In September 2015, all member states of the United Nations signed upon the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), constituting the core of the 2030 Agenda. The 2030 Agenda form an integrated policy agenda, with the SDGs characterised as inherently interlinked. Policy integration and coordination across customary boundaries are assumed as fundamental when attempting to implement the indivisible and interlinked objectives. The public sector has, however, shown insufficient capabilities of such, characterised by increasing specialisation and fragmentation following from unforeseen effects of New Public Management (NPM) reforms. To facilitate necessary policy integration and coordination, significant alterations to policies and institutions are assumed to be necessary, and post-NPM approaches that seeks to join up the governmental apparatus have surfaced as counter-movements.  Building on the above, the thesis set out to examine policy integration and coordination as cornerstones when attempting to implement the 2030 Agenda, as well as organisational key capabilities and/or barriers for such. The thesis’ theoretical point of departure builds on the fields of organisation theory and public administration, and the longstanding deliberation between the two dichotomies specialisation and coordination. Such dichotomy is elaborated on through the NPM perspective contrasted against the post-NPM perspective. The thesis’ central theoretical concepts are policy integration, coordination and specialisation. The thesis was carried out as a qualitative case study, researching the experiences and opinions of 16 civil servants, from 14 Swedish municipalities, operating strategically within sustainable development on the municipal level, through semi-structured interviews.  Research findings indicate deficient policy integration in the majority of municipalities, with the 2030 Agenda being treated in separate programmes for social, environmental and economic sustainability respectively. Further, is vertical coordination, within the organisation as well as between governmental levels, appearing as insufficient. Identified organisational key factors include: the role of organisation; the role of the budget; the role of the ordinary municipal structure; the role of the leaders; the role of the center; the role of the individual civil servant; and, the role of communication. Many of the organisational key factors are described as capabilities as well as at the same time being barriers, and, hence, constituting contradictory practices for the civil servants and the organisations. The budgetary process especially stands out as one such contradiction. Similarly, are signs of the NPM perspective and the post-NPM perspective surfacing as simultaneous logics, practices and contradictions the civil servants must relate to. To strengthen policy integration and coordination, as well as the advancements of the 2030 Agenda, some practices may have to be modified.

This work discusses the role of non-government non-profit organisations in implementation of the integration policy in relation to migrants within the territory of the Capital City of Prague. The integration policy means both the integration policy of the Czech Republic and also the actual integration policy of the Capital City of Prague expressed in the Prague integration concept. The purpose of this work is to find out what role non-government non-profit organisations play during the process of implementation of this policy, their standing among other parties involved in the integration policy, and it also primarily focuses on the phenomenon of the implementation deficit arising during implementation of policies. The theoretical section describes Czech migration and integration policies, the Prague integration policy and the theoretical starting points on which this work is based. The work is based on data acquired directly from interviews with selected representatives of non-profit organisations and also on secondary sources about formation and realisation of integration policies. The work is created in the form of a case study and initially investigates which suitable model can be used to describe the process of implementation of integration policies by means of non-government non-profit...

The development of the European water policy has been in a continuous improvement process during the last fifty years. The adoption of Water Framework Directive (WFD) enabled the consolidation of a fragmented policy to comprehensive approach with a focus on sustainability. The floods Directive was developed as acomplement to the WFD and promoted their integration. However, several opportunities have been identified in the implementation and in achieving integration. This paper identifies integration gaps faced by practitionersand develops an assessment framework which can be used by diverse stakeholders from policy makers to water users to understand the degree of integration in a systematic way. Indicators within the framework can shed light on the progress and optimize the development of action plans to address integration gaps and achieveefficiency gains. Although not a remedy for the complex challenges, establishing measuring systems is a first step to ensure integration of current and future directives.

The priority shift from community policing to homeland security in local police departments in the United States has threatened the relationships and successes established by community policing, though little empirical research explored the relationship between funding and implementation of homeland security versus community policing objectives among local law enforcement agencies. Using Karl Popper's conceptualization of the liberal democracy as the framework, the purpose of this descriptive study was to examine how trends in funding and implementation of both community policing and homeland security objectives changed among American law enforcement agencies between 1993 and 2013. Data were acquired from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics dataset held by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the years 1993 to 2013. The data included information from sample sizes that varied by year: 950 to 2,503 American law enforcement agencies with over 100 sworn officers and a stratified random sample of 831 to 2,145 American law enforcement agencies with fewer than 100 sworn officers. Data were examined using descriptive statistics and findings indicate community policing began as the priority, was scaled back after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when homeland security became the priority, and today local police departments are using strategy integration to maintain national security, public safety, and community relations simultaneously. Positive social change implications stemming from this study include the conveyance that communities are still the priority in policing and recommendations to local police agencies to utilize strategy integration to maintain community policing, regardless of the priority.

By now, it is an acknowledged fact that economic growth, social justice, and environmental sustainability are interconnected. Often referred to as the eco-social-growth trilemma, the challenge is to achieve synergy between the objectives and avoid trade-offs. This thesis adds to the field by exploring central themes related to the trilemma in the national media debate on the 2022 Chilean constitutional draft and discussing what they indicate about public opinion on eco-social policies in general in the country. The analysis found that multiple of the theorized tensions affecting public support were central in the debate on a semantic level, including affordability of changes, necessity of changes, effect on job security, political bias, welfare deservingness, effects on existing benefits and state involvement in welfare. Moreover, on a latent level, three overarching themes permeated the debate: uncertainties about the future, lack of representation and limitations of freedom. Overall, results showed that environmental issues took a backseat to social and economic objectives in the debate, which can be connected to what I call the Paradox of Complex Change. The Paradox refers to the notion that eco-social reforms need to encompass multiple parameters and factors to be successful and yield support, but simultaneously the very same maximalism can backfire. With more parameters included, there are more potential sources of disagreement – and chances are focus shifts away from the core issues. This is something for future researchers as well as policymakers to consider.

Die Agrar- und Forstpolitiken der EU und Deutschlands stehen in einem politökonomischen Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Wertschöpfung und Rohstoffproduktion als ökonomieorientierte Ziele einerseits, der Ökologisierung der Landnutzung andererseits und schließlich dem Ziel der Förderung der ländlichen Entwicklung. In wissenschaftlichen und staatlich-politischen Diskursen und Analysen hinsichtlich der Politiksektoren Land- und Forstwirtschaft wurden Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte in den letzten 25 Jahren stark betont. Insbesondere dem politisch-praktischen Konzept der Politikintegration kommt in den Diskursen und Analysen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die Studie untersucht die agrar- und forstpolitischen Prozesse der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz in der deutschen Land- und Forstwirtschaft und leistet einen Beitrag zur qualitativen Erforschung sektoraler Machtverhältnisse. Im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Policy-Analyse entspricht die Studie dem Anspruch der Theorieintegration, da eine kritisch-materialistische Perspektive auf politische Prozesse, eine materialistische Staatstheorie, das Konzept der Politiksektoren zusammengeführt werden und dazu beitragen Politikintegrationsprozesse zu analysieren. Im Ergebnis stellt die Studie anhand von vier Fallstudien in den Bundesländern Brandenburg (BB), Niedersachsen (NI), Nordrhein-Westfalen (NW) und Sachsen-Anhalt (ST) und anhand der drei policy issues Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen, Reduzierung von Stoffeinträgen in die Umweltmedien Boden und Wasser und Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt den Ist-Zustand der Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen und EU-Umweltschutzpolitiken in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft dar. Anhand der Agrar- und Forstpolitiken in BB, NI, NW und ST in den Förderperioden 2000-2006 und 2007-2013 wird aufgezeigt, dass die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutzzielen von der politökonomischen Entwicklung der Sektoren abhängt. Sowohl die Agrar- und Forstbürokratien als auch privatwirtschaftliche AkteurInnen dominieren die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz. Profitorientierung und ökonomische Regionalentwicklung als Ideologiefragmente der dominanten Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen setzen Ökologisierungsansätze permanent dem Sachzwang der Profitabilität aus. In den Machtverhältnissen und Kämpfen um die Verallgemeinerung von AkteurInneninteressen dominieren die Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen die politischen Prozesse durch einen privilegierten Zugang zu den Entscheidungszentren, die ideologische Kongruenz zwischen der Ministerialbürokratie und den dominanten Unternehmensverbänden, die Abhängigkeit der öffentlichen Bürokratien von einer gelingenden Wertschöpfung und der Befassungskontinuität zentraler policy entrepreneure innerhalb der Ministerialbürokratien und der damit verbundenen Policy-Stabilität. Politikintegrationsprojekte wie der produktionsintegrierter Natur- und Umweltschutz (Integrativer Naturschutz) in der deutschen Forst- und Landwirtschaft als Modus der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz führen zur Legitimation und Reproduktion der bestehenden Produktionsweise.

Cette thèse interroge la performativité de l’instrumentation au cœur du processus de prise de décision de l’union européenne en étudiant la procédure d’analyse d’impact de la Commission européenne (AI-CE), et son application en particulier aux politiques environnementales. Mise en place en 2002 afin d’évaluer les impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux des propositions émises par la CE, la procédure d’AI est formellement l’instrument de la stratégie de développement durable (SDD), mais elle est aussi un pilier de la politique de ‘Better Regulation’ (BR) (« Mieux légiférer ») et penche progressivement dans le sens de ce second agenda avec une préférence pour l’analyse coûts-bénéfices et le choix d’instruments non légaux. En réponse à la question de la rationalité et de la performativité de l’AI-CE, la thèse défendue dans cette recherche conçoit l’analyse d’impact de la CE comme une technique de la gouvernementalité néolibérale placée au cœur de la fabrique des politiques environnementales de l’UE, en appui notamment sur l’opération de monétarisation des impacts. L’hypothèse est celle du renforcement du discours de la modernisation écologique, avec pour effet de contribuer au phénomène d’économicisation des problématiques environnementales dans le sens d’un nécessaire alignement sur l’étalon d’une utilité économique. Pour mener à bien ce projet, la thèse déploie une analyse du discours de la CE et combine analyse de documents, entretiens et analyse lexicométrique. A la suite de nos investigations, il s’avère que les résultats sont partiellement congruents par rapport à l’hypothèse introduite supra. En effet, la mise en œuvre du dispositif n’entraine, pour les cas spécifiques étudiés, ni la monétarisation systématique, ni même la quantification systématique des impacts environnementaux d’une part, ou le choix systématique d’instruments volontaires ou de marché d’autre part. De plus, l’analyse lexicométrique nous permet de mettre en évidence la cohabitation de deux types de gouvernementalités distinctes, bien que se chevauchant partiellement, au travers des discours de la modernisation écologique et de la gouvernementalité verte. Cependant, nous constatons également le poids et la force structurante du terme et de la notion de « coût » et le recours systématique à un registre de justification économique de l’action environnementale au travers de ressorts typiques du discours de la modernisation écologique, avatar de la gouvernementalité néolibérale. En dépit de l’incomplétude de la réalisation des engagements pris par la CE, ou de ce fait même, nous constatons que la mise en œuvre de l’AI-CE contribue à l’économicisation de la fabrique des politiques environnementales comme insertion des problématiques environnementales dans une logique d’utilité économique et à la subordination de l’évaluation des impacts « économiques, sociaux et environnementaux » à la question du coût de l’intervention et aux critères de comparaison favorables à la dimension économique. / This PhD thesis questions the performativity of the European Commission Impact Assessment (EC-IA) as decision-support instrument at the heart of the European policy process in the case of European environmental policy-making.Adopted in 2002, the EC-IA is meant to address “all” significant economic, social and environmental impacts of the EC proposals. It is an instrument of the Sustainable Development strategy, as well as of the Better Regulation agenda. It will progressively mainly contribute to this second agenda, with a focus of the guidelines on cost-benefit analysis and non-legal instruments.Questioning the EC-IA rational and performativity, the thesis conceives the EC-IA as a neoliberal governmentality technique within the European environmental policy-making process, among other leaning on the monetisation of impacts. The hypothesis is the reinforcement of the ecological modernisation discourse, contributing to the economicisation of environmental issues, with economic utility as yardstick.Following our investigations (made of discourse analysis, combining document analysis, interviews and lexicometry), it turns out that results are only partially congruent with our research hypothesis. As a matter of fact, the implementation of the EC-IA does not involve, for the case studied, systematic monetisation, nor quantification of environmental impacts or the systematic proposal of voluntary or market instruments. Moreover, the lexicometric analysis highlights two parallel types of governmentalities, partially overlapping, with the ecological modernization and green governmentality discourses.However, we also highlights the important weight and structuring strength of the word and concept of “cost”, and the systematic economic justification of environmental action, a.o. through storyline elements typical of the modernization discourse, avatar of neoliberal governmentality. In spite of the partial implementation of the EC-IA guidelines, or du to this incompleteness, we observe that EC-IA implementation contributes to the economicisation of the making of European environmental policies through the embedding of environmental issues in an economic utility logic, and through the subordination of the assessment of “economic, social and environmental” impacts to the question of the cost of action and to comparison criteria in line with the economic dimension. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Det klimatpolitiska ramverket antogs i Sverige 2017 till syftet att hålla den exekutiva makten ansvarig för att bedriva klimatpolitisk hänsyn. En grundläggande målsättning som ligger till bakgrund är att integrera klimatfrågan i samtliga politiska områden. Problemområdet berör svårigheter att uppnå klimatpolicyintegrering på nationell nivå i och med avsaknaden av sanktionsmöjligheter och på lokala nivån som inom ramen för självstyrelse likväl behöver förhålla sig till lokala institutioner och faktorer. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga hur denna integrering av klimatpolitik har tagit vid på den nationella nivån för att sedan undersöka huruvida detta har haft någon inverkan på den lokala nivåns klimatarbete på energiområdet. Studien avser i detta genomförande att undersöka hur värderingar och lokala förutsättningar påverkar klimatpolicyintegrering inom sex svenska kommuner. Med hjälp av kvalitativ textanalys och samtalsintervjuer kommer studien fram till ett antal slutsatser. Resultatet visar att den kartlagda klimatpolicyintegreringen är svag och därmed ger klimatmålet likvärdig hänsyn i relation till sektoriella mål såväl nationellt som lokalt. Inom kommuner har värderingar förmåga att i vissa fall stärka klimatpolicyintegrering medan kontextuella faktorer i form av ekonomiska resurser kan vara en hindrande omständighet i sammanhanget. / Sweden adopted its Climate Act and Policy Framework in 2017 which holds the government responsible to pursue climate policy based on the goals formulated by the Swedish Parliament. The main objective is to integrate climate policy within all political areas. The study revolves around the difficulties that may emerge on a national level where the possibility for sanctions are absent, and on a local level where the autonomy of municipalities have to take local institutions and contexts into account. The aim of this study is thus to identify how the integration of climate policy takes place on the national level and subsequently explore whether influence has occurred in the energy sector of the municipalities. This is accomplished by analyzing how values and local conditions affect climate policy integration in six Swedish municipalities. After applying qualitative methods, text analysis and interviews, two conclusions can be made. The results show, that on the one hand, although climate policy integration has occurred on the national and local levels, it has been weak by giving equal consideration to climate policy to sectorial issues. On the other, values can strengthen climate policy integration while economic resources may be a hindering circumstance.

It is no secret that policy, to a large degree, informs what policy objectives should and can be pursued given a sector or policy domain. However, what happens when multiple levels of policy exist and regulate the same geographical area? The present study explores how complex multi-leveled policy areas affect Environmental Policy Implementation (EPI) and what happens when policy objectives from one level stand against policy objectives on another. By looking at national, supranational, and international policy governing the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ) and comparing these to the Swedish government decisions on the Nord Stream I and II pipelines (2009 and 2018); the present study has explored to what extent policy objectives and underlying frames from the different policy levels have affected the decisions. The study has worked through the theoretical lenses of Environmental Policy Integration and Frame theory; and has applied thematic analysis and frame analysis methods. The study has concluded that, while policy objectives reflecting strong EPI exist in national policy, the weak EPI of the supranational and international policies policy objectives makes it implausible for effective EPI to be the outcome of decisions in the SEEZ. Without a strong value hierarchy prioritizing environmental objectives, it is unlikely that the Baltic Sea, or other similar multi-leveled policy areas, can achieve sustainable development.

A key challenge for sustainable urban development is to deal with the effects of climate change. To approach this issue, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), i.e. the use of ecosystem services for climate adaptation, has been promoted by both scholars and practitioners. In this context, the thesis addresses two research questions: how EbA is included in strategic climate adaptation planning and how EbA is implemented in practice. To tackle these topics, the study uses a multiple case study design, where the process from strategic planning to its implementation is investigated in two Northern European cities: Copenhagen and Malmö. To collect in-depth data, qualitative methods were used: a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with planning officials were conducted. The findings of the study show that there is a high degree of awareness of the different EbA measures, their potential role to address climate change effects and their co-benefits in climate adaptation plans. However, the practical implementation of the plans was executed only at a project-based scale to address some climate change impacts rather than holistically and on a regional level. The main EbA measure that was used was the expansion and transformation of public green space. The thesis concludes that a more comprehensive approach concerning the use of EbA is needed and further mainstreaming is highly required. / En viktig utmaning för hållbar stadsutveckling är att adressera effekterna av de stundande klimatförändringar. För att ta sig an denna fråga har användningen av ekosystembaserad anpassning (EbA), dvs. användningen av ekosystemtjänster för klimatanpassning, främjats av både forskare och utövare. I detta sammanhang behandlar studien två forskningsfrågor: hur EbA ingår i strategisk klimatanpassningsplanering och hur EbA implementeras i praktiken. Studien innehåller en fallstudie- design, där processen från strategisk planering till dess genomförande undersöks i två nordeuropeiska städer: Köpenhamn och Malmö. För att samla in data användes två kvalitativa metoder: en dokumentanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner på kommuner. Resultaten från studien visar att det finns en hög grad av medvetenhet om de olika EbA åtgärderna, deras potentiella roll för att hantera klimatförändringseffekter och deras synergier i klimatanpassningsplaner. Det praktiska genomförandet av planerna utfördes endast i en projektbaserad skala för att ta med vissa klimatförändringseffekter snarare än på ett holistiskt vis och på en större regional nivå. Den viktigaste EbA åtgärden som användes var utbyggnaden eller omvandlingen av de offentliga grönytorna. Sammanfattningsvis har studien visat på att det finns behov av ett mer heltäckande tillvägagångssätt och ytterligare integrering beträffande användandet av EbA krävs.