L’objet de notre recherche est double : comprendre le phénomène de fabrique d’une compétence organisationnelle stratégique induite par les usages des TI, d’une part, et aller au-delà des modèles existants d’analyse des impacts des TI en intégrant une approche multidimensionnelle, d’autre part. Nous avons privilégié une approche empirique qui a débuté par une étude de cas pilote qui nous a permis de délimiter un cadre théorique de manière abductive, par un aller-retour constant entre le terrain et les construits théoriques existants. Le cadre conceptuel se veut une synthèse des différents courants RBV intégrant le concept d’apprentissage organisationnel. Les résultats d’une étude multicas soulignent le caractère diffus et partiellement intentionnel d’un processus requérant l’interaction de ressources complémentaires fortement dépendantes du passé et aboutissant à l’amélioration de l‘efficience des routines et de la capacité dynamique d’apprentissage. Nous proposons une modélisation du processus et nous discutons des concepts significatifs quant à l'étude d'un tel phénomène. / Our research object is twofold: understand a strategic organizational competences bulding using IT, on the one hand, and go beyond the existing analysis of impacts of the IT models, integrating a multidimensional approach, on the other hand. We privileged an empirical approach beginning with a pilot case study that allowed us to define a theoretical framework of an abductive way, by a constant back and forth between the field and the theoretical existing constructs. The conceptual framework is a synthesis of the various RBV strands integrating the concept of organizational learning. The results of a multicase study underline the diffused and partially intentional character of a process, requiring interaction of additional resources highly dependent from the past, and leading to improve efficiency of the routines and dynamic adaptability. We propose a design of the process and discuss significant concepts for the study of this phenomenon.

Cette thèse se propose de contribuer à la compréhension de la problématique générale de la performance, ceci par l’exploration du contenu de la vision stratégique appliquée au contexte des propriétaires-dirigeants de PME. Notre thèse émerge ainsi des observations du terrain et de son évolution, notamment les difficultés rencontrées par certaines PME pour survivre et à contrario les facteurs favorisants la réussite et la performance de certaines d’entre elles. Cette recherche s’articule ainsi autour d’un processus continu d’aller-retour entre la littérature et le terrain. Les PME représentent un des terreaux les plus propices à la recherche sur le concept de vision stratégique et sa relation à la performance. La revue de littérature fait en effet apparaitre le propriétaire-dirigeant, qualifié d’entrepreneur, comme un facteur central dans l’explication de la performance de son entreprise. Nous proposons ici une approche cognitive de la performance, approche que nous illustrons au travers des représentations de propriétaires-dirigeants de PME de leur performance. Ainsi, nous nous intéressons aux contenus des représentations véhiculées par les propriétaires-dirigeants de PME, la conception de la performance dans leur vision stratégique. Cette représentation se compose de structures émergentes des concepts reliés entre eux à l’intérieur de ces représentations. En ce sens, nous partons du principe qu’un concept ne prend vraiment sa signification que dans ses relations avec d’autres. La thèse présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie, au travers d’un processus de collecte de données, par entretiens en profondeur, sur 9 PME performantes primées à plusieurs reprises. A cet effet, nous avons utilisé la méthodologie de la cartographie cognitive qui permet d’analyser la vision stratégique comme un réseau de concepts dans une dynamique des relations les liants. Le traitement et l’analyse des données récoltées nous conduisent à proposer un modèle de lecture cognitive de la performance adapté au contexte des propriétaires-dirigeants de PME. La performance apparait comme un concept multidimensionnel, hiérarchique et dialogique. En effet dans sa PME le propriétaire-dirigeant doit faire des arbitrages entre les différents objectifs et les intérêts multiples des différents acteurs. Enfin, l’étude démontre une importance avérée aux ressources humaines et à l’ancrage territorial de son entreprise. / This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the general issue of performance, this by exploring the contents of the strategic vision applied to the context of SME owner-managers. Our thesis emerges from field observations and its evolution, the difficulties of some of SMEs to survive and conversely the contributing factors of success and the performance of some of them. Thus, this research revolves around an ongoing go-return process between literature and results of our field research. Concretely, we find in the SMEs one of the more conducive soils to research on the concept of strategic vision and its relationship to performance. Indeed, the owner-manager, Often described as an entrepreneur, holds in his SME a central predominant position and is one of the major internal factors to consider. Here we propose a cognitive approach to performance, we illustrate that approach through representations of owner-managers of SMEs performance. Thus, we focus on the content of the representations conveyed by the owner-managers of SMEs, the performance conception in their strategic vision, this representation consists of a emerging structures of concepts interconnected within these representations. In this sense, we assume that a concept really takes its meaning only in its relations with others. The thesis presents its problematic and methodological project, through in-depth interviews of nine performing SMEs (award winning repeatedly). To this end, we used the methodology of cognitive mapping that can analyze the strategic vision as a network of concepts in a dynamic relationship. The processing and analysis of collected data lead us to propose a model of cognitive reading of performanceadapted to the context of SME owner-managers. The performance appears as a multidimensional concept, hierarchical, and dialogical. Indeed, in its SME, the owner-manager must make trade-offs between different objectives and different interests of different stakeholders. Finally, the study demonstrates proven importance to human resources and territorial anchorage of its business.

As operações de usinagem viabilizam a construção de máquinas e equipamentos que proporcionam a manutenção do bem estar da sociedade e a sua evolução. Com o estudo das tecnologias e a adequação dos sistemas de produção ao paradigma desenvolvimento sustentável, é possível discutir as operações de corte com ferramentas de geometria definida e oferecer suporte ao desenvolvimento destes processos nas pequenas e médias empresas (PME). Estas unidades do sistema produtivo estão sujeitas ao rigor do mercado e suas transformações, devendo ter condições de oferecer respostas à altura de sua função. O acesso ao conhecimento e à tecnologia leva ao fortalecimento da empresa através dos ganhos de competência e competitividade. A tecnologia proporciona condições de maior produtividade, qualidade e controle dos processos e o novo paradigma de produção conduz à eliminação dos impactos ambientais, racionalização e redução do consumo de recursos não renováveis, para a preservação e manutenção do planeta e seus sistemas naturais. No trabalho desenvolvido na presente pesquisa foi possível conhecer e avaliar as instalações e corpo técnico de onze empresas (PME), com processos de usinagem, no município de São Carlos, São Paulo. A organização dos dados permite a construção de um cenário onde são evidenciados potenciais e carências. Na etapa seguinte foi eleito um processo, em uma das empresas, que recebeu intervenções para melhor desempenho nos aspectos econômico, social e ambiental. Os resultados alcançados permitem que se faça projeções de ganhos para todo o parque industrial estudado. O mecanismo de apoio às pequenas e médias empresas em uma avaliação final sugere um salto de qualidade, referendando o modelo que pode ser facilmente reproduzido. / Machining operations make possible the construction of machines and equipment which provide the maintenance of society welfare and its evolution. Studying the technology directions and the production systems adequacy to the sustainable development paradigm enables the discussion of machining and the fostering of the processes at the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). Because of the vulnerability to the market and its transformations these companies should have conditions to respond to the demands at the importance level of their function. The access to the knowledge and technology brings a gain in competence and competitiveness. Technology provides conditions for higher productivity, quality and processes control, as well as the new production paradigm leads to the elimination of the environmental impacts, rationalization and reduction in the use of non renewable materials preserving and maintaining the planet’s natural systems. In this research it was possible to know the facilities and the technical staff of eleven metalworking companies (SME), in São Carlos city, São Paulo state. The gathered data allows to draw a portrait that puts in evidence the potentials and deficiencies. On a next stage a specific machining operation was chosen to be improved in the economic, social and environmental aspects. The achieved results allow projections of gains in the industrial park. In a final evaluation of the small and medium-sized enterprises support mechanism it suggests a quality improvement assuring the availability of the model that is easily reproducible.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-22T16:10:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_SinndyDayanaRicoLugo_2016.pdf: 3067162 bytes, checksum: bf4e6bc8fdefc54a21c8315582de00a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T16:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_SinndyDayanaRicoLugo_2016.pdf: 3067162 bytes, checksum: bf4e6bc8fdefc54a21c8315582de00a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 / CNPQ / A determinação dos requerimentos de materiais nas Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) cujo ambiente de produção é do tipo Job Shop, tem sido categorizado na literatura como um problema devido ao complexo processo de tomada de decisões subjacente, gerado pela grande quantidade de variáveis no sistema de fabricação, aos níveis de apropriação de tecnologias da informação e às características dos modelos e das ferramentas que atualmente encontram-se disponíveis. Dentro deste contexto, uma solução fundamentada em um modelo de decisão multicritério foi proposta, incluindo a execução do processo de elicitação das preferências do decisor, e suportada na geração de um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) de ambiente Web. Ao longo deste trabalho é apresentada a caracterização das etapas de construção do modelo, os pontos relevantes para a escolha do Modelo Aditivo como base, as melhorias feitas ao processo de elicitação, e o detalhamento da interação do software desenvolvido com o processo decisório de determinação de requerimentos de matérias primas. Apresenta-se também a aplicação do modelo em algumas empresas do tipo PME, realizando uma análise comparativa entre os resultados esperados e os obtidos com o uso da ferramenta SAD e recolhendo todos os comentários dos decisores, com a finalidade de caracterizar, em um ambiente de fábrica real, os prós, contras e possíveis melhorias do modelo proposto. Todas as aplicações foram realizadas em duas fases: na primeira o decisor usou o SAD de forma isolada, sem o acompanhamento da analista com o intuito de obter uma visão totalmente externa; e na segunda o decisor usou o software com o acompanhamento direto da analista tendo como objetivo a interatividade e a troca de conhecimentos. A execução da primeira fase proporcionou informação relevante de como os decisores se sentem em relação às perguntas da elicitação de preferências, à linguagem usada, aos gráficos e às demais características desenvolvidas no aplicativo, concluindo que não contar com um analista obriga ao decisor a pensar cuidadosamente nas suas respostas e a ler detalhadamente as instruções. A segunda fase permitiu aos decisores maior compreensão do processo de elicitação e principalmente, em relação ao uso do SAD na etapa da analise de sensibilidade. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se a proposta de um segundo modelo baseado em outras teorias de decisão multicritério, Teoria de Utilidade Multiatributo (MAUT por sua sigla em inglês) e Utilidade Rank Dependente (RDU por sua sigla em inglês), com a diferença de que a ferramenta SAD foi testada com dados reais de única empresa. Assim, os resultados da aplicação deste modelo mostram diferenças substanciais entre utilizar o método clássico da Utilidade Esperada (EU em inglês) e usar a RDU; enquanto que diferenças menores, mas também relevantes, foram encontradas entre elicitar a função peso da probabilidade e usar os valores dos parâmetros sugeridos comumente na literatura com base em estudos comportamentais / Determining the requirements of materials in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), whose production environment is Job Shop type, has been categorized in the literature as a problem caused by the complex underlying decision-making process, generated by the large number of variables in the manufacturing system, the appropriation levels of information technology and the characteristics of the models and tools that currently are available. Within this framework, a solution based on a multi-criteria decision model was proposed, including the execution of the elicitation process of decision maker's preferences, and supported in the generation of a decision support system (DSS) Web based. Throughout this document presents the characterization of model building steps, relevant points for choosing the Additive Model as a base, improvements made to the elicitation process and details of interaction within the software developed and the decision-making process of raw material requirements determination. It presents also the application of the model in some companies of type SME, performing a comparative analysis between expected results and those obtained using the SAD tool and compiling all the comments of decision-makers, in order to characterize, in environment real factory, the pros, cons and possible improvements of the proposed model. All applications were done in two phases: first the decision maker used the SAD in isolation, without the accompaniment of the analyst in order to get a fully external view; and in the second the decision maker used the software with analyst's direct monitoring aiming to the interaction and exchange of knowledge. The implementation of the first phase provided relevant information about how the decision-makers feel in relation to the preferences elicitation questions, to the language used, to the graphics and to other features developed in the application, concluding that if there is not an analyst, the decision maker has to think carefully in their responses and thoroughly reads the instructions. The second phase offered to decision-makers greater understanding of the elicitation process and especially regarding the use of the SAD in the sensitivity analysis step. In addition, a second model based on other theories of multi-criteria decision (Multi-attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) and Rank Dependent Utility (RDU)) was presented, with the difference that the SAD tool was tested with real data of only one company. Thus, the results of applying this model show substantial differences between using the classic method of Expected Utility (EU) and use RDU; while minor differences, but also relevant, were found between eliciting the probability weighting function and using the values of the parameters commonly suggested in the literature based on behavioral studies.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-23T12:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) A Theory of Power in Software Ecosystems formed by Small to Medium Enterprises _ GeorgeValença.pdf: 3429187 bytes, checksum: 8f170a2be6f42b4cf8f070f5f7ebd7b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T12:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) A Theory of Power in Software Ecosystems formed by Small to Medium Enterprises _ GeorgeValença.pdf: 3429187 bytes, checksum: 8f170a2be6f42b4cf8f070f5f7ebd7b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Context: the emergence of software ecosystems has changed the dynamics of software industry in the last decade. An ecosystem consists of a set of businesses functioning as a unit and interacting with a shared market for software and services, together with the relationships involving them. Software ecosystems originate in partnerships among software companies as a strategy to acquire complementary skills and features, obtain new customers, as well as divide R&D costs. In this setting, partner companies rely on each other for survival and effectiveness, which generates a network of dependent actors and a flow of power among them. Aims: the goal of this research is to develop a substantive theory to explain how power and dependence manifest in partnerships among small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) building a software ecosystem. This result enables us to describe the dynamics of partnerships in this environment, since power is a base atomic particle of relationships. Method: we performed two exploratory case studies of software ecosystems formed by SMEs. We collected rich qualitative data from eight software companies by means of twenty-seven semi-structured interviews. In addition, we considered companies’ internal documents, field notes and web-based data. Thematic analysis was adopted to organise and describe the data set. The results were interpreted in light of a theoretical framework underpinned by French and Raven’s power taxonomy and later refined in six confirmatory interviews with the companies. Finally, we performed a cross-case analysis to synthesise our findings and build the theory. Results: the resultant theory, called PRM-SECO, highlights the interactions among different power forms in addition to their correspondent source(s) in the software ecosystem. It reveals that (1) power is fluid in a software ecosystem formed by SMEs; (2) pool of customers and skill/knowledge are the most frequent power sources; (3) expert power is the fundamental power form that triggers most power capabilities held by SMEs; (4) reward power attaches the partner and is often exercised by SMEs; (5) coercive power disturbs the partnerships and is rarely exercised by SMEs; (6) referent power tends to supersede other power forms and is rarely held by SMEs; and (7) legitimate power is the most frequent power form exercised by SMEs. Conclusion: this theory provides a better understanding on how power and dependence influence the behaviour and coordination of companies within a software ecosystem. The particular focus on SMEs complements the state-of-art, since most research in the field concerns mature ecosystems governed by big players such as SAP and Apple. It is a useful lens for researchers to explore ecosystem partnerships. In addition, it is a valuable tool for companies to analyse power distribution, have insights on how to evolve their participation in the network and define sustainable strategies for ecosystem governance. / Contexto: o surgimento de ecossistemas de software tem mudado a dinâmica da indústria de software na última década. Um ecossistema consiste em um conjunto de empresas que funcionam como uma unidade e interagem com um mercado compartilhado de software e serviços, junto com os relacionamentos que as envolvem. Ecossistemas de software têm origem nas parcerias entre empresas de software como uma estratégia para adquirir competências e funcionalidades complementares, obter novos clientes, bem como dividir custos de P&D. Neste cenário, as empresas parceiras dependem umas das outras para sobrevivência e efetividade, o que gera uma rede de atores dependentes e um fluxo de poder entre eles. Objetivos: o objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver uma teoria substantiva para explicar como poder e dependência se manifestam em parcerias entre pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) construindo um ecossistema de software. Este resultado nos permite descrever a dinâmica das parcerias neste ambiente, uma vez que poder é uma partícula atômica de base dos relacionamentos. Método: nós realizamos dois estudos de caso exploratórios de ecossistemas de software formados por PMEs. Nós coletamos dados qualitativos ricos de oito empresas de software por meio de vinte e sete entrevistas semiestruturadas. Além disso, nós consideramos documentos internos das empresas, notas de campo e dados da web. Análise temática foi adotada para organizar e descrever o conjunto de dados. Os resultados foram interpretados à luz de um quadro teórico apoiado pela taxonomia de poder de French e Raven, e posteriormente refinados em seis entrevistas de confirmação com as empresas. Por fim, nós realizamos um processo de cruzamento de casos para sintetizar nossos resultados e construir a teoria. Resultados: a teoria resultante, denominada PRM-SECO, destaca as interações entre diferentes formas de poder, além da correspondente(s) fonte(s) no ecossistema de software. Ela revela que (1) o poder é fluido em um ecossistema de software formado por PMEs; (2) base de clientes e competências/conhecimento são as fontes de poder mais frequentemente usadas pelas PMEs; (3) poder do conhecimento é a forma de poder fundamental, que gera a maioria das capacidades de poder que as PMEs possuem; (4) poder de recompensa aproxima o parceiro e muitas vezes é exercido pelas PMEs; (5) poder coercitivo perturba as parcerias e raramente é exercido pelas PMEs; (6) poder de referência tende a suplantar outras formas de poder e raramente é detido pelas PMEs; e (7) poder legítimo é a forma de poder mais frequentemente exercida pelas PMEs. Conclusão: esta teoria oferece uma melhor compreensão sobre como poder e dependência influenciam o comportamento e coordenação de empresas em um ecossistema de software. O foco particular em PMEs complementa o estado-da-arte, uma vez que a maioria das pesquisas na área diz respeito a ecossistemas governados por grandes atores, tais como SAP e Apple. É uma lente útil para que pesquisadores explorem parcerias em ecossistemas. Além disso, é uma ferramenta valiosa para as empresas analisarem a distribuição de poder, terem ideias sobre como evoluir a sua participação na rede e definirem estratégias sustentáveis para a governança do ecossistema.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-23T13:43:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) A Theory of Power in Software Ecosystems formed by Small to Medium Enterprises _ GeorgeValença.pdf: 3429187 bytes, checksum: 8f170a2be6f42b4cf8f070f5f7ebd7b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T13:43:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) A Theory of Power in Software Ecosystems formed by Small to Medium Enterprises _ GeorgeValença.pdf: 3429187 bytes, checksum: 8f170a2be6f42b4cf8f070f5f7ebd7b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Contexto: o surgimento de ecossistemas de software tem mudado a dinâmica da indústria de software na última década. Um ecossistema consiste em um conjunto de empresas que funcionam como uma unidade e interagem com um mercado compartilhado de software e serviços, junto com os relacionamentos que as envolvem. Ecossistemas de software têm origem nas parcerias entre empresas de software como uma estratégia para adquirir competências e funcionalidades complementares, obter novos clientes, bem como dividir custos de P&D. Neste cenário, as empresas parceiras dependem umas das outras para sobrevivência e efetividade, o que gera uma rede de atores dependentes e um fluxo de poder entre eles. Objetivos: o objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver uma teoria substantiva para explicar como poder e dependência se manifestam em parcerias entre pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) construindo um ecossistema de software. Este resultado nos permite descrever a dinâmica das parcerias neste ambiente, uma vez que poder é uma partícula atômica de base dos relacionamentos. Método: nós realizamos dois estudos de caso exploratórios de ecossistemas de software formados por PMEs. Nós coletamos dados qualitativos ricos de oito empresas de software por meio de vinte e sete entrevistas semiestruturadas. Além disso, nós consideramos documentos internos das empresas, notas de campo e dados da web. Análise temática foi adotada para organizar e descrever o conjunto de dados. Os resultados foram interpretados à luz de um quadro teórico apoiado pela taxonomia de poder de French e Raven, e posteriormente refinados em seis entrevistas de confirmação com as empresas. Por fim, nós realizamos um processo de cruzamento de casos para sintetizar nossos resultados e construir a teoria. Resultados: a teoria resultante, denominada PRM-SECO, destaca as interações entre diferentes formas de poder, além da correspondente(s) fonte(s) no ecossistema de software. Ela revela que (1) o poder é fluido em um ecossistema de software formado por PMEs; (2) base de clientes e competências/conhecimento são as fontes de poder mais frequentemente usadas pelas PMEs; (3) poder do conhecimento é a forma de poder fundamental, que gera a maioria das capacidades de poder que as PMEs possuem; (4) poder de recompensa aproxima o parceiro e muitas vezes é exercido pelas PMEs; (5) poder coercitivo perturba as parcerias e raramente é exercido pelas PMEs; (6) poder de referência tende a suplantar outras formas de poder e raramente é detido pelas PMEs; e (7) poder legítimo é a forma de poder mais frequentemente exercida pelas PMEs. Conclusão: esta teoria oferece uma melhor compreensão sobre como poder e dependência influenciam o comportamento e coordenação de empresas em um ecossistema de software. O foco particular em PMEs complementa o estado-da-arte, uma vez que a maioria das pesquisas na área diz respeito a ecossistemas governados por grandes atores, tais como SAP e Apple. É uma lente útil para que pesquisadores explorem parcerias em ecossistemas. Além disso, é uma ferramenta valiosa para as empresas analisarem a distribuição de poder, terem ideias sobre como evoluir a sua participação na rede e definirem estratégias sustentáveis para a governança do ecossistema. / Context: the emergence of software ecosystems has changed the dynamics of software industry in the last decade. An ecosystem consists of a set of businesses functioning as a unit and interacting with a shared market for software and services, together with the relationships involving them. Software ecosystems originate in partnerships among software companies as a strategy to acquire complementary skills and features, obtain new customers, as well as divide R&D costs. In this setting, partner companies rely on each other for survival and effectiveness, which generates a network of dependent actors and a flow of power among them. Aims: the goal of this research is to develop a substantive theory to explain how power and dependence manifest in partnerships among small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) building a software ecosystem. This result enables us to describe the dynamics of partnerships in this environment, since power is a base atomic particle of relationships. Method: we performed two exploratory case studies of software ecosystems formed by SMEs. We collected rich qualitative data from eight software companies by means of twenty-seven semi-structured interviews. In addition, we considered companies’ internal documents, field notes and web-based data. Thematic analysis was adopted to organise and describe the data set. The results were interpreted in light of a theoretical framework underpinned by French and Raven’s power taxonomy and later refined in six confirmatory interviews with the companies. Finally, we performed a cross-case analysis to synthesise our findings and build the theory. Results: the resultant theory, called PRM-SECO, highlights the interactions among different power forms in addition to their correspondent source(s) in the software ecosystem. It reveals that (1) power is fluid in a software ecosystem formed by SMEs; (2) pool of customers and skill/knowledge are the most frequent power sources; (3) expert power is the fundamental power form that triggers most power capabilities held by SMEs; (4) reward power attaches the partner and is often exercised by SMEs; (5) coercive power disturbs the partnerships and is rarely exercised by SMEs; (6) referent power tends to supersede other power forms and is rarely held by SMEs; and (7) legitimate power is the most frequent power form exercised by SMEs. Conclusion: this theory provides a better understanding on how power and dependence influence the behaviour and coordination of companies within a software ecosystem. The particular focus on SMEs complements the state-of-art, since most research in the field concerns mature ecosystems governed by big players such as SAP and Apple. It is a useful lens for researchers to explore ecosystem partnerships. In addition, it is a valuable tool for companies to analyse power distribution, have insights on how to evolve their participation in the network and define sustainable strategies for ecosystem governance.

Du point de vue industriel, la conception de produit a pour finalité de répondreaux besoins de développement d’une entreprise. Elle fait appel à de nombreusesconnaissances et compétences différentes qui doivent concourir à un unique but : décrire unproduit qui répond aux besoins du marché visé par l’entreprise. Il existe donc de fortesinteractions entre l’entreprise, son marché et l’activité de conception. Par conséquent, toutprojet de développement doit tenir compte des caractéristiques et des contraintes de chacun deces trois éléments. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de proposer un cadre méthodologiquegénérique permettant de construire et de piloter des projets de conception de produits enfonction des objectifs de développement d’une entreprise, mais également de ses ressourcestant humaines que matérielles ou financières. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est indispensabled’intégrer plusieurs facteurs importants. Certains sont d’ordre technique (l’innovation, lacomplexité croissante des produits multi-technologiques, l’hétérogénéité des donnéesnumériques…) et d’autres d’ordre économique ou financier (un contexte concurrentiel trèsdifficile, des financements de projets de développement limités et incertains…). La prise encompte de ces multiples paramètres hétérogènes nécessite une approche systémique. Ainsi,une démarche en deux temps a été élaborée. L’ensemble des objets concernant les objectifsde développement de l’entreprise, son marché et l’activité de conception a tout d’abord étéidentifié et formalisé au sein d’un même diagramme de concepts. Celui-ci a ensuite permisd’identifier les interactions entre ces objets et d’en déduire les mécanismes de fonctionnement.Ces premiers résultats ont finalement été traduits sous la forme d’un processus générique quiconstitue la proposition de cette thèse. Plusieurs exemples issus des PME du secteur de lamécanique sont traités afin d’éprouver la validité de cette solution. / As an industrial point of view, product design activity answer to firmsdevelopment needs. This activity requires a lot of heterogeneous knowledge and skills, whichhave to converge towards a common goal: describe a product meeting the market needs.Consequently, there are many interactions between the firm, its market and the design activity.Therefore, a development project must take into account specifications and constraints of eachelement. The goal of this PhD is to define a generic methodological framework allowing to builtand control a product design project depending on the firm development goals and its ownresources. For this, it is important to include many technical factors (such innovation, multitechnologicalproducts and numerical data specificities) but also economical and financialfactors (as the difficult competitive environment or limited financial resources). All theseheterogeneous parameters involve a global approach of the problem. That is why a two-stageresearch approach is applied to build this framework. In the first stage, a conceptual diagram isdesigned using items coming from the company goals, its market and design activity.Interactions and behavior of all these items are deduced from this conceptual diagram. Theseresults are formalized through a generic process. This last one is finally applied to severalexamples from SME working in the mechanical field.

L’intelligence économique (IE) et la veille sont des stratégies d’entreprise qui sont bien implantées dans les grandes entreprises et les grandes PME. Depuis le rapport Carayon en 2003, l’intelligence économique est devenue une politique publique. Ces concepts ont intéressé assez tôt plusieurs disciplines scientifiques, ce qui leur confère un caractère interdisciplinaire. Ce sont des objets empiriques et hybrides car ils sont issus des pratiques des entreprises. Les principales disciplines à s’y être intéressées sont les SIC et les sciences de gestion, pour les principales, mais aussi les sciences économiques. Le sujet a été beaucoup observé, surtout dans les grandes entreprises, notamment par les sciences de gestion car l’intelligence économique et la veille sont principalement des stratégies d’aide à la décision. Aujourd’hui, en SIC, ces objet sont étudiés notamment d’un point de vue informationnel, car l’information se situe au cœur des processus examinés. Il existe des problématiques récurrentes à l’analyse de ces concepts, assez jeunes, qui tournent autour des difficultés d’implémentation de ces stratégies dans les entreprises d’une part, et des obstacles à l’établissement de la politique publique française en la matière d’autre part. Des paradoxes existent à leur sujet. Les petites entreprises et notamment les TPE ont été très peu étudiées par les diverses disciplines scientifiques qui s’y intéressent ce qui paraît surprenant au regard de l’importance de ce type de structure dans l’économie nationale. Par ailleurs, les politiques publiques, assez bien perçues par les grandes entreprises et grandes PME, échouent à percer auprès des petites entreprises. Ce qui nous amène à nous interroger sur les raisons des obstacles constatés au sujet de ces stratégies et politiques publiques auprès des petites entreprises. Les postulats de cette recherche, qui se positionne dans le courant compréhensif, sont fondés sur l’idée centrale qu’il existe des caractéristiques spécifiques aux petites entreprises du fait de leurs contraintes structurelles. Ces petites entreprises mettent en œuvre des stratégies d’IE disruptives, qui leur sont propres, et qui sont fondées sur des processus inverses à ceux qui sont modélisés pour les grandes entreprises. Ces processus sont à caractère communicationnel. L’intelligence économique et la veille dans les petites entreprises s’établissent sur une culture informationnelle collaborative de partage des informations. Ces stratégies sont mises en œuvre dans le cadre d’une structure organisationnelle innovante, réticulaire, la quasi-organisation, à la communication organisante et construite sur une stratégie réseau. Enfin, l’intelligence économique dans la petite entreprise s’appuie sur une sphère de médiation, la biocénose économique, constituée d’un enchevêtrement de relations entre plusieurs acteurs dont les institutions semi-étatiques qui jouent un rôle moteur. Les résultats d’une enquête effectuée auprès de dirigeants de petites entreprises dans le secteur aéronautique spatial défense en Nouvelle Aquitaine, secteur innovant s’il en est, viendront illustrer un modèle d’intelligence économique adapté à la petite entreprise qui sera proposé à la discussion. / Competitive intelligence (CI) and business intelligence are strategies that are well established in large companies and large SMEs. Since the Carayon report in 2003, competitive intelligence has become a public policy. These concepts have been of interest to several scientific disciplines since then, which gives them an interdisciplinary character. They are empirical and hybrid objects because they are derived from the practices of companies. The main disciplines to be studied here are the CIS and the management sciences, for the main ones, but also for the economics. The subject has been much observed, especially in large companies, notably by the management sciences because the competitive intelligence is mainly strategy of decision support. Today, in SIC, these objects are studied in particular from an information point of view, because information is at the heart of the processes examined. There are recurring problems in the analysis of these rather young concepts, which revolve around the difficulties of implementing these strategies in companies on the one hand, and the obstacles to the establishment of French public policy on the matter on the other hand. There are paradoxes about them. Small businesses and especially very small businesses have been little studied by the various scientific disciplines concerned, which is surprising given the importance of this type of companies in the national economy. On the other hand, public policies, which are fairly well perceived by large companies and large SMEs, fail to penetrate small businesses. This leads us to question the reasons for the barriers to these small business strategies and policies. The postulates of this research are based on the central idea that there are characteristics specific to small enterprises because of their structural constraints. These small companies are implementing their own disruptive CI strategies, which are based on processes that are inverse to those modeled for large enterprises. These processes are communicational in nature. Competitive and business intelligence in small businesses are based on a collaborative information-sharing culture. These strategies are implemented within the framework of an innovative organizational structure, reticular, quasi-organization, based on an organizational communication and built on a network strategy. Finally, competitive intelligence in small enterprises is based on a sphere of mediation, economic biocenosis, constituted by an entanglement of relations between several economic actors including state institutions which play a leading role.

Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s’opèrent aujourd’hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d’autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l’économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d’une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l’agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d’étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l’évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d’éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu’organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l’aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l’étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l’originalité d’une forme d’agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c’est tout d’abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s’appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l’adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu’il existe très peu d’aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d’opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d’activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d’institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d’un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l’évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d’innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd’hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale. / This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy.

Le contexte de cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un contrat Cifre, passé entre un laboratoire (le GLYSI, devenu MODYS), une entreprise (petite PME de 70 salariés, proposant des solutions téléphoniques aux très petites entreprises) et l’ANRT. Une telle coopération présentait plusieurs avantages, tant pour la recherche sociologique que pour la PME. La recherche a ainsi pu obtenir de travailler sur un segment d’entreprise encore peu étudié, c'est-à-dire les TPE de 0 à 9 salariés, tant du point de vue de l’organisation que de la communication et de pratiquer une sociologie appliquée par le concours d’une immersion totale dans l’entreprise. La PME, quant à elle, attendait de comprendre les attentes futures de sa clientèle finale grâce à une méthodologie qualitative dont la spécificité est d’apporter des éclairages différents et complémentaire à ceux du pôle marketing et d’apporter des réponses aux problèmes de communication internes et aux cloisonnements géographiques.La recherche menée dans le domaine de la sociologie des organisations stricto sensu porte essentiellement sur la question du lien qu’entretiennent entre elles la communication et l’organisation d’entreprise et pose l’hypothèse que ce sont les prises de décisions qui relient ces deux éléments. Les résultats de l’analyse mettent également en exergue l’importance relative des NTIC dans le fonctionnement des TPE. Quant à la recherche menée pour le compte de l’entreprise, elle est rapidement confrontée à un contexte de marché particulier. Le marché des télécommunications traverse une période tourmentée puisque France Télécom en perd le monopôle. Ce faisant, le groupe France Télécom modifie ses appels d’offres, ce qui, à terme, va entrainer la fermeture de la PME. / The contexte of this research takes place within the framework of a contract Cifre.This contract was signed between a laboratory (the GLYSI, become MODYS), a company (small and medium-sized entreprise (SME) of 70 employees proposing phone solutions in very small entreprises) and the ANRT. Such a cooperation presented several advantages, both for the sociological research and for the SME.The research was so able to obtain to work on a segment of company still little studied, the very smalls companies from 0 to 9 employees, both from the point of view of the organization and of the communication, and to practise a sociology applied thanks to a total dumping in the SME, as for it, waited to understand the future waits of it final clientele thanks to a qualitative methodology and to bring answers to the internal communications problems and to the geographical subdivisions. The research concerns essentially the question of the link that maintain between them the communication and the organization of company and put the hypothesis that it is the decision-making which connect these two elements. The results of the analysis also highlight the relative importance of the new tools of information and communication in the functioning of the very small entreprises. As for the research led for the company, it is quickly confronted with a context of particular market. The market of telecommunications crosses a restless period, because France Télécom loses the monopole. In so doing, the group FT modifies its calls for tender what, later, is going to entrainer the closure of the SME.