Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NelsiWarken_DMII.pdf: 4928442 bytes, checksum: 20a14621110fa483e0e1690e7c7c7b19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / O objetivo central deste trabalho ´e avaliar o emprego dos conceitos e tecnologias referentes ao Processamento Sem antico e Sistemas Aut onomos na concepc¸ ao de mecanismos de controle da adaptac¸ ao ao contexto na Computac¸ ao Ub´ıqua. Na computac¸ ao ub´ıqua, os diversos sistemas computacionais interagem com o ser humano a todo o momento, n ao importando onde ele esteja, constituindo um ambiente altamente distribu´ıdo, heterog eneo, din amico, m´ovel e de composic¸ ao mut´avel. As aplicac¸ oes deste ambiente devem ser adaptativas, considerando o contexto em que est ao inseridas. Ontologias s ao especificac¸ oes formais dos conceitos de um determinado dom´ınio, possibilitando que as aplicac¸ oes sem anticas possam interpretar o significado dos dados, e estabelecer relacionamentos e infer encias entre os mesmos. A Computac¸ ao Aut onoma, por sua vez, indica que os sistemas computacionais deveriam desempenhar func¸ oes autom´aticas de configurac¸ ao, tratamento, otimizac¸ ao e protec¸ ao, substituindo tarefas complexas do usu´ario por pol´ıticas descritas em alto n´ıvel por administradores ou programadores. Considerando todos estes aspectos, a pesquisa desenvolvida nesta dissertac¸ ao de mestrado tem como eixo conceber uma proposta para controlar as adaptac¸ oes quando da tomada de decis oes, considerando o contexto, produzido por informac¸ oes monitoradas, informac¸ oes sem anticas e infer encias a partir destas mesmas informac¸ oes. A premissa ´e culminar em um mecanismo de adaptac¸ ao gen´erico, que poder´a ser utilizado tanto pelo middleware, quanto por diferentes aplicac¸ oes, em tempo de execuc¸ ao. O mecanismo proposto chama-se EXEHDADA, EXEHDA-Dynamic Adaptation, servic¸o de controle da adaptac¸ ao din amica ao contexto para o middleware EXEHDA. O EXEHDA-DA foi avaliado por dois estudos de caso, apresentando resultados satisfat´orios quanto ao atendimento das demandas de ubiquidade dos mesmos

Les plasmas froids d’air à pression atmosphérique sont très utiles pour un grand nombre d’applications grâce à leur chimie hors-équilibre et leur souplesse d’utilisation. Leur intérêt réside dans la production de certaines espèces réactives ou chargées avec un coût énergétique plus avantageux que la chimie à l’équilibre. L’objectif de cette thèse est de combiner les décharges nanosecondes répétitives pulsées (NRP) avec une géométrie micrométrique. Par cette combinaison, nous souhaitons palier au chauffage excessif des étincelles qui génèrent pourtant des fortes densités d’espèces. Notre étude se concentre en trois points principaux. Dans un premier temps la phase de claquage est étudiée ; c’est pendant cette étape que l’énergie est déposée et que les espèces sont produites. La combinaison des diagnostics électriques et de spectroscopie d’émission optique montrent que l’air est presque complètement dissocié et ionisé. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à la phase de recombinaison qui conditionne la durée de vie de ces espèces. Les résultats mettent en évidence une réaction à trois corps comme mécanisme de recombinaison principal. Et enfin, le dernier point concerne le transport des espèces vers un substrat conducteur. En lui appliquant une tension, celui-ci nous permet de générer un écoulement de vent ionique provenant de la décharge. L’écoulement est étudié par vélocimétrie d’images de particules et imagerie Schlieren. Ce travail a permis de démontrer la capacité des NRP micro-plasmas dans la production contrôlée d’espèces réactives et chargées, mais aussi dans leur transport vers une surface par panache électro-aérodynamique. / Non-thermal plasmas generated in air at atmospheric pressure have numerous potential applications due to their non-equilibrium chemistry and ease of use. Their main advantages lie in the cost-efficient production of reactive and charged species compared to that of equilibrium chemistry. The aim of this thesis is to combine nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges (NRP) with a microscale geometry. Using this combination, we seek to reduce the excessive heat release of NRP sparks, while nonetheless reaching high densities of reactive species and electrons. This work is comprised of three main parts. Our first goal is to study the breakdown phase, in which energy is deposited and charged species are produced. We employ both electrical characterization and optical emission spectroscopy in order to show that the NRP microplasma fully ionizes and dissociates the gas. The second part consists of the study of the recombination phase, in which the produced species recombine or survive. Results show that three-body recombination can explain the electron lifetime in this phase. Finally, we study the transport of plasma chemical species from the microplasma to a DC-biased conductive plate representing a substrate. By applying a voltage to this third electrode, we drive an electro-thermal plume via an ionic wind from the microplasma to the plate. This flow is investigated mainly by particle image velocimetry as well as Schlieren imaging. This work shows the capability of NRP microplasmas to produce high densities of reactive and charged species and transport them to a surface using an electrohydrodynamic plume.

Les procédés de projection thermique permettent de fabriquer des revêtements d’une grande versatilité (métaux, céramiques, polymères ou autres composites), relativement épais (de quelques microns à plusieurs centimètres) avec une vitesse de dépôt relativement importante. Cependant des contraintes existent notamment l’impossibilité d’utiliser des précurseurs à fusion non congruente tels que les nitrures (TiN par exemple) limitant leur application industrielle (aéronautique, énergie, biomédical, etc.). Ce type de revêtement est principalement obtenu par les procédés couches minces. La projection plasma sous très basse pression (VLPPS) ouvre un potentiel pour s’affranchir de cette problématique d’obtenir des revêtements nitrures et présente en plus l’avantage d’avoir des vitesses de dépôt élevées au contraire des procédés couche mince. Pour cela, la phase liquide habituellement créée par l’injection de la poudre dans la source thermique des procédés de projection peut s’élever à l’état de vapeur du fait des conditions de très basse pression. En conséquence, des revêtements denses à microstructure lamellaire, de vapeurs condensées ou mixte sont formés. Mais encore, le matériau à l’état vapeur peut être mis en contact avec un gaz réactif (azote, oxygène, etc.) pour former un composé nitruré, oxydé.Ce travail a consisté à étudier la réalisation de revêtements céramiques oxydes et nitrures par projection plasma sous très basse pression réactive (R-VLPPS) à partir d’une poudre pure de titane. Tout d’abord, le diagnostic du jet plasma sous très basse pression (gaz plasmagène et réactif, précurseur) a été réalisé dans le but de corréler la présence des espèces détectés avec les propriétés des revêtements. Ainsi, des revêtements de nitrure et d’oxyde de titane ont été fabriqués par R-VLPPS. Les paramètres de réalisation des dépôts (distance de projection, méthode d’injection du gaz réactif) ont été analysées. Les caractéristiques mécaniques des compositions obtenues ont été déterminées. Le jet plasma a aussi été testé comme moyen de post traitement pour améliorer la proportion de phases nitrurées ou oxydées. Enfin, le mécanisme de construction des revêtements a été développé à partir des résultats expérimentaux. / Thermal spraying processes allow the manufacturing of high versatility coatings (metals, ceramics, polymers or other composites), relatively thick (from few microns to several centimeters) with a high deposition rate. However, drawbacks exist in particular the impossibility to use non-congruent fusion precursors such as nitrides (TiN for example) limiting their industrial application (aeronautics, energy, biomedical, etc.). This kind of coating is mainly obtained by thin-film processes. Very low-pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) opens a potential to overcome this problem to obtain nitride/oxide/carbide coatings with high deposition rates unlike thin-film processes. For this purpose, the liquid phase usually generated by the particles injection into the thermal source of the spray jet can rise to the vapor state due to the conditions of the very low pressure. As a result, dense coatings with a lamellar, condensed vapors or a mix of both microstructures are manufactured. Furthermore, a reactive gas (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) can be injected with the vapors to form oxide, nitride materials.This work consisted in studying the fabrication of oxides and nitrides ceramic coatings by reactive - very low-pressure plasma spraying (R-VLPPS) from a pure powder of titanium. Firstly, the diagnostic of the plasma jet under very low pressure (plasma and reactive gases, precursor) was carried out with the aim of correlating the presence of the detected species with the properties of the coatings. Titanium nitrides and oxides coatings were manufactured by R-VLPPS. The spraying parameters of the deposits (spraying distance, reactive gas injection method) were analyzed. The composition and the mechanical characteristics of the coatings are determined. Moreover, the plasma jet has also been tested as post-treatment process to improve the amount of nitrided or oxidized phases. Finally, the manufacturing mechanism of the coatings was developed from the experimental results.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-17T17:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 (Dissertação_mestrado__(03.11_)).pdf: 1756144 bytes, checksum: 6a5c8a2f486f154eba91b5aa9780dde0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-19T12:24:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 (Dissertação_mestrado__(03.11_)).pdf: 1756144 bytes, checksum: 6a5c8a2f486f154eba91b5aa9780dde0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T12:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 (Dissertação_mestrado__(03.11_)).pdf: 1756144 bytes, checksum: 6a5c8a2f486f154eba91b5aa9780dde0 (MD5) / CNPQ / A determinação de metais em águas naturais por Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP OES), em geral, deve envolver etapas de pré- concentração, devido os níveis de concentração dos metais em água serem muitas vezes abaixo dos limites de detecção da técnica. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um método de pré-concentração em fase sólida sensível e simples para a determinação de cobre, ferro, níquel, manganês, chumbo e zinco em amostras de água por ICP OES. As condições experimentais para pré-concentração foram otimizadas considerando os fatores: concentração do eluente, volume de eluente, volume da amostra, vazão e pH. As condições otimizadas corresponderam ao uso de 5 mL de solução de HCl 0,8 mol L-1 como eluente, volume da amostra de 50 mL, vazão de 1,9 mL min-1 e pH 9,0. Para a determinação dos metais, as amostras, após ajuste do pH, foram percoladas com o auxílio de uma bomba peristáltica em cartucho Sep-pak C18 com 1-(2-piridilazo)-2-naftol (PAN) imobilizado na sílica funcionalizada C18. A eluição dos analitos foi realizada com a passagem da solução de HCl pelo cartucho para posterior determinação por ICP OES. Nestas condições, os limites de detecção para Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn obtidos variaram entre 0,11 e 21 µg L-1 e os limites de quantificação entre 0,36-69 µg L-1, respectivamente. Os desvios padrão relativos (R.S.D.) para a determinação dos analitos não ultrapassaram 9 %. O efeito de possíveis espécies interferentes sobre a recuperação dos analitos também foram investigados. A exatidão do método foi avaliada mediante análise de material de referência certificado (SLEW-3 Estuariene Water Reference Material for Trace Metals) e o método proposto foi aplicado para análise de amostras de água subterrânea, água potável e água de rio coletadas nos municípios de Cachoeira e São Félix, Bahia, Brasil. As amostras foram analisadas por Espectrometria de Massas com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-MS) como método comparativo, não sendo observadas diferenças significativas entre estes resultados e os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto. / The determination of metals in natural waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES), in general, involves pre-concentration steps, due the concentration levels of metals in water are often below the limits of detection of this technique. In this way, the objective of this work was to develop a pre-concentration solid phase method for sensitive and simple determination of copper, iron, nickel, manganese, lead and zinc in water samples by ICP OES. The experimental conditions for pre- concentration were optimized considering the following factors: the concentration of the eluent, eluent volume, sample volume, flow-rate and pH. The optimized conditions corresponded to the use of 5 mL of HCl solution 0.8 mol L-1 as an eluent sample volume 50 ml, flow-rate 1.9 mL min-1 and pH 9.0. For the determination of metals by the procedure, the samples after pH adjustment were percolated with the aid of a peristaltic pump on Sep-Pak C18 cartridge with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). The analyte elution was carried out with the passage of the HCl solution in the cartridge for subsequent determination by ICP OES. In these conditions, the detection limit for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn varied between 0.11 to 21 μg L-1 and the limits of quantification from 0.36 to 69 μg L-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the analytes of this study did not exceed 9%. The effect of possible interfering species on the recovery of the analytes was also investigated. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysis of certified reference material (SLEW-3 Estuariene Water Reference Material for Trace Metals) and the proposed method was applied to samples of ground water, drinking water and river water collected in Cachoeira and São Félix cities, Bahia, Brazil. The samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) as a comparative method do not being found significant differences among these results and the results obtained by the proposed method.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-02-25T13:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Uenderson Araujo Barbosa -final.pdf: 2006362 bytes, checksum: 7f8502d02bb06b7f75032fb7a79d79bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-10T17:54:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Uenderson Araujo Barbosa -final.pdf: 2006362 bytes, checksum: 7f8502d02bb06b7f75032fb7a79d79bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T17:54:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Uenderson Araujo Barbosa -final.pdf: 2006362 bytes, checksum: 7f8502d02bb06b7f75032fb7a79d79bc (MD5) / CAPES e CNPq / Neste trabalho foram propostas estratégias analíticas visando à avaliação toxicológica de metais e metaloides em medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da anemia ferropriva, empregando técnicas cromatográficas e não cromatográficas. Na primeira parte desta tese determinou-se chumbo nos medicamentos aplicando espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (ETAAS). O preparo da amostra foi realizado fazendo uso de digestão ácida em bloco digestor com sistema de refluxo “dedo frio” usando 3 mL de HNO3 (69% v/v) e 1 mL de H2O2 (30% v/v). Foram otimizadas as temperaturas de pirólise e atomização usando uma mistura de paládio e magnésio como modificador químico convencional, obtendo-se 1100ºC e 2000ºC para pirólise e atomização, respectivamente. Com uma massa característica de 21,3 pg e 0,25 e 0,82 µg L-1, para os limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ), respectivamente. A precisão, expressa pelo desvio padrão relativo de 5.92% para uma amostra com concentração de chumbo igual a 2,98 µg g-1. A exatidão foi estimada por comparação entre os resultados obtidos por ETAAS e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). As concentrações de chumbo nas amostras variaram entre 0,096 e 7,068 µg g-1. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, foi efetuada a determinação de mercúrio através de amostragem em suspensão e espectrometria de absorção atômica com alta resolução e fonte contínua com geração de vapor frio (HR-CS CVAAS). As condições ótimas de preparo das suspensões (1,5 mol L-1 de HCl, 1,25% (m/v) de tioureia e 15 minutos de sonicação) foram otimizadas por planejamento fatorial completo. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,63 ng g-1 e 2,11 ng g-1, respectivamente. O desvio padrão relativo para avaliação da precisão foi calculado usando duas amostras com concentrações 4,82 e 9,61 ng g-1 com resultados 10,89 e 6,84%, respectivamente. Foi estimada a possível perda de mercúrio durante o procedimento proposto e a exatidão, mediante testes de adição e recuperação, variando entre 85,0 e 106,0%. As concentrações de mercúrio ficaram entre 3,17 e 34,86 ng g-1. A terceira parte deste trabalho descreve a determinação de macro e microelementos e o estudo in vitro da bioacessibilidade de ferro em medicamentos usados no tratamento da anemia ferropriva. Foi escolhida a espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) como técnica analítica de medida. Foi efetuada digestão ácida para tratamento das amostras e o método foi validado, demonstrando boa sensibilidade, com limites de quantificação (mg L-1) 0,52 para Ca, 0,14 para K, 0,03 para Mg, 0,07 para Mn, 0,40 para Na, 0,36 para P e 0,24 para Zn. A precisão do método foi reconhecida mediante experimentos repetitivos intradia e interdia com resultados abaixo de 20%. Durante estudo da exatidão, testes de adição e recuperação foram executados em diferentes concentrações com resultados entre 81,85 e 114,97%. A robustez do plasma foi calculada mediante uma razão entre as linhas iônica e atômica de magnésio, Mg(II)/Mg(I) e os resultados, mediante análise componentes principais (PCA) e análise por agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA). O estudo de bioacessibilidade in vitro de Fe demonstrou que alguns medicamentos são melhores bioacessíveis, sendo portanto, mais recomendados para o tratamento da anemia, comprovando dados da literatura farmacológica. Na quarta parte deste trabalho descreve-se o estudo da determinação e especiação simultânea de arsênio e cromo por 11 cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS). A determinação total de arsênio e cromo foi realizada usando uma digestão ácida em forno de micro-ondas, uma mistura de 4 mL HNO3 (69% v/v) e 1 mL de H2O2 (30% v/v) e análise por ICP-MS. Para o estudo de especiação foi elaborado um estudo com três possíveis procedimentos para extração das espécies, sendo selecionado um procedimento com água a 80ºC por 30 minutos em energia de micro-ondas. Usando uma fase móvel contendo 1,0 mM de hidróxido de tetrabutilamônio (TBAH), 0,7 mM de ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e 5% de metanol (v/v) em pH 7,2 foi possível separar as espécies presentes com tempo de retenção de 5 minutos com separação de As(III), As(V), Cr(III) e Cr(VI), com limites de detecção de 0,002, 0,003, 0,140 e 0,042 µg g-1, respectivamente. A exatidão do método foi avaliada conforme testes de adição e recuperação, entre 80,64 e 109,36%. O método foi aplicado em amostras do Brasil e Espanha, com concentrações entre 0,1-1,3 e 0,18-62,27 µg g-1 para As e Cr, respectivamente. / In this thesis work analytical strategies have been proposed for toxicological assessment of metals and metalloids in medicines used to treat iron deficiency anemia, using chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. In the first part of this thesis, lead was determined in drugs using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Sample preparation was performed using acid digestion in digester block with reflux system "cold finger" using 3 mL of HNO3 (69% v / v) and 1 mL of H2O2 (30% v / v). Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized using a mixture of palladium and magnesium as conventional chemical modifier, yielding 1100°C and 2000°C for pyrolysis and atomization, respectively. With a characteristic mass of 21.3 pg and 0.25 and 0.82 µg g-1, for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. The accuracy, expressed as relative standard deviation was 5.92% for a sample with lead concentration of 2.98 µg g-1. The accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results obtained by ETAAS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lead concentrations found in samples ranged between 0.096 and 7.068 µg g-1. In the second part of this work, the determination of mercury using slurry sampling and high resolution continuous source cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (HR-CS CVAAS) was performed. The optimum conditions for preparation of slurries (1.5 mol L-1 HCl, 1.25% (w / v) thiourea and 15 minutes sonication) were optimized using a two level full factorial design. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.63 ng g-1 and 2.11 ng g-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for accuracy evaluation was calculated using two samples with concentrations 4.82 and 9.61 ng g-1 from which was obtained as results 10.89 and 6.84%, respectively. The possible loss of mercury was evaluated for the proposed procedure and the accuracy was studied by addition/recovery test, with recoveries ranging from 85.0 to 106.0%. Mercury concentrations ranged between 3.17 and 34.86 ng g-1. The third part of this work describes the determination of macro and micro elements and the in vitro study of iron bioaccessibility in medicines used to treat iron deficiency anemia. It was used inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) measured as an analytical technique. Acid digestion treatment was conducted to the samples and the method was fully validated by demonstrating good sensitivity with quantification limits (mg L-1) 0.52 for Ca, 0.14 for K, 0.03 for Mg, 0.07 for Mn, 0.40 for Na, 0.36 for P and 0.24 for Zn. The precision of the method was evaluated by intraday and interday repetitive experiments with results below 20%. During accuracy evaluation, addition/recovery tests were performed at different concentrations with results between 81.85 and 114.97%. The robustness of plasma was evaluated by a ratio between magnesium atomic and ionic lines, Mg(II)/Mg(I). The results were evaluated by multivariate analysis tools, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The study of in vitro bioaccessibility of Fe showed that some drugs are better bioaccessible, being therefore more recommended for anemia treatment, confirming data of pharmacological literature. The fourth part of this work describes the simultaneous determination of arsenic and chromium speciation using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP- MS). The total arsenic and chromium determination was carried out using an acid digestion in microwave oven, using a mixture of 4 mL HNO3 (69% v / v) 9 and 1 mL of H2O2 (30% v / v) and analyzed by ICP-MS. For speciation, a study was performed with three possible procedures for extraction of species, being employed a procedure with water at 80 °C for 30 minutes in microwave energy. Using a mobile phase containing 1.0 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), 0.7 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 5% methanol (v / v) under pH 7.2 was possible the separation of the species present with retention time of 5 minutes with separation of As(III) As(V), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with a LOD of 0.002, 0.003, 0.140 and 0.042 µg g-1, respectively. The accuracy was assessed using addition/recovery tests, ranging between 80.64 and 109.36%. The method was applied in samples from Brazil and Spain.

The pet food industry for dogs and cats has grown extensively. This growth has been reflected from the requirements of the owners of these animals by products with different characteristics and which are suitable nutritional quality, according to the need of the animal. Therefore, we emphasize the importance in determining the mineral composition of these foods, especially in the sense of possible contaminants. In this work, a method proposed for determination of mineral composition (S, Al, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn, Sr, V, Fe, Ni, Cr and Ba) in dog and cat foods by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The samples were digested by microwave-assisted digestion method using dilute HNO3 (2.0 mol L-1) and H2O2 (6% m/v). The ratio of the reagents used in digestion was established by a full-two level factorial design. The optimum conditions for RF power was 1.2 kW and nebulization gas flow rate of 1.0 L min-1, which were established by a 32 factorial design with two variables, evaluating these conditions the methodology of response surface analysis. To evaluate the precision and accuracy of the proposed method, five certified reference materials (CRM) were analyzed: wheat flour (NIST 1567a), bovine liver (NIST 1547), peach leaves (NBS 1577), oyster tissue (NIST 1566b) and fish proteins (DORM-3). The analysis of the CRM has shown that the values are in agreement with the certified values ranged between 80 (Cr) and 117% (Cd), with relative standard deviations (% RSD) lower than 5%, except for Ni and Cr which exceeded 15%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were obtained between 0.075 (Ba, 233.527 nm) and 87 ìg g-1 (Ca, 373.690 nm). The method was applied to analysis of 17 cat food samples with concentrations varying between 2.3 mg kg-1 for Ba and 2.8 g kg-1 for Ca and 24 of dog food samples ranging between 3.8 mg kg-1 for Cu and 3.4 g kg-1 for Ca collected in supermarkets of cities the of State of Sergipe, Brazil. The exploratory techniques of data using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA), can conclude that the ration for the pet foods were uniform, since there was no trend in the formation of distinct groups for possible rating, according to their mineral composition, except the brand "F2", which clustered with the presence of concentrations of aluminum and copper in feed composition for dog. / A industria de racoes destinadas a caes e gatos tem crescido amplamente. Este crescimento tem sido reflexo das exigencias dos donos desses animais por produtos com caracteristicas diferenciadas e que apresentem qualidade nutricional adequada, de acordo com a necessidade do animal. Diante disso, ressalta-se a importancia na determinacao da composicao mineral desses alimentos, principalmente no sentido de possiveis contaminantes. Neste trabalho foi proposto um metodo analitico para determinacao da composicao mineral (S, Al, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn, Sr, V, Fe, Ni, Ba e Cr) em racoes de caes e de gatos por espectrometria de emissao optica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). As amostras foram digeridas por aquecimento assistido por micro-ondas utilizando HNO3 diluido (2,0 mol.L-1) e H2O2 (6% v/v). A condicao da proporcao entre os reagentes utilizados na digestao foi estabelecida por um planejamento fatorial em dois niveis. As condicoes otimas para potencia de radiofrequencia foi de 1,2 kW e vazao do gas de nebulizacao da amostra, de 1,0 L min-1, as quais foram estabelecidas por um planejamento fatorial 32 com duas variaveis, avaliando-se estas condicoes pela metodologia de analise de superficie de resposta. Para avaliar a precisao e a exatidao do metodo proposto foram analisados cinco materiais de referencia certificados (MRC): farinha de trigo (NIST 1567a), figado bovino (NIST 1547), folhas de pessegueiro (NBS 1577), tecidos de ostra (NIST 1566b) e proteinas de peixe (DORM-3). Apos analise dos MRC, os valores encontrados foram concordantes com os valores certificados e informados variaram entre 80 (Cr) e 117% (Cd), com desvios padrao relativos (%RSD) menores do que 5%, exceto para Ni e Cr que excederam 15%. Os limites de quantificacao (LQ) obtidos estiveram entre 0,075 (Ba, 233,527 nm) e 87 Êg g-1 (Ca, 373,690 nm). O metodo foi aplicado na analise de 17 amostras de racoes de gatos, com concentracoes variando entre 2,3 mg Kg-1 para o Ba e 2,8 g Kg-1 para o calcio, e 24 amostras de racoes de caes, variando entre 3,8 mg Kg-1 para o Cu e 3,4 g Kg-1 para o Ca, coletadas em municipios do Estado de Sergipe. A partir das tecnicas exploratorias de dados utilizando PCA e HCA, pode-se concluir que as racoes destinadas aos animais de estimacao apresentaram uniformidade, uma vez que nao houve tendencia na formacao de grupos distintos para uma possivel classificacao conforme a sua composicao mineral, exceto a marca gF2 h, que aglomerou-se atraves da presenca das concentracoes de aluminio e cobre na sua composicao para caes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work were applied experimental designs to the optimization of analytical methods using atomic spectrometry. Firstly, simultaneous experimental designs were applied to the optimization of two analytical methods, being the first analytical method for the simultaneous determination of macronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na and P), micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Pb and V) and other for the simultaneous determination of Th and U in mineral fertilizers, both employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The results of the analysis of mineral fertilizers showed that the elements regulated by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento MAPA) were in agreement with the same, and that the high resolution ICP OES allowed to selectivity possible interfering Ca, Fe and Th in the determination of U, indicating that can be performed simultaneous determination of Th and U by technique. In the second part, univariate designs were applied to the optimization of two analytical methods using direct solid sampling (SS) and detection by high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS), one for the determination of Cu and other for Hg in phosphate fertilizers. The results showed that simple superphosphate and triple superphosphate 2 fertilizers samples obtained concentrations of Hg above the maximum limit established by MAPA, as well showed the highest concentrations of Cu, however this is not regulated. The analytical methods proposed in this work were simple, efficient, fast, accurate and reliable for the determination of macronutrients, micronutrients and trace elements in mineral fertilizers by atomic spectrometry. / Neste trabalho foram aplicados planejamentos de experimentos para a otimização de métodos analíticos utilizando a espectrometria atômica. Primeiramente, foram aplicados planejamentos simultâneos para a otimização de dois métodos analíticos, sendo o primeiro método analítico para a determinação simultânea de macronutrientes (Ca, Mg, Na e P), micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e elementos traço (Al, As, Cd, Pb e V), e outro para a determinação simultânea de Th e U em fertilizantes minerais, ambos empregando espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES). Os resultados das análises de fertilizantes minerais demonstraram que os elementos regulamentados pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) estavam de acordo com a mesma, e que a alta resolução do ICP OES permitiu a seletividade dos possíveis interferentes Ca, Fe e Th na determinação do U, indicando que pode ser realizada a determinação simultânea de Th e U pela técnica óptica. Na segunda parte, foram aplicados planejamentos univariados para a otimização de dois métodos analíticos utilizando análise direta de sólidos (SS) e detecção por espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua e atomização em forno de grafite (HR-CS GF AAS), um para a determinação de Cu e o outro para Hg em fertilizantes fosfatados. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras de fertilizantes superfosfato simples e superfosfato triplo 2 obtiveram concentrações de Hg acima dos limites máximo estabelecidos pelo MAPA, bem como apresentaram as maiores concentrações de Cu, porém este não é regulamentado. Os métodos analíticos propostos neste trabalho foram simples, eficientes, rápidos, exatos e confiáveis para a determinação de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e elementos traço em fertilizantes minerais por espectrometria atômica.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’utilisation des plasmas froids à pression atmosphérique pour déposer des couches minces apportant une valeur ajoutée (protection contre la corrosion, effet autonettoyant ou antibactérien,…) aux produits. Cette recherche se divise en trois parties :caractérisation de l’un des équipements plasma utilisés, dépôts de SiOxCyNzHw et dépôts de TiOx. Ces deux types de couches peuvent apporter un effet barrière contre la corrosion.<p><p>Dans la première partie de ce travail, l’influence de l’ajout d’un gaz réactif (hydrogène ou ammoniac) dans un plasma d’azote généré avec une torche commerciale de type décharge à barrière diélectrique (DBD) est étudiée par spectroscopie d’émission optique et par des mesures simultanées de courant et tension. En particulier, des émissions de CN sont visibles dans les spectres optiques d’un plasma d’azote seul, mais ne le sont plus si un gaz réactif est ajouté. Par contre, avec de l’hydrogène ou de l’ammoniac dans le plasma, la présence de NH est détectée. Quelle que soit la nature du gaz, la décharge est filamentaire. L’ajout d’un gaz réactif permet de réduire la tension à appliquer pour maintenir la décharge.<p><p>Dans la deuxième partie, cette torche est utilisée pour déposer des couches à partir de précurseurs organosiliciés (hexaméthyldisiloxane et hexaméthyldisilazane) par plasma d’azote seul, avec hydrogène ou avec ammoniac dans une cuve industrielle mise sous azote. Diverses géométries d’injection du précurseur sont testées. L’une d’elles est choisie pour étudier les propriétés des dépôts sur de larges surfaces (de silicium pour diverses analyses et d’acier pour évaluer la résistance à la corrosion). Les dépôts par plasma d’azote seul sont de type polysiloxane. Ceux obtenus par plasma d’azote avec hydrogène contiennent moins d’azote et de carbone. Ceux réalisés par plasma d’azote avec ammoniac sont poudreux.<p> <p>Dans la dernière partie, des couches d’oxyde de titane sont déposées à partir d’isopropoxyde de titane avec une torche commerciale radiofréquencée dans l’air ambiant, une décharge à barrière diélectrique à électrodes planes parallèles sous hélium à basse pression développée à l’ULB et la torche utilisée pour les dépôts à base de silicium dans une cuve de laboratoire sous azote. Les couches déposées avec la torche de type DBD sous azote contiennent de l’azote et du carbone contrairement à celles obtenues avec les deux autres installations. Ces essais ont mis en évidence la forte réactivité du précurseur avec l’humidité ambiante.<p><p>Les couches à base de silicium déposées apportent un effet barrière contre la corrosion. La résistance à la corrosion des dépôts d’oxyde de titane n’a pas encore été testée. Toutefois, dans les conditions actuelles, avec les géométries des équipements plasma utilisés, les vitesses de dépôt sont insuffisantes pour des applications en sidérurgie. D’autres géométries devraient être testées pour accroître les vitesses de dépôt.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of dry hopping on selected analytical and sensory properties of beer. The effect of dry hopping was observed using Czech hop varieties Kazbek and Uran, which were added to the wort during the main fermentation phase in doses of 3 and 6 gdm-3. The contact time of hops with wort was 3, 6 and 9 days. The experimental part describes the technology of preparation of the reference beer, in which dry hopping were subsequently performed. A parallel measurement was performed on each sample. In terms of the basic parameters of beer, the effect of dry hopping, especially its length, on the ethanol content was observed. With a longer period of dry hopping, the concentration of ethanol in beer increased. The higher alcohol concentration was also associated with a decrease in the apparent extract. In terms of color and pH of beer, the effect of dry hopping has not been proven. Elemental analysis performed by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma revealed an increase in the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and iron due to dry hopping. No statistically significant difference was observed for manganese and barium compared to the reference. In terms of bitterness, a significant increase was identified in dry hopped beers compared to the reference, the value being dependent on the dose of hops used. The effect of the hop variety has not been proved. Concentrations of organic acids determined by ion-exchange chromatography with a conductivity detector were affected by dry hopping only in the case of lactic acid and acetic acid. An increase in lactic acid was observed compared to the reference, also related to the degree of fermentation. While in the acetic acid content the hop samples showed a lower concentration than the reference sample. The concentrations of myrcene, humulene and geraniol were determined by gas chromatography with a mass detector. These are volatile components of hop essential oils. Dry hopped samples recorded significantly higher concentrations of all aromatic substances compared to the reference. In terms of hop time, the highest concentrations were shown by samples hopped for three days. The results of the sensory analysis show that the overall best rated sample is a sample hopped with the Kazbek variety with a dose of 3 gdm-3 for three days. Beer which was dry hopped for the shortest time also showed the lowest intensity of bitterness, which was perceived positively.

This work deals with elemental analysis of inorganic materials, that are presented by blast furnace slag and geopolymeric material containing fly-ashes. In the theoretical part there are explained principles of elemental analysis of inorganic materials. Ways of dissolution of samples, optical emission spectroscopy and electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis are commented. In experimental part the ICP analysis of oxide standards is described. The standards were used for estimation of EDS-correction factors. Then follow the preparation, proving and use of standards in analysis of blast furnace slag. The work is finished by exact analysis of concentration profiles of elements in interface of phases in geopolymeric material.