007183 bytes, checksum: 240c387c3fdd0b278affec1965e65932 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T16:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOSESA.pdf: 1007183 bytes, checksum: 240c387c3fdd0b278affec1965e65932 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / A segunda década do terceiro milênio chega ao fim e, com ela, um cenário político conservador. No Brasil, o poder da bancada BBB (Bala, Boi e Bíblia) no Congresso e a popularidade do presidenciável Jair Bolsonaro atestam isso. Esse cenário é resultado, em parte, da crescente influência das igrejas pentecostais e neopentecostais na arena política, havendo, em geral, uma convergência entre as posições ideológicas dos evangélicos e seus valores familiares. Para compreender esse fenômeno, fez-se um estudo de caso do mito familiar de uma denominação neopentecostal em particular: a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD), o maior fenômeno religioso do Brasil dos últimos 30 anos, tomando-se como objeto de estudo a literatura produzida sobre e por seu líder e por membros de sua família. Os marcos teóricos do estudo foram: o pensamento do psiquiatra suíço Carl Gustav Jung, criador da psicologia analítica e a sociologia do neopentecostalimo brasileiro. A mitologia familiar IURDiana foi compreendida principalmente a partir do estudo sobre o mito familiar IURDiano, dividida em: o mito do herói, o mito do Eterno Feminino e o mito familiar propriamente dito, um construto teórico ainda pouco explorado na comunidade Junguiana. Outros intérpretes do mito também foram incluídos: Simone de Beauvoir, Joseph Campbell, Mircea Eliade e James Hillman. Apresentou-se um breve histórico sobre as três ondas do pentecostalismo no país e da trajetória da IURD, desde a sua fundação à inauguração do Templo de Salomão. A análise centrou-se nos perfis do homem, da mulher e da família de Deus idealizados por Edir Macedo. Foram apontadas como características da teologia IURDiana: a submissão da mulher, o domínio da razão sobre emoção, o fomento à prosperidade material e a luta constante contra outros credos, havendo evidências de que o mito familiar da Igreja Universal seja uma adaptação pós-moderna da “família tradicional” brasileira. Esta seria uma família patriarcal, cuja configuração coloca o mito pessoal do pai como o mito central da família. Esse modelo de família tradicional ajudaria as fiéis da IURD a recuperarem a unidade familiar e serem valorizadas frente a situações de exclusão econômica e social. As posturas contraditórias dos pastores, obreiros e até do próprio Bispo perante o seu mito familiar também foram discutidas. / The second decade of the third millennium is brought to an end, and with it comes a conservative bent in the political scenario. In Brazil, the power of the BOB (Bullet, Ox, and Bible) parliamentary bench and presidential Jair Bolsanaro’s popularity attests that. This scenario is in part the result of the growing influence of Pentecostal and Neo-Pentecostal churches in the political arena, with a general convergence between the ideological positions of evangelicals and their family values. In order to understand this phenomenon, a case study was made of the family myth of a Neo-Pentecostal denomination in particular: the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, the greatest religious phenomenon in Brazil in the last 30 years, taking as the object of study the literature about and by their leader, Edir Macedo, and members of his family. The theoretical frameworks of the study were: the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, analytical psychology’s founder and the sociology of Brazilian neopentecostalism. The IURDian mythology was mainly understood from the study on the IURDian family myth, divided into: the myth of the hero, the myth of the Eternal Feminine and the family myth properly said, a theoretical construct still unexplored in the Jungian community. Other interpreters of the myth were also included: Simone de Beauvoir, Joseph Campbell, MirceaEliade and James Hillman. A brief history was given of the three waves of Pentecostalism in the country and the trajectory of the IURD, from its foundation to the inauguration of Solomon’s Temple. The analysis focused on Edir Macedo’s idealized profiles of the man, woman and family of God. Some characteristics of IURDian theology: the submission of women, reason over emotion, the promotion of wealth and the constant clash against other religions, with evidence that the family myth of the Universal Church is a postmodern adaptation of the “traditional” Brazilian family. It’s a patriarchal family whose arrangement puts the personal myth of the father as the central myth of the family. This traditional family model helps IURD’s female churchgoers to recover family unity and to be valued in the face of economic and social exclusion. The contradictory positions of pastors, laborers and even the Bishop himself in the face of their family myth were also discussed.

Nas últimas décadas, a partir da nova ordem mundial constituída pela globalização, intensificaram-se os fluxos entre diferentes países de práticas, símbolos, capitais, pessoas, religiões e toda a sorte de bens culturais que transitam constantemente e em ritmo acelerado nesse contexto. No que se refere ao campo religioso, percebeu-se que o trânsito de religiões entre o seu contexto nacional e cultural originário e o contexto receptor perpassa diferentes estratégias de adaptação, que reconfiguram os campos religiosos em questão. Este trabalho se ocupa das formas de adaptação em um contexto exterior de religiões originadas no Brasil, mais especificamente das estratégias postas em prática, das ressemantizações produzidas e dos diálogos com a cultura local realizados pela Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus no seu processo de transnacionalização para a Argentina. Desta forma, o trabalho examina a formação de comunidades religiosas transnacionais a partir das novas configurações que se observa atualmente no espaço transnacional formado entre o Brasil e a Argentina e de um diálogo entre as suas sociedades nacionais, aspectos históricos, políticos e culturais relacionados ao campo religioso que possibilitam os fluxos abordados. Tendo como objeto de análise a Igreja Universal na Argentina, avalio a sua presença no exterior a partir de diferentes instâncias, como a sua relação com as sociedades envolventes (de origem e de recepção) e a sua atuação nesses locais mediante uma etnografia das mídias e do cotidiano em templos e rituais da igreja no exterior e de sua relação com outras religiões, como o catolicismo e as religiões de matriz africana. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida entre 2007 e 2012 no Brasil (Brasília e Porto Alegre) e na Argentina (Buenos Aires e conurbado). / In recent decades, arising from the new world order, flows of practices, symbols, capital, people, religions and all sorts of cultural goods which move constantly at a fast pace between different countries were intensified. In regard to religion, the transit of religions between their national and original cultural context to a foreign context entails different adaptation strategies, which reshape these religious fields. This study focuses on the ways religions originated in Brazil adapt to a foreign context, more specifically on the strategies put into practice, on the resemantizations produced and on the dialogues with the local culture established by the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God in its process of transnationalization to Argentina. Thus, the thesis examines the formation of transnational religious communities from the new configurations that can be seen today in transnational space formed between Brazil and Argentina and the dialogue between their national societies, historical, political and cultural issues related to the religious field which enable the flows discussed. With the purpose of analyzing the Universal Church in Argentina, this thesis evaluates its presence abroad in such perspectives as, its relationship with the surrounding societies and its performance at these sites through an ethnography of media and of routine in temples and rituals as well as its relationship with other religions, such as catholicism and religions of African origin. This research was conducted between 2007 and 2012 in Brazil (Brasilia and Porto Alegre) and Argentina (Buenos Aires and metropolitan area).

This thesis aims to analyze the religious evangelical women´s prison in Sergipe, understand the social conditions peculiar to this context that contribute to a high rate of conversion, and in particular, to analyze the changes in practices - speeches and actions - as a result of conversion in the lives of social actors who engage in the practice criminal offense, which is not always reintroduced the role of ´protagonists´ of their lives, but usually acted as ´adjuncts´ of their own destiny, and today are considered "marginal" a term that may be appropriate in the sense that they were always on the fringes of society, everything that ensures the dignity of the human person. Once arrested, these people seek mechanisms that represent a possible alternative to many uncertainties, suffering, distress. One such alternative may be the religion. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar a religiosidade evangélica no presídio feminino de Sergipe, buscando compreender as condições sociais peculiares a esse contexto que contribuem para um alto índice de conversão. Para isso, nos focaremos na observação das mudanças de práticas (discursos e ações) decorrentes da conversão, isto é, objetivamos identificar o que muda na vida desses atores sociais, a saber, as detentas, as quais se envolveram/envolvem na prática delitiva, e nem sempre reapresentaram o papel de protagonistas de suas vidas, mas sim o de coadjuvantes de seu próprio destino. Assim, elas são consideradas marginais , um termo que talvez seja apropriado no sentido de que as mesmas sempre estiveram à margem da sociedade, enfim, de tudo aquilo que assegure a dignidade da pessoa humana. Uma vez detidas, essas mulheres buscam mecanismos que representem uma possível alternativa para tantas incertezas, sofrimento, angústia. Uma dessas alternativas pode ser a religião.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jadir Goncalves Rodrigues.pdf: 1074538 bytes, checksum: 21a364580dc4ccdf52f25fa43c6e4250 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / In this research, we proposed to study the expansion and consolidation process of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) in the troubled social context in Brazil during the period between 1977 and 2007, analyzing the abstract and concrete elements that enabled the phenomenal growth of this religious institution in a scenario of crisis and profound changes in the Brazilian social universe. We aimed at discussing the several steps in the process of consolidation of UCKG, investigating how, in an environment of religious dispute, the doctrinal discourse of the UCKG leaders was capable of drawing up a new model of religiosity and, simultaneously, enabled this religious denomination to constitute an impressive capital asset. The dissemination of a religious doctrine essentially based on the triad prosperity, exorcism, and divine healing presented excellent results in the Brazilian social context in the period under study. Furthermore, it forged concrete circumstances that enabled UCKG leaders to dispute power positions in the Brazilian social structure. During this process, the mass media ownership was of fundamental importance for UCKG leaders and so was the rhetorically orchestrated power, understood as the effective access property and control of mechanisms of influence, convincement, and social manipulation. Thanks to a scenario of generalized crisis, UCKG leaders were able to disseminate their doctrine, mainly due to the use of mechanisms to access and control properties, wielding their power over part of the society. With this thesis we intend to contribute towards the academic discussion that deals with the expansion and consolidation, in the Brazilian religious and patrimonial universe, of the brand UCKG, emphasizing its capacity to create spaces both in the religious field and in the business environment. / Nesta pesquisa, propôs-se estudar o processo de expansão e consolidação da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) no conturbado contexto social brasileiro durante o período de 1977 a 2007, analisando os elementos abstratos e concretos que possibilitaram o fenomenal crescimento desta instituição religiosa em um cenário de crise e de mudanças profundas no universo social brasileiro. Procurou-se discutir as várias etapas do processo de consolidação da IURD, investigando como, em um ambiente de disputa religiosa, o discurso doutrinário dos dirigentes iurdianos foi capaz de elaborar um novo modelo de religiosidade e, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitar a esta denominação religiosa a constituição de um formidável império patrimonial. A difusão de uma doutrina religiosa baseada, essencialmente, na tríade de prosperidade, exorcismo e cura divina, apresentou excelentes resultados no contexto social brasileiro do período. Ademais, forjou circunstâncias concretas a partir das quais a direção da IURD passou a disputar espaços de poder na estrutura social do Brasil. Nesse processo, foi fundamental para a direção iurdiana a propriedade de meios de comunicação de massa e a instrumentalização discursiva do poder, entendido como uma propriedade de acesso e controle efetivos de mecanismos de influência, convencimento e manipulação social. Foi a partir de um cenário de crise generalizada que a direção iurdiana conseguiu propagar sua doutrina, em função, sobretudo, da utilização de mecanismos de acesso e controle de suam propriedade, exercendo poder sobre parte da sociedade. Com esta tese, pretende-se contribuir com a discussão acadêmica que trata da expansão e consolidação, no universo religioso e patrimonial brasileiro, da marca IURD, enfatizando a sua capacidade de criar espaços tanto no campo da religiosidade quanto no meio empresarial.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-13T17:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Mestrado - Marcos Cristiano dos Reis - 2011.pdf: 4464265 bytes, checksum: fa2249eb6f60a493db21e10d82716e4d (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T11:31:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Mestrado - Marcos Cristiano dos Reis - 2011.pdf: 4464265 bytes, checksum: fa2249eb6f60a493db21e10d82716e4d (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T11:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Mestrado - Marcos Cristiano dos Reis - 2011.pdf: 4464265 bytes, checksum: fa2249eb6f60a493db21e10d82716e4d (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / This paper presented a discussion on the relationship of social macrostructure Neopentecostalism with the individualization process. Were presented the concepts of individuation process as the process in which the individual produces its own identity and its relationship with the existing social structures, from the logic of contemporary capitalist rationality. In that sense, it was also observed the behavior produced by individuals in the Fountain of Life Church of Goiania church that is representative of neo-Pentecostalism and so became a locus articulator of capitalist rationality in everyday relationships of individuals. It is concluded through interviews and field observations at Fountain of Life Church, that this church has strengthened the pragmatic behavior regarding the relationships of individuals as well as reinforced the desire / consumption as a criterion for validating choices in order to maximize the certainty salvation of the faithful. The process of individualization in this sense becomes restricted to the production of highly self-centered and generalized identity characteristics. / Cet article présente une discussion sur la relation de Neopentecostalism macrostructure sociale avec le processus d'individualisation. Ont été présentés les concepts de processus d'individuation comme le processus par lequel l'individu produit sa propre identité et sa relation avec les structures sociales existantes, de la logique de la rationalité capitaliste contemporaine. En ce sens, il a également été observé le comportement produite par les individus dans la Fontaine de Vie de l'Église de l'église de Goiania qui est représentatif du néo-pentecôtisme et il est devenu un articulateur lieu de la rationalité capitaliste dans les relations quotidiennes des individus. Il est conclu au moyen d'entrevues et d'observations sur le terrain à Fountain of Life Church, que cette église a renforcé le comportement pragmatique en ce qui concerne les relations entre les individus aussi bien que renforcé la volonté / consommation comme un critère de validation de choix afin de maximiser la certitude salut des fidèles. Le processus d'individualisation, dans ce sens se restreint à la production de caractéristiques d'identité très égocentriques et généralisée. / O presente trabalho apresentou a discussão sobre a relação do neopentecostalismo com a macroestrutura social no processo de individualização. Foram apresentados os conceitos de processo de individualização como o processo no qual o indivíduo produz a própria identidade e sua relação com as estruturas sociais vigentes, provenientes da lógica da racionalidade capitalista contemporânea. Nesse sentido, também foi o observado o comportamento produzido pelos indivíduos na igreja Fonte da Vida de Goiânia, igreja que é representante do neopentecostalismo e por isso tornou-se um lócus articulador da racionalidade capitalista nos relacionamentos cotidianos dos indivíduos. Conclui-se através de entrevistas e observações de campo realizadas na igreja Fonte da Vida, que tal igreja tem reforçado o comportamento pragmático referente aos relacionamentos dos indivíduos, bem como reforçado o desejo/consumo como critério de validação de escolhas de forma à potencializar a certeza da salvação nos fiéis. O processo de individualização neste sentido torna-se restrito à produção de indivíduos altamente autocentrados e com características identitárias generalizadas.

[pt] O trabalho tem por tema uma análise histórica da formação de uma identidade moral conservadora nas grandes denominações evangélicas brasileiras. Tendo por itinerário histórico o desenvolvimento do pentecostalismo brasileiro, e por marco político o regime militar e a redemocratização pós-1998, o presente estudo trabalha com as divisões conceituais de pentecostais e neopentecostais para propor uma interpretação da constituição da identidade evangélica através dos meios de comunicação em massa, e a posterior participação evangélica na política alinhada ao conservadorismo reacionário. A principal preocupação é tentar explorar o modo como se iniciou a maior participação evangélica na política parlamentar nacional a partir da redemocratização e os motivos que fizeram com que os políticos evangélicos militassem ideologicamente mais à direita conservadora do que em outros campos. Procura-se dar maior atenção a diferentes tradições evangélicas, seus valores e sua história, para demonstrar que, apesar de se falar muito em pauta política evangélica, ou bancada evangélica, não existe uma forma específica de condução evangélica da política. / [en] This paper aims at an historical analysis of the formation of a Conservative Moral Identity on big Brazilian evangelical denominations. Following the historical development of Brazilian Pentecostalism and undertaking the Brazilian Military Dictatorship and the following 1988 restoration of the Democratic Regime as political moments, this paper deals with conceptual divisions concerning Pentecostals and Neopentecostals paving the way to the construction of an Evangelical Identity made by the mass media, and the following evangelical participation in Politics aligned with reactionary conservatism. The main investigation is to try to explore the way by which the evangelical participation in Brazilian politics started and was developed, as well as the reason why evangelical politicians undertook the ideological path of the Conservative Right. We seek to lay more attention to the different evangelical traditions, their values and histories to demonstrate that, despite much is said about a evangelical political agenda, there is no single way of evangelical participation in Politics.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo promover o estudo do neoliberalismo enquanto nova razão do mundo, conforme estudado por Pierre Dardot e Christian Laval, e do neopentecostalismo, utilizando a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus como paradigma, para investigar a hipótese de um processo de educação neoliberal por meio da prática religiosa neopentecostal. Nesse cenário, pretende-se analisar o neopentecostalismo e o neoliberalismo como estruturas e práticas que são produtos de experiências históricas que lhes determinaram a forma que têm hoje. Busca-se demonstrar que tanto o neoliberalismo quanto o neopentecostalismo são entidades normativas criadoras de subjetividades e de mundos, evitando algumas interpretações calcificadas de que o neoliberalismo é um mecanismo interno do capitalismo para aumentar ou preservar a sua existência enquanto o neopentecostalismo é uma forma de ideologia religiosa que se alimenta da ignorância de fiéis pauperizados. Neste trabalho, neoliberalismo e neopentecostalismo são abordados como experiência e estrutura, analisando ao mesmo tempo, como o universo simbólico de cada um deles emerge de uma estrutura (A Igreja de um lado, o Estado, o mercado de outro) para constituir o sujeito neopentecostal-neoliberal que também se orienta por uma estrutura: a empresarial-concorrencial. O trabalho explora como o catecismo da IURD incute uma ética empresarial nos seus fiéis e em que medida essa construção de sujeito guarda relação com o processo de educação do sujeito neoliberal preconizada por Ludwig von Mises e Friedrich Hayek. / [en] This thesis aims to promote the study of neoliberalism as a new reason of the world as developed by Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, and of neopentecostalism, using the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) as matrix, to investigate the hypothesis of a process of neoliberal education through neopentecostal religious practices. Within this frame, my intention is to analyze both neopentecostalism and neoliberalism as structures and practices that are results of historical experiences which shaped them as they present themselves today. I intent to demonstrate that both neoliberalism and neopentecostalism are normative entities bearing the capacity of producing subjects and worlds, avoid, therefore, to make use of some petrified interpretations concerning neoliberalism as an internal mechanism of capitalism to grow or preserve itself, and concerning neopentecostalism as a religious ideology which feeds itself from the ignorance of poor people. In this thesis, neoliberalism and neopentecostalism are undertaken as experience and structure, in which I seek to analyze how the symbolical universe of each of them emerges from a structure (on one side, the Church; on the other, the State and the Market), to constitute a neopentecostal-neoliberal subject, which also guides himself by another structure: that entrepreneurial-concurrencial. This thesis explores how the catechism of UCKG teaches an entrepreneurial ethics on its followers and in which point this construction of subjectivity is related to the process of education of the neoliberal man, preconized by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

The heart of Pentecostal practice has always been an experience of the Holy Spirit. These experiences are often claimed to have the direct guidance of the Spirit and form the decisions and actions that result in the ongoing of the development of practices and doctrine. It is my contention that the third and fourth so-called waves of the Spirit are not truly waves of the Spirit, neither are they new. They are the rebirth, albeit in a new manner, of three disappointing and tragic movements of past Pentecostal history, namely the (New) Latter Rain, the Shepherding Movement, and the Prosperity Movement. I maintain that these two waves do not follow a solid Pentecostal doctrinal stand of an experience in the Holy Spirit of separability and subsequence, neither do they draw their doctrinal stand from the book of Acts, but rather the Synoptic gospels. Unfortunately, even though Pentecostal scholarship is on the rise, the majority of the prolific writers of these last two waves are extremely eisegetical in regards to their dealing with the Word of God. They claim vision and direction from Heaven, as opposed to an exegesis of the canon of Scripture. I maintain that these two, so called waves of the Spirit are not Heaven sent but man conceived and thus dangerous heresy to the church. `I believe that courage is the most important virtue, the foundation that underlies and gives realty to all other virtues and personal values. Without courage we become conformists. Conformity is not the fibre good and courageous leaders are made of… Do not be frightened by the aloneness that may come with your holding unpopular positions. It is in aloneness that wisdom will visit you and smile upon you'. These are not, as a theologian might be entitled to expect, the words of Elijah or Jeremiah. They are quoted from a speech given in 1999 by Mamphela Ramphele, vice chancellor of the University of Cape Town. Her context was the silence that has so often fallen on African societies once liberation has taken place. It is just such silent acquiescence, she insists, that allow former `heroes of the struggle' to become despots and dictators. Her words are challenging to Pentecostal theologians for at least two reasons. The first and more mundane is that Pentecostalism is most vibrant today in precisely those countries, which can be termed `postcolonial'. The second, and to my mind the most relevant to the movement, is that Pentecostalism was at its beginning a powerful spiritual force because it inherited an ethos of radical difference and because its proponents were unflinching in refusing to be co-opted into any other agenda than the one for which they knew they had been empowered by the Spirit of Jesus Christ. In this sense it was a prophetic religion, a religion similar to that of Elijah and Jeremiah. It is my plea then in this presentation that the so-called `postcolonial' countries will not swallow this new error, which has been called the new Pentecostal rhema from Heaven, which stems, as do so many new theological trends from the Western world. The new emerging Pentecostal Charismatic churches, particularly of the Third World need to have the courage not to be conformists, for such is not the fiber good and courageous leaders have. The hermeneutical pneumatology of the Pentecostal tradition has always been questioned. The early Pentecostals did not even bother to develop a theological hermeneutical position of a subsequent experience of the Spirit; they accepted their experience as from God . When they did begin to develop a Pentecostal theology it was often ridiculed as being primarily experiential, thus in the minds of most, devoid of Biblical theology. Fifty years after the outpouring of the Spirit at Azusa Street many Pentecostal scholars began to re-examine the pneumatology of Luke's writing. In the latter part of the 20th Century many Pentecostal scholars came into their own, examining and challenging many of the previously accepted conclusions of theologians, in regards to the Classical Pentecostal doctrinal position . Their position was that there was a separable and subsequent experience of the Spirit following salvation, which was accompanied by the initial evidence of speaking with other tongues. The initial evidence was for a few, and still is for some, questionable evidence. Such a position stood in opposition to those who declared that there was no second experience of the Holy Spirit for any person other than salvation. If those who believed in the `conversion-initiation, which included the baptism in the Holy Spirit' were indeed correct, then everything that Luke talks about in relation to pneumatology in his two-volume work is totally in relation to salvation. This was the theological pneumatological position prior to Classical Pentecostalism. It did and has resulted in many theological challenges. Scholars who take this position do so on the premise that Pentecost is more of a historical situation for the church. However scholars convinced of the Classical Pentecostal position are refusing to accept this position and have and are continuing to develop an exegetical position for a secondary work of the Holy Spirit in a person's life. This is my personal position made vitally real for me since I did not grow up in a Pentecostal church setting, but rather came into the Pentecostal experience in my early 20's. It is my contention that the theological impact of Christ's ascension prior to the public ascension witnessed in Acts 1 has not been fully examined. Few scholars have dealt with the typological fulfillment firstly, of the work of the High Priest as seen completed in the life of Jesus Christ, or secondly, of His fulfillment of the first four feasts which the Jews were commanded to keep. Both of these aspects very clearly enhance and form a clear indication that the classical Pentecostal theology was and is correct in speaking of a separable and subsequent work of the Spirit following a clear salvation experience. I will seek to elucidate this by an examining the historical background of the first two waves of the Spirit, followed by a preview of the work of the Holy Spirit as seen in the canon of Scripture with emphasis on the New Testament. I will follow this by the development of the idea of regeneration in the New Testament. Finally I will examine Lukan writing in regards to the experience known as the baptism of the Holy Spirit. These chapters will then serve as a base for comparison with the material, which will follow. In the late 20th and early 21st century the Classical Pentecostal doctrine has been challenged by the last two charismatic waves of the Spirit, both of which have spawned a plethora of writings. It is my contention first; that the traditional Pentecostal understanding of the authority of Scripture has been abandoned in that now experience takes precedence over Scripture. Secondly it is clear that these last two waves do not fall within the same parameters as the first two waves in their understanding of a doctrine of separability and subsequence, since they revert to a pre-Classical Pentecostal theological position of only one experience of the Holy Spirit. Thirdly, in a day when Pentecostal scholarship is seeking to become acceptable in their exegesis, the authors of these waves are almost totally eisegetical. The question needs to be asked `Have they subtly taken on a title to glean a following?' It is thus my contention that a survey of these waves shows that they have no common ground with the initial two waves of the Spirit. The indication is that they have deliberately chosen a different Biblical basis and thus disqualify themselves from the Pentecostal Charismatic stream. I will seek to elucidate this by examining the historical background of the last two waves of the Spirit, followed by an examination of the Pentecostal hermeneutic and their lack of hermeneutics, as seen so clearly in their writings. This will be done by pointing out the comparisons to the latter two waves of the Spirit both in theory and in the voluminous writing, which are largely based on eisegesis. The stated desire to `have church without making anyone sick' has broached and taken the movements far into left field. Finally, it is my contention that the third and fourth waves of the Spirit are not new at all. They are simply a rebirth of three disappointing and tragic movements in Pentecostal history. Thus I hope to clearly substantiate that the third and fourth wave of the Spirit are not really waves of the Spirit at all. They are not such in terms of their Biblical theological basis, neither are they such exegetically. They are simply the result of those desirous of the moving of the Holy Spirit who have reached back into the past and reintroduced past aspects of renewal, which unfortunately were man centered and resulted later in much havoc among Christians. I will seek to elucidate these facts by an examination of the history and practice of the (New) Latter Rain, which still haunts Saskatchewan, Canada where tragedies still exist, and the Shepherding movement out of Florida, which after a few years was denounced even by the leaders and finally totally disbanded. Then, finally the Prosperity Movement, which rose and fell as an unacceptable, illegitimate deduction of so called truth of the canon. One hopes and prays that the tragedies in lives will not live to haunt the church if Jesus tarries. We do not want the "heroes of spiritual struggles" to become the despots and dictators of the Pentecostal churches in the Third World. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Church History)