Les pôles de compétitivité sont un espace collectif dynamique. Par conséquent, la compréhension de l’intégration des organisations au sein de ce dispositif est stratégique. Cette recherche porte sur les logiques d’insertion des acteurs au sein des pôles. La méthodologie mobilisée est basée sur l’étude qualitative de deux cas : le pôle Mer et le pôle PASS basés en région PACA. Trois niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Un premier niveau concerne l’identification des ressources recherchées par les acteurs lors de leur entrée au sein des pôles, puis, un second niveau permet d’appréhender l’intensité des liens mobilisés par les acteurs lors de leur insertion. Enfin, en nous appuyant sur les ressources recherchées et les liens inter-organisationnels mobilisés par les différents acteurs, un troisième niveau de résultats nous permet d’identifier trois logiques d’insertion : technologique, économique et politique. / Clusters are a dynamic collective space. Therefore, understanding the integration of organizations within this system is strategic. This research focuses on logic then insert the actors in the “pôles”. Mobilized the methodology is based on the qualitative study of two cases: the “pôle” PASS and Mer based in the PACA region. Three levels of results are available. The first level concerns the identification of resources sought by the players when they enter in the pin, then a second level, capture both the intensity of ties mobilized by the actors during their insertion. Finally, drawing on the resources sought and inter-organizational linkages mobilized by different actors, a third level of results allows us to identify three logical integration: technological, economic and political.

Depuis la libéralisation économique, les pôles de croissance construits sous la tutelle de l’État ont connu des transformations institutionnelles et organisationnelles majeures dans les pays centralement planifiés. Les nouvelles formes d’organisation industrielle, qui sont à l’origine de ces transformations, donnent la priorité aux logiques territoriales. Les économies locales, sous-estimées pendant l’économie centralement planifiée, sont devenues des espaces prioritaires d’application de la politique économique. Dans ce contexte, les travaux sur les districts industriels, les milieux innovateurs, les clusters retrouvent un regain d’intérêt. En revanche, la question de la reconversion des pôles de croissance par la libéralisation économique demeure nettement peu explorée en termes d’impact sur le développement de l’innovation dans les ex-pays centralement planifiés. L’impact de la libéralisation économique des pays centralement planifiés se manifeste par les nouvelles pratiques de coopération, du partage et des actions collectives s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la « nouvelle » économie de marché. La convergence des intérêts publics et privés qui en découlent et l’émergence de l’apprentissage collectif jouent un rôle essentiel pour le développement de l’innovation. Les études théoriques sur les pôles de croissance ne prennent pas en considération ces transformations, elles restent concentrées sur le rôle des industries motrices qui sont capables d’entraîner les autres composantes du système productif grâce à leur dimension ou à la productivité. Pourtant, la réalité économique approuve que les pôles de croissance se soient transformés en appuyant sur l’articulation entre les différents acteurs de proximité, des ressources spécifiques locales, des rapports développés sur le marché et hors marché et la mise en place de l’innovation. Pour décrire les capacités innovantes des acteurs locaux, nous proposons un concept du système d’innovation territorialisé. À partir de cette analyse découle l’intérêt de cibler l’étude sur un pôle de croissance en particulier. L’histoire économique, la mise en place de la nouvelle politique économique locale (après 1989), les choix des autorités locales, la croissance notable bien qu’émergente du secteur de haute technologie et l’absence d’étude antérieure sur cette question sont autant de facteurs qui font de la région de Gdansk un cas intéressant pour analyser dans quelle mesure la libéralisation économique a été une incitation au développement de l’innovation sur son territoire. À cet effet, nous analysons le potentiel de l’innovation de la région de Gdansk qui se forge au cours de l’instauration de l’économie de marché en Pologne, d’abord à travers une analyse statistique de l’économie de Gdansk depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour donner un aperçu sur l’ensemble des conditions initiales. Puis, à travers l’étude des données des enquêtes réalisées par le bureau statistique national (GUS) que nous mobilisons pour compléter notre analyse et présenter le potentiel de l’innovation de la région de Gdansk. À l’issue de l’analyse empirique découle que la libéralisation a contribué au développement de l’innovation dans la région de Gdansk en favorisant d’abord, l’accumulation des actifs secondaires, ensuite, l’amélioration de son potentiel scientifique et technique et afin d’encourager l’émergence des entreprises innovantes. Ces dernières sont issues d’un processus de destruction créatrice qui a permis le renouveau du tissu productif local. L’ensemble des résultats permet d’approuver que la région de Gdansk au cours de sa reconversion a subi des changements institutionnels, économiques et sociaux qui l’ont transformé en système d’innovation territorialisé. Ce système est le résultat de l’articulation entre l’action des autorités locales et les activités des acteurs privés susceptibles d’innover. / Since economic liberalization, growth poles constructed under the State’s supervision have seen major institutional and organizational changes in the centrally planned economies. New forms of industrial organization that are responsible for these changes, gives priority to the territorial logic. The local economy which was underestimated during the centrally planned economies has become a main area for the application of the economic policy. In this context, scientific studies on industrial districts, innovative milieus, clusters, have won a new revival. However, the question of the conversion of growth poles through economic liberalization remains substantially unexplored in terms of the impact on the development of innovation in the former centrally planned countries. The impact of economic liberalization in the centrally planned countries is manifested by the new practices of cooperation, sharing and collective actions in the context of the "new" market economy. The resulting convergence and emergence of collective learning public and private interests play an essential role in the development of innovation. Theoretical studies on growth poles do not take into account these changes; they only focus on the role of the main industries that are able to lead the rest of the components of the production system due to their size or productivity. However, the economic reality that supports growth poles have become based on the relationship between the different actors of proximity, specific local resources, relationships developed within and outside market and implementation of innovation. To describe the innovative capacity of local actors we propose a concept of regionalized innovation system. From this analysis comes the interest of the study focus on a singular growth pole in particular. Its economic history, the establishment of new local economic policy (after1989), the choice of local authorities, the significant growth (still emergent though) of high-tech sector and the absence of previous research on this issue, are as many factors that make the Gdansk region an interesting case study of how economic liberalization has been an incentive for the development of innovation in its territory. For this purpose, we analyze the potential of innovation in the area of Gdansk that is forged during the introduction of the market economy in Poland. First, we proceed through a statistical analysis of the economy of Gdansk since the end of the Second World War to give an overview of the set of initial conditions taken in this context. Then, we study the data issued from the surveys conducted by the National Statistical Office (GUS) in order to complete our analysis and present the potential for innovation in the area of Gdansk. The empirical analysis shows that liberalization has contributed to the development of innovation in the Gdansk region: first, by promoting the accumulation of secondary assets and second, by improving its scientific and technical potential and encouraging the emergence of innovative companies. These are derived from a process of creative destruction that has led to the revival of local production. The overall results reveal that the conversion of the Gdansk region has been associated to sustained institutional, economic and social changes that have transformed into a regionalized innovation system. This system is the result of a joint action between the local authorities and the activities of private actors likely to innovate. With this transformation the Gdansk region is still one of the poles of growth of the Polish economy based not only on its industrial potential inherited from the past but also on its potential of innovation mainly related to the development of activities of higher added value.

A designação de estruturas próprias de sistemas dinâmicos com retroação completa de estados ou saídas foi objeto de estudo de muitos pesquisadores durante a segunda metade do século XX. Os trabalhos mais relevantes sobre o tema foram revisados e serviram como base para a elaboração da metodologia apresentada neste trabalho. Que consiste na designação de estruturas próprias desejadas para um sistema linear em malha aberta com a modificação de parâmetros do sistema através da pseudo retroação de saídas devidamente definidas. O método foi aplicado na coxinização de um veículo de passeio. No qual os modos de vibrar de modelos lineares com 7 e 8 graus de liberdade do veículo foram adequados com o intuito de reduzir as acelerações verticais de chassi, características do fenômeno shake de motor e câmbio (faixa de frequência entre 7 e 25 Hz). Para tanto, reduziu-se a participação do grau de liberdade vertical de chassi nos modos com grande participação dos graus de liberdade de motor e massa não suspensa. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da metodologia na coxinização foram valores de rigidezes, amortecimentos e características de coxins hidráulicos que resultam na redução significativa da aceleração vertical de chassi, que implica em uma melhora perceptível para o consumidor na qualidade do conforto do veículo. / Eigenstructure assignment using full state or output feedback control had been object of study of many researchers during the second half of XX century. The most important works about eigenstructure assignment were reviewed, specially some applications within aerospace industry, that was the responsible for developing all the theory concerning pole and eigenvector placement. The review of the related theory was also based on the pioneering and most expressive works and were base for the methodology developed and described in this work. Which consists basically on the assignment of some desired eigensctructure of open loop linear systems modifying some parameters of the systems by means pseudo feedback of some outputs into inputs specifically defined. This methodology was applied to a 8 DOF vehicle model, a case of study, in order to adequate the system modes changing engine mounts parameters to improve the vehicle ride comfort, mainly eigenstructures about powertrain shake range frequencies.

Der Neutrinofluss der durch die Wechselwirkung hochenergetischer kosmischer Strahlung mit dem kosmischen Mikrowellenhintergrund entsteht, produziert etwa 0.1 Ereignis/km^3 und Jahr. Um in wenigen Jahren eine ausreichende Anzahl an Ereignissen zu selektieren, muss ein Volumen von mindestens 100 km^3 instrumentiert werden. Die groessten aktuell im Bau befindlichen Detektoren, mit einem Volumen bis zu 1 km^3, benutzen optische Sensoren um das Licht zu detektieren, das durch die Neutrinowechselwirkungen produziert wird. Aus Kostengruenden ist es nicht moeglich mit dieser Technologie 100 mal groessere Detektoren zu bauen. Eine Alternative besteht darin, die durch den bei der Neutrinowechselwirkung entstehenden Teilchenschauer hervorgerufenen akustischen Signale und Radiosignale oder deren Kombination nachzuweisen. Eis ist dafuer ein vielversprechenden Medium, weil es die Moeglichkeit bietet alle drei Signal (optisch, akustisch, radio) nachzuweisen. Eine Grundvoraussetzung fuer die Entwicklung eines solchen Detektors ist die Bestimmung der akustischen Eigenschaften des Eises am Suedpol. Das South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS) wurde mit dem Ziel gebaut, den Rauschuntergrund, die tiefenabhaengige Schallgeschwindigkeit, die Untergrundereignisrate und die Schall-Abklinglaenge zu messen. Der Detektor besteht aus 4 Trossen, bestueckt mit akustischen Sensoren und Transmittern, die in Tiefen zwischen 80 und 500 m im Eis am Suedpol installiert wurden. Zusaetzlich wurde ein Transmitter (Pinger) entwickelt, der in mehreren wassergefuellten Bohrloechern zum Einsatz kam. Nach drei Jahren ist guter Fortschritt bei der Messung aller beschrieben Groessen erzielt worden. Insbesondere haben es der kombinierte Einsatz von SPATS und des Pingers ermoeglicht, die erste in situ Messung der Abklinglaenge zu 312+68-47 m vorzunehmen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Entwicklung der Hardware, die Analyse und die Resultate dieser Messung vorgestellt. / The neutrino flux generated by the interaction of high energy cosmic rays with the cosmic microwave background is predicted to produce about 0.1 event per km^3 per year. The detection of a sufficient number of events in a few years requires to instrument a volume of at least 100 km^3. The biggest detectors nowadays in construction, covering a volume of about 1 km^3, utilize optical sensors to detect the light produced by neutrino interactions; to extend this instrumentation method by the two necessary orders of magnitude is cost-prohibitive. An alternative is to use the radio or the acoustic signal generated by the neutrino-induced particle cascade, or even better, to use both of them in a hybrid detector. Ice is a promising medium since in principle all three signals can be detected simultaneously. The growing optical experiment IceCube, located at the geographic South Pole, could be complemented with radio and acoustic sensors. A pre-requisite to do so is to measure the acoustic properties of South Pole ice. The South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS) has been designed to measure background noise, sound speed profile, transient events rate and acoustic attenuation length at that location. The system is comprised of four strings of acoustic sensors and transmitters which are installed at depths between 80 and 500 m. In addition, a retrievable transmitter (called pinger) has been developed and used in several water-filled holes. After almost three years of operation, good progress has been achieved for all the goals. In particular, the attenuation length, one of the most important parameters for determining neutrino detection feasibility, and for which only theoretical estimates were available previously, has now been measured in situ with high confidence to be 312+68-47 m. In this work the hardware developed and the analysis performed to achieve this measurement are presented together with the final result.

O presente trabalho se propõe a elaborar algoritmos para controle robusto de sistemas de potência. O modelo de sistema de potência multimáquinas utilizado é o de pequenas perturbações, e o objetivo principal é aumentar o amortecimento dos autovalores críticos do sistema, garantindo sua estabilidade e desempenho em diversas condições operativas. Para isso, são utilizadas as Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (ou LMI\'s), muito adequadas ao tratamento de problemas de controle robusto por sua flexibilidade e possibilidade de agrupamento de diversos requisitos de desempenho. São propostos, entre outros, três algoritmos fundamentais para controle robusto: dois estão relacionados ao controle descentralizado e com controladores de estrutura fixa, o que é muito comum na indústria de potência atualmente, e o outro está relacionado ao controle hierarquizado, que consiste na integração de várias camadas de controle utilizando sinais remotos. Os algoritmos de controle descentralizado propostos são inovadores, pois ambos os métodos permitem a utilização de controladores de estrutura fixa (qualquer que seja ela), e o algoritmo de controle hierarquizado propõe uma estrutura de controle inédita que utiliza aproximações de Padé de diversas ordens para representar os atrasos de comunicação no sistema. Durante a fase de projeto, pode-se escolher o atraso de comunicação, bem como a ordem da aproximação de Padé desejada. Nos algoritmos de controle robusto descentralizado, realizamos uma minimização da norma da matriz de ganhos estáticos do controlador, o que impede que o resultado do algoritmo sejam parâmetros de valores muito elevados e infactíveis para os controladores. A técnica utilizada para os três controladores propostos é o posicionamento de pólos, o que garante que os autovalores do sistema de potência em malha fechada estejam numa dada região do plano complexo, relacionada ao amortecimento mínimo desejado para os autovalores do sistema. Os testes e simulações realizados para validação dos algoritmos de controle robusto foram feitos em ambiente MATLAB, e foram utilizados diversos sistemas de potência: sistema New England de 39 barras e 9 geradores, sistema New England de 69 barras e 16 geradores e sistema New England de 39 barras utilizando modelos de termogeradores. Os testes sugerem que as técnicas propostas são eficazes, pois todas elas garantem boas taxas de amortecimento para os sistemas de potência utilizados. Ao final, simulações não-lineares comprovam a eficácia e a eficiência de um dos controladores projetados para o sistema New England de 39 barras. / The aim of this work is to elaborate robust control algorithms to power systems. The mathematical model employed to describe the multimachine power system is that used in small signal studies, and the main goal is to increase the damping of the critical eigenvalues of the system, guaranteeing its stability and performance in various operating conditions. To do this, we apply the Linear Matrix Inequalities (or simply LMI\'s), suitable to deal with robust control problems due to its flexibility and possibility to group many performance requisites. We propose three robust control algorithms: two of them are related to decentralized control with controllers of predefined structure, which are commonly used in the power industry, and the other one is related to the hierarchized control, which consists on the integration of various controllers layers using remote signals. The decentralized robust control algorithms proposed are novel, because both methods make possible the development of controllers of pre-defined structure, and the hierarchized control algorithm suggests a novel control structure that uses Padé approximations of different orders to represent the communication delays in the system. During the design, we can choose the communication delay, as well as the order of the Padé approximation desired. The decentralized robust control algorithms solve minimization problems over the controller gain matrix norm, which guarantees that the final values of the controller\'s parameters will not be much high and impracticable. The technique employed for the three types of controllers proposed is the pole placement, which ensures that the eigenvalues of the closed loop power system will be in a certain region of the complex plane, related to the minimum damping required for the system. Tests and simulations are done in MATLAB to validate the robust control algorithms, and we apply these algorithms to various power systems: 39-bus 9-machine New England power system, 69-bus 16-machine New England power systems and 39-bus New England power system with thermo machine models. The tests suggest that the proposed techniques work well, once all of them guarantee good damping rates to the power systems considered. To complete the tests round, nonlinear simulations proof the efficiency of the controllers designed for the 39-bus New England power system.

This thesis investigates an alternative solution to deal with the civil structure vibration. Non-contact electromagnetic or Eddy current damping is selected as a score of vibration suppression. Electromagnetic damping relies on the interaction between a permanent magnet and conductor. An electromagnetic damper (EMD) is applied both to a laboratory footbridge structure and 6-storey model-scale aluminium moment resisting frame (AMRF). In this first study the EMD is connected in series with an electronic shunt circuit to construct an electromagnetic shunt damper (EMSD). A robust optimisation method is applied to develop the corresponding optimal design formula of the EMSD. The principle of an EMSD is to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. Hence, the induced electromotive force (emf) is generated by electromagnetic induction. This emf induces an amount of shunt damping, which is fedback to the structure to achieve vibration suppression. It was found that when the impedance was applied, the shunt damping feature was of a similar nature to viscous dampers. In contrast, when an RLC (resistance-inductance-capacitance) circuit is connected, the shunt damping is analogous to a tuned mass damper. A second form of EMD is Eddy current damper (ECD), which relies on a geometrical arrangement of permanent magnets and conductors to produce damping forces. The vertical and horizontal orientation of the magnet, unidirectional and alternative pole projection and moving different direction of the conductor are investigated. A theoretical study involving the infinite boundary and finite boundary (the method of images current) is carried out to obtain an analytical calculation of the damping force. On the basis of this analysis, one type of ECD prototype was physically built. A performance test was carried out to determine the damping characteristics of the ECD, which agreed with the results of the numerical analysis. In addition, the ECD was applied to control the dynamics of the 6-storey AMRF. It was found that, the ECD can effectively increase system damping and have a satisfactory control effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josilene Cavalcante Correa - Parte 1.pdf: 9349031 bytes, checksum: c8cd12f3b0f4a6b22aabd85e29c38940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research investigates the social-ecological conflicts that cover the Ubu e Parati Fishermen Community, since the lately happening dynamic territorials raised by the process of industrial and oil pole increasing in the city of Anchieta, in the southern costline of Espírito Santo state. Going through the thematic stories retold by the Community individuals, we aimed the comprehension on the reasons why the fishing territories have been decreasing and its consequent reduction of surviving management conditions for its traditional work, besides this, the threatening the fishermen territorial identity and cultural practices are also affected by the enterprises advancement. Likewise, the lowering life quality at the fishermen space of living and their resistance invite us to debate about environmental justice and the v t that was planned to this place. In general, it is realized that there is a complex web of public and private individuals who manage to use the multiterritoriality (HAEBAERT, 2004a; 2004b) playing down their original territorialities and t f s s local managing power, for dominating the craved territory / A pesquisa trata dos embates sócioambientais que envolvem a Comunidade de Pescadores de Ubu e Parati, a partir das recentes dinâmicas territorializantes decorrentes do processo de expansão do polo siderúrgico, petrolífero e portuário do município de Anchieta, litoral sul do Espírito Santo. Por meio da história oral temática, buscou-se compreender a problemática relativa à redução dos territórios de pesca artesanal e a consequente redução das condições de sobrevivência dessa atividade tradicional, comprometendo também a manutenção da identidade e práticas culturais dos pescadores, em função do avanço dos empreendimentos industriais. Por outro lado, a redução da qualidade de vida do espaço do habitar dos pescadores e suas ações de resistência são vistas à luz das discussões em torno da justiça ambiental e do f s v v t qu t g ug u g identificou-se em Ubu e Parati uma trama complexa de sujeitos públicos e privados que fazem uso da multiterritorialidade para destituir o lugar das territorialidades dos povos originários e em seguida dominar o território cobiçado. Palavras-chave: Pescadores de Ubu e Parati. Polo industrial de Anchieta. Território. Identidade. Multiterritorialidade

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chul Gu Her.pdf: 4810480 bytes, checksum: cb2ef74020e3c4689e8e51e189818011 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-13 / A busca de competitividade para a sobrevivência de uma empresa dentro de um mercado apresenta diversos fatores determinantes, com variáveis internas e externas que podem resultar em uma seleção natural das empresas, especialmente daquelas que não estiverem preparadas com flexibilidade no gerenciamento e não tiverem uma política de redução de desperdício atrelado à busca de inovações tecnológicas e campanhas de aperfeiçoamentos da sua força de trabalho. Esta seleção natural pode ocorrer com a indicação da queda dos preços de um produto devido ao avanço de fatores tecnológicos. Uma empresa precisa estar atenta a estes avanços tecnológicos e necessita otimizar o seu gerenciamento a fim de identificar a variabilidade de fatores internos e externos do mercado. Uma empresa que se instale no Pólo Industrial de Manaus - PIM - sofre dificuldades nos dias de hoje devido ao alto custo da energia elétrica e ao decréscimo das vendas motivadas pela competição interna e também externa de outros países, o que a coloca em uma situação de risco, pois, além do alto custo de consumo dos suprimentos (energia elétrica, água, gás, óleo), estes suprimentos sofrem reajustes constantes, sufocando a empresa. O presente trabalho se refere a um estudo de caso no qual se avalia a eficiência de procedimentos na implantação de modelos de tomada de decisão em uma empresa do Pólo Industrial de Manaus. Especificamente analisa os esforços empreendidos por uma empresa do ramo cinescópio, no que se refere ao aumento de eficiência energética. A empresa em estudo conseguiu melhorar a eficiência energética através de várias tomadas de decisões e outras ações que demandaram recursos internos e externos, tendo como principal indicador de resultados o custo com relação direta à quantidade de peças. Este trabalho contribuiu para a diminuição do custo de energia tornando a empresa mais competitiva, conseguindo uma margem de economia com a energia elétrica, água, ar comprimido, ar condicionado e óleo, sem nenhum investimento, conseguindo ainda um aumento de faturamento anual que vem ocorrendo com a demanda de produção

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:10:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joel.pdf: 1373421 bytes, checksum: 9493a0d93e7c7b57b98f34a2d9660992 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The transport infrastructure is essential to the socioeconomic development of a nation. In Brazil, the infrastructure is inefficient and does not meet the potential growth of its different regions. In the state of Amazonas, the situation is critical, because the peculiar characteristics of their climatic and environmental conditions hamper regional mobility. This directly impacts on the productive sector, as the main agent of economic development of the State, the Industrial Pole of Manaus - PIM suffers directly with the conditions of the modal area. The problems related to transport infrastructure are usually from poor management of financial resources and lack of appropriate tools for decision-making in public investments. In this sense, the use of tools that effectively assist the selection of public projects, can provide substantial improvements to society. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of fuzzy AHP model to support decision making in the selection of investment projects to the transportation infrastructure that meet the PIM. The method is based on a complex representation by a hierarchical structure, which consists of defining the main objective and decomposition of the system at different levels, enabling the visualization of the entire system and its components, being used mainly in the treatment the uncertainty and imprecision inherent in decision-making. With the satisfactory outcome of applicability, the AHP fuzzy proved consistently apply the PIM scenario where the uncertainties and inaccurate information are present, besides being a good communication tool between stakeholders. / A infraestrutura de transportes é essencial ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma nação. No Brasil, a infraestrutura é ineficiente e não atende ao potencial crescimento de suas diferentes regiões. No estado do Amazonas, a situação é crítica, pois as características peculiares de suas condições climáticas e ambientais dificultam a mobilidade regional. Isso impacta diretamente no setor produtivo, já que o principal agente do desenvolvimento econômico do Estado, o Polo Industrial de Manaus PIM sofre diretamente com as condições dos modais da região. Os problemas relacionados à infraestrutura de transportes são normalmente oriundos da má gestão de recursos financeiros e à ausência de ferramentas apropriadas à tomada de decisão em investimentos públicos. Nesse sentido, o uso de ferramentas que auxiliem com eficácia a seleção de projetos públicos, pode propiciar melhorias substanciais para a sociedade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo AHP Fuzzy como suporte a tomada de decisão na seleção de projetos de investimentos para a infraestrutura de transporte que atendam ao PIM. O método tem como base a representação de um problema complexo por meio de uma estrutura hierárquica, que consiste da definição do objetivo principal e decomposição do sistema em vários níveis, possibilitando a visualização do sistema como um todo e seus componentes, sendo utilizado principalmente no tratamento da incerteza e imprecisão inerentes à tomada de decisões. Com o resultado satisfatório da aplicabilidade, o método AHP fuzzy mostrou-se aplicável de forma coerente ao cenário do PIM, onde as incertezas e informações imprecisas estão presentes, além de ser uma boa ferramenta de comunicação entre as partes interessadas.

In support of society's technological evolution, the study of nonlinear systems in engineering and sciences has become a vital research area. Aiming to contribute in this field, this thesis investigates the behaviour of nonlinear systems using the 'Wiener theories'. As a useful example the Duffing oscillator is investigated in this work. In many real-life applications, nonlinear systems are excited randomly so this work examines systems under white-noise excitation using the Wiener series. Equivalent Linearisation (EL) is a well-known and simple method that approximates a nonlinear system by an equivalent linear system. However, it has deficiencies which this thesis attempts to improve. Initially, the performance of EL for different types of nonlinearities will be assessed and an alternative method to enhance it is suggested. This requires the calculation of the first Wiener kernel of various system defined quantities. The first Wiener kernel, as it will be shown, is the foundation of this research and a central element of the Wiener theory. In this thesis, an analytical proof to explain the interesting behaviour of the first Wiener kernel for a system with nonlinear stiffness is included using an energy transfer approach. Furthermore, the method mentioned above to enhance EL known as the Single-Pole Fit method (SPF) is to be tested for different kinds of systems to prove its robustness and validity. Its direct application to systems with nonlinear stiffness and nonlinear damping is shown as well as its ability to perform for systems with two degrees of freedom where an extension of the SPF method is required to achieve the desired solution. Finally, an investigation to understand and replicate the complex behaviour observed by the first Wiener kernel in the early chapters is carried out. The groundwork for this investigation is done by modelling an isolated nonlinear spring with a series of linear filters and certain nonlinear operations. Subsequently, an attempt is made to relate the principles governing the successful spring model presented to the original nonlinear system. An iterative procedure is used to demonstrate the application of this method, which also enables this new modelling approach to be related to the SPF method.