The study was undertaken to ascertain whether participatory development (PD and) by implication, the Person Centred Approach (PCA) had an impact on change in the communication patterns in the parachute packing section in the SANDF. The study was conducted in a military setting where hierarchical authoritarian structures exist. PCA and PD are used as theoretical frameworks for the study which resulted in changes in the communication patterns at the section. Change occured at two levels viz: Changes in communication amongst the participants which led to teamwork, cooperation and the avoidance of conflict. Changes in communication between management (the Officer Commanding) and the parachute packing section which lead to regular contact with the participants to address their problems. The study further highlighted the importance of learning from the community in order to avoid misinterpretation which could lead to conflict and dissatisfaction / M. A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

How African individuals perceive the family life cycle, is the topic of this research. This qualitative study was facilitated with two individuals. Constructivism was used to explore how individuals create their reality. The Person-Centred Approach was studied to understand the importance of the Self- concept in the individual, and the role played by perceptions created in an ever-changing environment. Systems theory helped understand the interaction of family members as a system (family), especially the creation of stability after a state of disequilibrium – in this case, transitions between stages of the life cycle. Only with one respondent were some differences identified compared to the Western view of the life cycle. It was thus concluded that the family life cycle can be used as a guideline during therapy, regarding difficult transitions people (including African people) have to make, for therapists working from both the Person-Centred Approach and the systems perspective. / Social Work / (M.A. (Social Work (Mental Health))

The study was undertaken to ascertain whether participatory development (PD and) by implication, the Person Centred Approach (PCA) had an impact on change in the communication patterns in the parachute packing section in the SANDF. The study was conducted in a military setting where hierarchical authoritarian structures exist. PCA and PD are used as theoretical frameworks for the study which resulted in changes in the communication patterns at the section. Change occured at two levels viz: Changes in communication amongst the participants which led to teamwork, cooperation and the avoidance of conflict. Changes in communication between management (the Officer Commanding) and the parachute packing section which lead to regular contact with the participants to address their problems. The study further highlighted the importance of learning from the community in order to avoid misinterpretation which could lead to conflict and dissatisfaction / M. A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Det är fortsatt förekommande med komplikationer relaterat till medelsvår och svår postoperativ smärta. Anestesisjuksköterskan har det samlade omvårdnadsansvaret för patienten perioperativt. En helhetsbedömning av patienten avgör postoperativt smärtlindringsbehov. Den Perioperativa dialogen skapar mening i arbetet och trygghet för patienten. Författarna identifierade avsaknad av riktlinjer vid genomförandet av en individuell helhetsbedömning vid handläggning av postoperativ smärtlindring. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur anestesisjuksköterskor planerar, genomför och utvärderar postoperativ smärtlindring i generell anestesi utefter tidsfaserna pre-, intra- och postoperativt samt inverkan av den perioperativa dialogen. Metod: En kvalitativ studie genomfördes med tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra huvudkategorier med totalt elva underkategorier som berör informanternas handläggning. Preoperativa åtagande - Planeringsprocess Känna ansvar för planering, Skapa vårdrelation, Beakta patientens känslotillstånd. Intraoperativa vårdmoment - Konstant utvärdering av behandling, Anpassa behandling fortlöpande, Självständigt ansvarsområde. Postoperativa förhoppningar - Eftersträva återkoppling, Undvika smärtgenombrott. Perioperativa organisatoriska aspekter - Anpassa utefter arbetsförhållanden, Avsaknad av den Perioperativa dialogen. Slutsats: Handläggningen av postoperativ smärtlindring är ett komplext område vilket kräver beaktning av flera faktorer för ett gott utfall. Den perioperativa dialogen är inte prioriterad. Det saknas konsensus för anestesisjuksköterskans handläggning av postoperativ smärta. Det krävs utveckling och ett utökat samarbete av hela vårdkedjan för att kunna möta den postoperativa smärtproblematiken. / Abstract Background: Complications still occur in connection to moderate and severe postoperative pain. The nurse anaesthetic´s is completely responsible for the patient care perioperative. An overall assessment of the patient all together determine the postoperative need of analgesic. The perioperative dialogue is a method which gives the nurse anaesthetic´s a sense of meaningfulness of the work and creates a perception of safety for the patient. The authors identified the absence of guidelines to make an individual overall assessment when managing postoperative pain. Aim: The aim of the study was to elucidate the nurse anaesthetic´s planning, implement and evaluate postoperative analgesic during total anaesthesia along the time-phases pre-, intra and postoperative and the impact of the perioperative dialogue. Method: A qualitative study was conducted with ten semistructured interviews. A qualitative content analysis was made with an inductive approach. Result: The result is presented in four head categories and eleven sub-categories that illuminate the informants’ experiences. Preoperative undertakings - Feeling responsibility for planning, Create a care-relation, Respect the patients emotional state. Intraoperative steps – Constant evaluation of treatment, Adapt the treatment continuously, Independent responsibility. Postoperative expectations – trying to obtain feedback, Avoid outbreak of pain. Perioperative organizational aspects – Adjustment along work situation, Absence of the perioperative dialogue.    Conclusion: The postoperative pain management is a complex matter that demand consideration of several aspects to achieve a good outcome. The perioperative dialogue is not prioritised. There is a lack of consensus among nurse anaesthetic´s managing postoperative pain. Developing and increasing cooperation along the entire chain of care is necessary to manage the issue of postoperative pain.

Bakgrund: Antalet äldre personer med multisjuklighet ökar i samhället och allt fler vårdas i hemmet. Att utifrån detta tillämpa personcentrerad vård skapar nya utmaningar. Lagen om samverkan vid utskrivning från slutenvård (SVU) och upprättande av samordnad individuell plan (SIP) innan utskrivning är interventioner som kan främja personcentrerad och integrerad vård i hemmet. Samordning genom SIP sker många gånger mellan hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst. Distriktssköterskan utses ofta till fast vårdkontakt för patienten och därmed ansvarig för SIP.  Motiv: Hälsocentral och kommunal hemsjukvård är viktiga samarbetspartner för integrerad vård på primärvårdsnivå och distriktssköterskan är ofta ansvarig för SIP. För att identifiera vad som hindrade och främjade tillämpning av SIP undersöktes distriktssköterskans erfarenheter av det. Resultat av studien kan öka förståelsen av SIP som arbetssätt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med SIP på primärvårdsnivå. Metod: Under år 2021 genomfördes individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med distriktssköterskor (n=8). Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera data. Resultat: Utifrån intervjuerna framkom varierande erfarenheter av att arbeta med SIP. Arbetssättet upplevdes främja personcentrerad och patientsäker vård men det framkom även svårigheter att använda det. Erfarenheterna beskrevs som fyra kategorier: förutsättningar för ökad delaktighet, behov av ansvarsförtydligande, säkerhet för alla inblandade, och otillräckligt inarbetat arbetssätt.  Konklusion: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien att SIP kan ha betydelse för tillämpning av patientsäker och personcentrerad vård. SIP kan genom hembesök och digitala möten förbättra patientens delaktighet samt bidra till en sammanhållen, integrerad vård i hemmet. Bättre struktur för att tillämpa arbetssättet efterfrågades, utan att riskera att SIP blir en standardiserad arbetsrutin. / Background: The number of people with multimorbidity is increasing, hence healthcare is often provided at their home. Furthermore, striving to apply person-centred care creates new challenges. Interventions to promote person-centered and integrated care are based on the law for coordination of care at discharge from hospital and demands establishment of a coordinated individual plan (CIP) before discharge. Coordinating care through CIP often occurs between healthcare and social services. The district nurse is often appointed to be the permanent contact concerning care for the patient and thus responsible for CIP.  Motive: Primary care centres and municipal units for home care are important partners in integrated care at primary care level and district nurses are often responsible for CIP. To identify the barriers and facilitators for the using of CIP, we explored the district nurses' experiences about it. The results of the study may contribute to better understanding of CIP as a working method. Aim: The purpose of this study was to highlight the district nurses' experiences of working with the CIP at primary care level. Methods: In 2021, individual semi-structured interviews with district nurses were conducted (n=8). Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. Result: From the interviews, various experiences emerged regarding the experiences of using CIP. Using CIP was experienced as facilitating person-centred care and patient safety, but several obstacle and difficulties to adopt it were identified. The experience resulted in four categories: prerequisites for increased participation, need for accountability, safety for all involved, and insufficiently established working method.  Conclusion: In summary, the study showed that CIP is important for the application of patient-safe and person-centered care. Through home visits and digital meetings, CIP can improve patient participation and contribute to a cohesive, integrated care at home. Better structure for using the CIP as working method was requested, in order to avoid that CIP  becomes only a standardized work routine.

No / Transition planning using a person-centred approach has, in the main, failed to shape service provision. We offer an alternative based on an ecological understanding of human development linked to public health approaches that prioritise whole system planning. A total of 43 young people with intellectual disabilities, in Bradford, England, who were approaching transition from school or college were recruited to a qualitative study. Their ethnic breakdown was as follows: 16 white British, 24 Pakistani, 2 Bangladeshi and 1 Black African. Each young person was interviewed twice, at recruitment and a year later, to observe any changes in their social networks during transition. Interviews were undertaken with a semi-structured interview schedule and with the pictorial approach of Talking Mats. Both the networks the young people live within, and their sense of what the future might hold for them, are described and linked to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of human development. The importance of the family and school is emphasised, as is the absence of engagement in leisure activities and work. Transition planning needs to start with mapping the systems individuals live within, areas of strength should be supported and parts of the system, which are not fit for purpose for these young people, should be prioritised for interventions.

The purpose of this study is to describe trauma in the lives of social work students studying at Unisa South Africa. It explores how they describe trauma, what traumatic experiences they have gone through, the effect these experiences had on them, what they did to cope and how these experiences impacted their work as aspiring social workers. A case study was conducted with fourth-level students at Unisa South Africa. The theoretical framework adopted for the research was the person-centred approach. The research involved both focus group interviews and a survey. Both quantitative and qualitative data were generated. Descriptive statistics were used to create a profile of the participants. Qualitative data were analysed using a hermeneutic method. The perceptions of the participants were re-told by the researcher in the form of specific themes that emerged from the data. These themes were discussed and compared with the literature. Implications for the students’ work as social workers were discussed. The study accessed unique aspects of trauma that are grounded in the South African context. The description of trauma that emerged from the research created a new definition of the meaning of trauma. The research discusses the effects of trauma on the emerging professional self of the social work student. Recommendations are made that could be valuable to social work educators wishing to further the personal and professional growth of social work students. The research is also of value to those working with traumatised people. / Social Work / D .Litt. et Phil. (Social Work)

Bakgrund: Den äldre individen kommer att bli en allt större grupp av befolkning. Med en stigande ålder ökar även risken av att drabbas av en eller flera sjukdomar, vilket kommer att ställa högre krav på sjukvården. Svensk lag säger att vården har en skyldighet att främja patientens integritet, delaktighet och självbestämmande, dock brister detta inom vården av de äldre. Många komplexa sjukdomstillstånd hos en äldre person gör att omvårdnaden behöver ges utifrån patientens individuella behov. Personcentrerad omvårdnad handlar om ett partnerskap mellan individen och vårdpersonalen, där individen sätts i centrum för vården. Syfte: Att belysa den äldre patientens upplevelse av vård utifrån ett personcentrerat perspektiv. Metod: Examensarbetet är utformat som en litteraturöversikt. Artiklar söktes fram via databaserna CINAHL och PubMed, 13 artiklar med kvalitativ metod valdes ut. Resultat: Resultatet visade att det fanns likheter och skillnader i hur den äldre upplevde sin vård: Dessa upplevelser kunde delas in i tre huvudkategorier, nämligen självbestämmande, delaktighet och integritet. Den äldre patienten hade en längtan efter självständighet och självbestämmande, dock slogs detta tillbaka på grund av en tids- och kompetensbristande vård. De äldre hade en önskan om att vara delaktiga i sin vård, där relationen och kommunikationen var en viktig grund för att skapa delaktighet. Många av de äldre kände sig ej bekräftade som en unik individ av omvårdnadspersonalen. Slutsats: För att kunna främja de äldres roll i en personcentrerad vård måste ett helhetsperspektiv och ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt appliceras, där den äldre respekteras som en unik individ. Med den äldre individen i centrum för sin vård, stärks dennes rätt till självbestämmande, delaktighet samt integritet, som i sin tur kan leda till en ökad livskvalité. / Background: The elderly is a group that will be a major part of the population in the future. With increasing age, the risk of suffering from one or more diseases increases, which will place higher demands on healthcare. Swedish law states that healthcare has an obligation to promote patient integrity, participation and self-determination, but this is invalid in the care of the elderly. Many complex illnesses in an elderly person necessitate nursing based on the patient's individual needs. Person-centered nursing is about a partnership between the individual and healthcare staff, where the individual is at the center of care. Aim: To highlight the elderly patient's experience of care based on a person-centered perspective. Method: A literature review was conducted and the data was found in the databases CINAHL and PubMed, 13 articles with qualitative method were selected. Result: The results showed that there were similarities and differences in how the elderly patient experiences their care. These experiences can be divided into three main categories: self-determination, participation and integrity. The elderly patient had a longing for independence and self-determination, however, this was reversed due to a lack of time and competence shortage. The elderly had a desire to be involved in their care, where the relationship and communication were an important basis for creating participation. Many of the elderly did not feel confirmed as a unique individual of nursing staff. Conclusion: In order to promote the role of the elderly in their care, must a holistic perspective and a person-centered approach be applied, where the elderly is respected as a unique individual. With the older individual at the heart of his care, his right to self-determination, participation and integrity is strengthened, which in turn can lead to an increased quality of life.

The basic objective of the theoretical part of this diploma thesis is to present Rogers' Person- centred Approach (PCA) in terms of its development, theory, basic principles and potential applications out of therapeutical context, with emphasis on leadership. The first chapter is devoted to general knowledge of the PCA and in the second chapter there is a more detailed description of possible applications of the PCA in management. The basic objective of the empirical part is to verify the relationship between main necessary conditions of PCA in people management (respectively in person-centered leadership) and employees' organizational commitment. The quantitative research in the form of correlation study has been carried out on a sample of 63 respondents, employees of various organizations in various fields. Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) and Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) were used as research methods. The results show the significant correlation between organizational commitment and measures of empathic understanding, congruence, and level of regard expressed by managers towards employees. The significant relationship between organizational commitment and unconditionality has not been confirmed. Besides the hypotheses linked to the basic goal there are some other...

Inledning: Äldre personer med kognitiv svikt, exempelvis i form av demenssjukdom, delirium eller depression, är en vanligt förekommande population inom svensk sjukhusvård. Dessa äldre kan ha särskilda behov till följd av en försämrad kognition, men litteraturen tyder på att akutsjukhusens miljö, organisation och vårdprocesser inte alltid stödjer tillgodoseendet av dessa behov. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att belysa vården av äldre personer med kognitiv svikt i sjukhusmiljöer. Metoder: Avhandlingen består av fyra delstudie. I studie I tillämpades en tvärsnittsdesign för att utforska personalens attityder till äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt, personalens tillfredsställelse med vården och arbetet samt upplevelsen av personcentrerat vårdklimat (n=391). I studie II användes en Grounded theory design för att undersöka hinder för personcentrerad vård för äldre personer med kognitiv svikt på en akutmedicinsk vårdavdelning. I studie III tillämpades en tvärsnittsdesign för att utforska de psykometriska egenskaperna i den svenska versionen av ”The Person-centred care of Older People with cognitive impairment in Acute Care scale” (POPAC) i ett urval av sjukhuspersonal (n=293). I studie IV användes en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk design för att belysa innebörder av att vårda äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt på akuta sjukvårdavdelningar utifrån vårdpersonals (n=13) berättelser. Resultat: Studie I visade att deltagande personal skattade en neutral attityd till äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt i spektret mellan negativa och positiva attityder, samt att faktorer som att vara yngre, undersköterska och att uppleva vården av de äldre som betungande, hade samband med mer negativa attityder. Resultaten visade också att vårdpersonal upplevde att äldre patienters kognition sällan utvärderades under vårdtiden, samt att man sällan baserade vården på evidensbaserade riktlinjer för vård av äldre med kognitiv svikt. Studie II belyste att ett organisatoriskt fokus på medicinska behov, åtgärder och rutiner bidrog till att personal hamnade steget efter i relation till att synliggöra och möta dessa äldre personers multidimensionella behov, och att detta kunde medföra tecken på vårdlidande för de äldre, utanförskap för närstående och frustration för personal. Studie III stödde en fortsatt användning av POPAC-skalan för skattningar av upplevd förekomst av personcentrerade vårdprocesser för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt, men att ytterligare studier rekommenderades framförallt av skalans olika dimensioner. Studie IV belyste att ju större avstånd som upplevs mellan vad vårdpersonalen kan göra (verklig vård) och vad de vill göra (ideal vård) för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt i akuta vårdmiljöer, desto meningslösare upplevs vården, och desto större blir hotet mot personalens personlig-professionella integritet. Den tolkade helheten visar på att vårda äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt inom akutsjukvård betyder att försöka ge omvårdnad i miljöer som inte stödjer vårdpersonalens personlig-professionella integritet Slutsatser: En rimlig konklusion av dessa resultat är att det i sjukhusmiljöer där äldre patienter ofta vårdas kan finnas anledning att diskutera och ytterligare studera hur attityder, synsätt på och målsättningar för vården och dess innehåll, åtgärder och interventioner kan främja eller motverka en god omvårdnad för de äldre med kognitiv svikt. Det kan också finnas anledning att se över hur personalen kan stödjas i att ge person-centrerad vård till de äldre, exempelvis genom riktlinjer för vård av äldre personer med kognitiv svikt, standardiserade skattningar av kognition, samt implementering av vårdprocesser som stödjer en personcentrerad vård för dessa patienter. Det kan också finnas behov av att ytterligare kritiskt granska hur organisatoriska och miljömässiga faktorer på avdelningar stödjer eller motverkar en personcentrerad vård för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt. Därtill kan det finnas behov av att skapa ytterligare förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att bevara och utveckla sin personlig-professionella integritet genom att utveckla miljöer som ger möjligheter för dem att ge en god omvårdnad till dessa äldre. / Introduction: Older people with cognitive impairment such as dementia, delirium or depression, are commonly cared for in acute hospital wards. These older people may have specific needs associated with a cognitive impairment. However, literature indicates that the milieu, organisation and care processes in acute care not always support in meeting these needs. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to illuminate care of older people with cognitive impairment in hospital environments. Methods: The thesis consists of four studies. Study I used a cross-sectional design to explore staff attitudes toward older people with cognitive impairment, staff satisfaction with care and work and perceived person-centeredness of the ward (n=391). Study II used a Grounded theory design to explore barriers to person-centred care for older people with cognitive impairment at an acute medical ward. Study III used a cross-sectional design to explore the psychometric properties of the Swedish version person-centred care for older people with cognitive impairment scale (POPAC) in a sample of acute hospital staff (n=293). Study IV used a phenomenological hermeneutic design to explore the meanings of caring for older people with cognitive impairment in acute hospital wards as narrated by nursing staff (n=13). Results: Study I showed that participating staff estimated a neutral attitude to older people with cognitive impairment in the spectrum between negative and positive attitudes, and that factors such as being younger, a nurse assistant and experiencing the care of older people with cognitive impairment as burdensome, were associated with more negative attitudes. The results also showed that healthcare professionals felt that older patients' cognitive ability was rarely evaluated during hospitalisation, and that care were rarely based on evidence-based guidelines for care of older people with cognitive impairment. Study II illuminated that an organizational focus on medical needs, interventions and routines contributed to staff falling behind in relation to meeting these older patients' multidimensional needs, and that this could lead to signs of suffering for older patients, feelings of being excluded for relatives, and a frustration for staff. Study III supported a continued use of the POPAC scale for ratings of perceived prevalence of person-centred care processes for older people with cognitive impairment, but further studies was recommended to explore scale dimensionality. Study IV illuminated that the greater a gap that is experienced between what nurses can do (real) and what they want to do (ideal) in caring for older patients with cognitive impairment in acute care settings, the more meaningless care is experienced and the greater a threat is experienced to the nurses personal-professional integrity. The comprehensive understanding indicated that caring for older people with cognitive impairment in acute care settings means to provide nursing care in an environment that does not support the nurses’ possibilities to protect and develop their personal-professional integrity. Conclusions: A reasonable conclusion from these studies is that there may be reasons to further discuss and study how attitudes, perspectives, and goals for care, together with the content, procedures and interventions that can support or obstruct good nursing care for older people with cognitive impairment in hospital settings. There may also be reasons to explore how staff can be supported to provide person-centred care to these older patients, for example through guidelines for care of older people with cognitive impairment, standardised assessments of cognitive ability, and implementation of care processes that supports person-centred care. In addition, to further critically examine how organisational and environmental factors in hospital wards can support or obstruct person-centred care for older patients seems needed. There may also be a need to further develop conditions that can support nursing staff to maintain and develop their personal-professional integrity, by developing environments that provides further possibilities to provide good care for these older patients. / <p>Centrum för personcentrerad vård vid Göteborgs universitet </p>