Les représentations monumentales de la Mise au tombeau du Christ constituent l’un des sujets de prédilection en sculpture aux XVe et XVIe siècles. Longtemps, leur historiographie s’est contentée d’observations stylistiques sans marquer d’intérêt concernant les raisons de leur popularité. Pourtant, l’émergence de ce motif iconographique bien particulier – sans référent direct dans les Écritures – ainsi que la grande diversité des lieux d’implantation (cathédrale et église paroissiale, chapelle seigneuriale ou d’hôpital), allant de pair avec celle des donateurs, incitent à un examen attentif des contextes de commande, d’un point de vue historique, politique, économique mais aussi intime. À partir de l’examen de dossiers choisis pour leur pertinence et la richesse de leur documentation, cette étude propose plusieurs ensembles de réflexions articulés autour des notions de monument funéraire, de l’image de dévotion et de pèlerinage spirituel. Elle met ainsi en lumière l’exceptionnelle polyvalence de ces remarquables groupes sculptés. / The monumental representations of the Christ’s entombment were one of the most sought after sculpted subjects during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Their historiography has long been confined to mere stylistic observations without tackling the issue of the reasons for their immense popularity. However, the emergence of such a distinctive iconographic motif – one that stems from no direct reference in the Scriptures – as well as the great diversity of its locations (cathedral and parish churches, castle or hospital chapels), one which mirrors that of their donators, should lead us to a careful examination of the command contexts, from a historical, political, economic as well as personal viewpoint. By examining several examples chosen for their relevance and their wealth of documentation, the present study offers several chapters of reflections hinging upon such notions as a funeral monument, a devotion image and a spiritual pilgrimage. It thus casts light upon the outstanding polyvalence of these remarkable sculpted groups.

This dissertation is about Norwegian school journeys to former death and concentration camps in Poland and Germany. The thesis follows a 10th grade class from the preparations for such a journey, on the journey itself and finally during the reflective work of the pupils upon returning to school. The journey is viewed as a memory process and the thesis discusses how the collective memory of Holocaust is constituted and how the Holocaust memory is staged and performed by the pupils. This kind of travel praxis balances among the inner processes of acknowledgement connected to the pilgrimage, the hedonism of tourism and the school journey’s play with the limits of the teacher’s tolerance. How the pupils handle the tension among these three forms of travelling genres is ritually scripted. Also, the way the pupils express their impressions of the journey is strictly ritually scripted. The journey is thus a monological organised memory praxis which makes it difficult for the pupils to express themselves in ways other than the scripted ones. / Denne avhandlingen handler om norske skoleturer til tidligere døds- og konsentrasjonsleirer i Polen og Tyskland. Avhandlingen følger en tiendeklasse fra Oslo gjennom forberedelsene til reisen, underveis på turen og i bearbeidelsen av inntrykkene etter at elevene har kommet hjem. Reisene studeres i et erindringsperspektiv med fokus på hvordan erindringen om annen verdenskrigs konsentrasjonsleirsystem konstitueres, fortelles og iscenesettes. Konkret undersøker avhandlingen hvordan konsentrasjonsleirene og Holocaust presenteres for elevene, hvordan elevene selv italesetter sin fortidsfortolkning og hvordan holocausterindring iscenesettes gjennom en slik reise. Denne formen for reisepraksis balanserer mellom pilegrimsreisens indre erkjennelsesprosess, turistreisens hedonisme og skoleturens lek med grensene for lærerens toleranse. Hvordan elevene skal manøvrere seg innenfor spenningsfeltet mellom disse tre formene for reisegenre er i stor grad styrt av et rituelt script. Det samme kan sies om elevenes ytringsmuligheter i etterkant av turen. Reisen kan derfor sies å være en form for monologisk organisert erindringspraksis som gir elevene få muligheter til å uttrykke seg på andre måter enn de rituelt foreskrevne.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the influence of certain characters in eighteen works by English Renaissance authors upon the Byronic Hero, that composite figure which emerges from Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, the Oriental Tales, the dramas, and some of the shorter poems.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis investigates women’s geographical movement in medieval England from the perspective of mobility and freedom. It uses pilgrimage accounts from medieval miracle story collections and to gather information about individual travel patterns. The study uses GIS to analyze gendered mobility patterns, and to investigate whether there were noticeable differences in the distance which men and women traveled and the geographical area of the country they originated. It also analyzes the nearness of men’s and women’s respective origin towns to alternative pilgrimage locations, as a means of examining the factors determining gendered travel mobility. The study finds that women’s travel distances were less than men’s, especially in the later medieval period, but that they were in fact more likely than men to come from areas proximate to alternative pilgrimage sites. This suggests the existence of higher mobility capacity for women living in areas with greater contact with other travelers.

This MA thesis is focused on discovering the literary motif of journey in selected works defined by Australia. These works also share the interest in shaping Australian identity. A socio-historical background of colonisation and the first settlement in Australia is provided and the key terms of cultural anthropology are further elaborated on. The thesis depicts traditional Aboriginal culture and focuses especially on its earthbound philosophy. Special attention is paid to the differences among various literary approaches towards the subject matter, to the application of cultural anthropology findings, to the depiction of clashes between different cultures and possibilities of their reconciliation. Furthermore, the works of selected authors are closely characterised from the point of view of their degree of authenticity and the genre specifics. Various treatments of the literary motif of journey are compared and critically analysed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Ce travail a pour objet l’image de l’autre dans les textes des voyageurs latins en Cilicie, Syrie-Palestine et Égypte du XIIe au début du XVe siècle. La rencontre directe entre chrétiens d’Occident et chrétiens d’Orient altère en effet progressivement les représentations occidentales antérieures. Les attitudes des auteurs varient selon leur statut et selon les trajectoires propres à chacun. Après une présentation des conditions de production des œuvres, mettant en évidence les thématiques présidant à la rencontre avec les chrétiens d’Orient, cette étude analyse le discours latin sur l’altérité orientale. Ce dernier résulte de la confrontation entre observations et représentations et se construit entre la curiosité pour une réalité nouvelle porteuse d’exotisme, et l’élaboration d’une double rhétorique du rejet et de l’assimilation de chrétiens considérés à la jonction d’enjeux géopolitiques, dans le contexte des croisades, et d’enjeux religieux, dans le double contexte de la politique d’union pontificale et du prolongement de la réforme monastique. L’intégration des Églises orientales à la culture occidentale suppose alors d’articuler unité et diversité au sein même de la chrétienté. L’analyse du rapport des Latins à la Terre sainte, entre « géographie sacrée » et géographie réelle, des discours croisé, missionnaire et pèlerin sur la diversité et de leurs réactions à celle-ci permet enfin de mesurer l’impact de la rencontre avec les chrétiens orientaux, dans leur dissemblance et leur similitude, sur l’idée de chrétienté. / This research aims at analysing the representation of otherness in the writings of Latin travellers in Cilicia, Syria Palestine and Egypt from the 12th century to the early 15th century. Close encounters between Western Christians and Eastern Christians gradually changed the previous representations of the former, while the attitudes of the writers depended on their status and the respective career paths. After presenting the conditions in which the works were written and underlining the themes and issues that were tackled during the encounters with Eastern Christians, this research analyses the Latin discourse on Eastern otherness, the construction of which results from the confrontation between observation and representation. Curiosity for a new exotic reality went along with a double-edged rhetoric of rejection and assimilation of Eastern Christians, as the stakes were both geopolitical – in the context of the Crusades – and religious – with the policy of pontifical union and the continuation of the monastic reform. Integrating Eastern churches into Western culture thus meant conciliating unity and diversity with Christianity. Analysing the relationships of Latin people with the Holy Land – between biblical and actual geography – as well as the discourses of crusaders, missionaries and pilgrims on diversity and their various reactions to it allows one to measure the impact of the encounter with Eastern Christians on the idea of Christianity.

La répartition des chapelles rurales en Gascogne et au Pays Basque qui semble « statique » révèle dans le courant des XVIème et XVIIème siècles, une mainmise de plus en plus étroite de l’Eglise tridentine. Ce phénomène s’intensifie dans les courants des XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles, avec la construction de nouvelles chapelles majoritairement vouées au culte de Marie. L’Eglise adapte un système préexistant et le perfectionne. Elle réinvestit la culture religieuse locale, dont les chapelles rurales sont un fondement et un support de l’identité gasconne et basque. Elle favorise les pèlerinages et les processions dans ces chapelles vouées au culte de Notre Dame, sapant l’influence de certaines chapelles rurales, qui constituent pour certaines, des cadres de pratiques « superstitieuses » et « profanes », à la limite de la religion légale. Elle crée, ainsi un réseau hiérarchisé, fer de lance de la réforme tridentine. Les confréries, un clergé dévoué et dans certains cas, la présence d’un ordre religieux (couvents, monastères…) encadrent les fidèles.Les chapelles rurales constituent des relais d’une « re-catholicisation ». En effet, un vaste mouvement d’acculturation des populations rurales semble mis en place par l’Eglise tridentine. Enfin, en tant que vecteur de cette « re-catholicisation » des populations rurales, les chapelles s’intègrent dans une volonté de lutter contre le protestantisme dont la forme dans le Sud-ouest est le calvinisme. Certains sanctuaires créent de véritables zones d’influence délimitant l’aire culturelle de Gascogne et du Pays Basque. / The spreading of the rural chapels in Gascony and in the Basque Country which seems « static » reveals a growing takeover by the tridentine Church in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 17th and 18th centuries, this phenomenon is intensified by new chapels mainly devoted to Mary. The Church adapts a pre-existing system and improves it. It reinvests the local religious culture founded on rural chapels which are deeply part of the Gascon and Basque identity. In these chapels devoted to Our Lady, pilgrimages and processions are furthered, undermining the influence of some rural chapels, some of which shelter “superstitious” and “secular” practices at the limit of the legal religion. Thus it creates a hierarchic organization which constitutes the spearhead of the tridentine reform. The faithful are guided by the brotherhoods, a devoted clergy and sometimes a religious order (convents, monasteries …). The rural chapels take over the “re-catholicization”. A wide movement of the rural populations’ cultural integration actually seems to be set up by the Tridentine Church. Finally, as a “re-catholicization” medium of the rural populations, the chapels integrate into a will to fight against Protestantism known as the Calvinism in South-Western France. Some sanctuaries create a real zone of influence delimiting the cultural area of Gascony and the Basque Country.

The submitted work aims to clerify changes of the image of the site of pilgrimage called Křemešník in social memory during the dynamic 20th century. Author leans on her bachelor's thesis, which was focused on Křemešník in the first thirty years of the 20th century. Now she tried to describe rivalry of ecclesiastic and touristic segment in the first half of the 20th century, replaced by establishment of the communist dictatorship. The reports of the church secretaries helped to find out the attitude of ruling power to Křemešník, means of changing or deleting the memory of the site and the success rate of this effort. Attention was also paid to perception of Křemešník by ordinary people, compared with contemporary state using a questionnaire. Extant written sources were supplemented with memories of contemporary witnesses.

Cette thèse articule géographie et fait religieux, ce dernier n’étant pas seulement étudié en creux mais constituant au contraire l’objet central de l’étude. Les recherches menées partent d’un paradoxe contemporain particulièrement observable dans les sociétés dites occidentales. Leur sécularisation de plus en plus forte, impliquant un effacement progressif de toute référence religieuse dans l’espace public, s’accompagne pourtant, depuis une vingtaine d’années, d’un regain de fréquentation des lieux de pèlerinage, qui touche, certes, les sanctuaires les plus connus, à forte valeur historique et culturelle (le Mont-Saint-Michel, Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle, par exemple), mais également les plus récents et confidentiels (L’Ile-Bouchard, entre autres). Les pratiques des visiteurs oscillent, au cours d’une même visite, entre pèlerinage et tourisme, remettant en cause les catégories, jusqu’ici restées relativement étanches dans la littérature scientifique francophone, de « pèlerin » et « touriste ». Cette hybridation des pratiques et des publics invite à envisager, comme effet de la sécularisation, une remonétisation de la valeur sacrée et des espaces considérés comme investis de cette valeur. Il s’agit ici, à partir d’une étude comparative des pratiques spatiales dans plusieurs lieux de pèlerinage catholiques en France, en Bosnie-Herzégovine, en Espagne, en Irlande, en Italie, au Mexique et au Portugal, de questionner à nouveaux frais la catégorisation des pratiques pèlerines et touristiques et d’entrer dans l’étude de la valeur spatiale. Les pratiques permettent en effet d’accéder aux représentations de l’espace construites par les visiteurs, qui elles-mêmes trahissent les valeurs dont ces mêmes visiteurs investissent les lieux. Ici est en jeu, dans un contexte de sécularisation, l’évolution, qui oscille entre résistance et résilience, de l’inscription de la valeur sacrée dans l’espace. / This thesis links up geography and religion. Religion, here, is not just a footnote in the analysis but constitutes the central matter of this work. The research work done here, starts from a contemporary paradox, particularly intense in western societies. The latter are under a growing secularization which implies the progressive obliteration of any religious reference in public space. Yet, for twenty years or so, the number of visitors in places of pilgrimage is increasing. This rise concerns not only the most famous pilgrimage centers such as Le Mont-Saint-Michel or Santiago de Compostela, invested with high historical and cultural values, but also some places of pilgrimage more recent and confidential (for instance L’Ile-Bouchard shrine). During a visit, the visitors’ spatial practices fluctuate between pilgrimage and tourism. These variations challenge the categories of “tourism” and “pilgrimage” which are usually kept separated in the French scientific literature. This hybridization of audiences and practices leads to consider the remonetization of the sacred value and the sacred spaces as a consequence of secularization. This thesis is based on a comparative study of spatial practices in several catholic places of pilgrimage in France, Bosnia Herzegovina, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Mexico and Portugal. The purpose here is to question once again the categorization of the practices of pilgrimage and tourism. This work also aims to study the spatial value. Spatial practices allow indeed to grab the representations of space built up by the visitors and these representations betray the values granted to the places by the same visitors. The evolution of the spatial form taken by the sacred value in a secular context, between resistance and resilience, is at stake here.