L’agriculture et l’alimentation dépendent, en grande partie, des rapports entre le droit et le végétal. Cette interdépendance, source d’enjeux vitaux actuels et futurs, est, notamment, cristallisée par la réservation des innovations variétales. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont les premiers maillons de la chaîne alimentaire, nécessaires à la production d’aliments. Or, l’immixtion de la propriété industrielle a conditionné l’amélioration variétale et l’utilisation des semences justifiant une étude en droit privé en associant plusieurs matières telles que le droit des biens, le droit des contrats spéciaux, le droit des obligations, le droit rural et les propriétés intellectuelles. Présenter l’existant, déterminer les interactions juridiques et envisager des évolutions afin de sauvegarder les intérêts des innovateurs et de la société participent à la protection de l’innovation et à la sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, l’étude, décomposée en deux temps, se focalise, tout d’abord, sur la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales et ses conséquences puis sur des alternatives possibles. Un régime original de réservation, dédié à la protection de nouvelles variétés végétales, indépendant du droit des brevets d’invention, est apparu au début des années 1960 au plan international, puis a également été intégré aux niveaux européens et français. L’adoption de la Convention internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales le 2 décembre 1961, ratifiée en 1968, puis révisée en 1972, en 1978 et 1991, a consacré, via l’octroi d’un titre de propriété industrielle (certificat d’obtention végétale), de nouveaux droits exclusifstemporaires sur un type d’innovation variétale. Toutefois, seules les nouvelles variétés végétales distinctes, homogènes et stables peuvent faire l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale. Le standard, imposé dans ce régime par l’ensemble des critèrescumulatifs, exclut, de facto, d’autres innovations variétales, prouvant une non-automaticité de la protection. Les droits exclusifs du réservataire sur l’obtention végétale ne sont pas absolus, ni illimités. De nombreuses exceptions attestent d’un exclusivisme relatif, témoignant d’un régime de réservation nuancé. L’autonomie de la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales standardisées, par rapport au droit des brevets d’invention protégeant les inventions biotechnologiques végétales, en fort développement, renforce la singularité du régime et conforte la nécessité de le sécuriser. Néanmoins, malgré les dérogations aux droits exclusifs de l’obtenteur, l’utilisation des innovations variétales, faisant l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale, conditionne les pratiques agricoles ancrées dans le droit rural. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont nécessaires à la production agricole. Une mauvaise utilisation ou une utilisation sans autorisation du titulaire du certificat d’obtention végétale, hormis dans le cas des semences de ferme, peut justifier la qualification de ces agissements en actes de contrefaçon. Ainsi, le champ d’application spécifique et les réalités pratiques n’altèrent pas la dichotomie entre le bienintellectuel et son enveloppe corporelle. Des alternatives, proposées à partir de ce régime original de réservation et en parallèle de celui-ci, doivent émerger pour assurer une meilleure sécurité alimentaire. La réservation de l’innovation variétale par lapromotion d’un modèle inclusif, reposant à la fois sur le droit des contrats et sur la protection de biens communs privés, est une voie pour faire évoluer l’existant au niveau interne. De plus, la reconnaissance des innovations variétales alternatives, jusqu’alors exclues, en leur dédiant un régime autonome inséré dans le Code rural, permettrait un nouvel équilibre. / Non fourni

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objeto o estudo do silêncio previsto no artigo 111 do Código Civil de 2002, isto é, o silêncio enquanto comportamento apto a qualificar manifestação de vontade para o negócio jurídico, segundo seus pressupostos legais. Diz o referido artigo que [o] silêncio importa anuência, quando as circunstâncias ou os usos o autorizarem, e não for necessária a declaração de vontade expressa. Sendo assim, este trabalho, limitado ao âmbito do Direito Civil brasileiro, procura estabelecer, com clareza, quais são os pressupostos de aplicação do silêncio enquanto instituto jurídico, à luz da norma que orienta a sua interpretação no caso concreto. O trabalho parte da análise de dois julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, que mencionam o artigo 111 do Código Civil de 2002, sem, contudo, observar os aspectos fundamentais do instituto. Em seguida, o texto se volta para a investigação dos significados dos silêncios mencionados nos Códigos Civis de 1916 e 2002, procurando discernir o seu conteúdo normativo, passando, ato contínuo, para a análise da importante obra desenvolvida por Miguel Maria de Serpa Lopes, jurista brasileiro que mais aprofundou os estudos sobre o silêncio no Direito Civil, em 1937. Na sequência, o texto procura estabelecer dogmaticamente as premissas sobre as quais opera a manifestação de vontade por meio do silêncio, para qualificá-lo, estabelecendo seu melhor termo e sugerindo identidade própria para sua forma. Após, portanto, definir o que é o silêncio previsto no artigo 111 do Código Civil de 2002, este trabalho se propõe a estabelecer o que ele não é, ou seja, cuida de discernir o silêncio de outros institutos comportamentais (i.e. reserva mental, boa-fé objetiva, nemo potest venire contra factum proprium, suppressio e abuso do direito), ocasião em que são citadas diversas decisões judiciais para ilustrar como os tribunais confundem o silêncio previsto no artigo 111 do Código Civil com outras figuras de Direito Civil. Por fim, esta dissertação esclarece o conteúdo dos pressupostos necessários à qualificação do silêncio enquanto comportamento apto a manifestar vontade, para que o intérprete possa, mediante os corretos instrumentos, valer-se da norma específica com tanta história, notadamente relevante para os negócios jurídicos. / [en] The objective of this master thesis is to analyze the meaning of the party s silence under the article 111 of the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002; i.e., silence as a behavior capable of qualifying an expression of a party s will for a legal transaction, considering the legal requirements applicable thereto. The aforementioned article states that [t]he silence implies consent, when circumstances or habits and customs authorize it, and an express declaration of will is not necessary. Therefore, this work, limited to the scope of Brazilian Civil Code, seeks to clearly establish what are the assumptions for the application of silence as a legal institute, according to the legal norm that guides its interpretation in the specific case. The thesis departs from the analysis of two cases ruled by the Superior Court of Justice, in which article 111 of the Civil Code of 2002, was mentioned without observing its essential aspects. Following that, the thesis investigates the meanings of the silence element provided for in the Civil Codes of 1916 and 2002, discerning its normative content. Then, it reviews the literature of Miguel Maria de Serpa Lopes, a brazilian jurist who has developed the most complete study on meaning of silence in Civil Law, in 1937. Subsequently, the text seeks to dogmatically establish the premises to qualify the expression of will through silence, establishing its best terms and suggesting its own identity for its form. After defining the true meaning of silence provided for in article 111 of the Civil Code of 2002, this work proposes to distinguish the silence from other behavioral doctrines (i.e. mental reserve, good faith, nemo potest venire contra factum proprium, suppressio and abuse of law). In this context, several court decisions are mentioned to illustrate how the courts confuse the silence doctrine set forth in article 111 of the Civil Code with other figures of Civil Law. Finally, this dissertation clarifies the content of the assumptions necessary for the qualification of silence as a behavior capable of expressing will, to make the specific norm useful in practice.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LLM)" / Le commerce électronique n'est plus un simple support promotionnel de la distribution des biens de consommation: il s'apparente de plus en plus à un marché parallèle à la distribution classique. Cependant, quel que soit le schéma emprunté, les rapports humains suscitent inévitablement des conflits et le commerce électronique ne fait pas exception à la règle. Ce nouveau vecteur n'a pas pour seule vertu le rapprochement des individus; de la même façon qu'il a affecté nos relations, il a eu un impact sur les litiges eux-mêmes. Le contexte particulier dans lequel s'inscrivent les transactions privées sur Internet, ont pour conséquence des litiges portant sur de faibles sommes d'argent et qui sont qui plus est - conditionnés par certains aspects techniques ou certaines particularités du monde en ligne. A cela s'ajoute une dimension internationale qui accentue encore la complexité du règlement des litiges, dans la mesure où elle implique pour les parties de délicates délibérations sur la question du forum et du droit applicable. La dispersion des parties ne facilite pas l'exercice de l'action en justice. Aussi l'arbitrage en ligne a-t-il pour ambition éthérée d'éluder la voie judiciaire et, plus encore, la voie judiciaire à l'étranger. La Toile, par la multitude de possibilités qu'elle offre, perturbe autant les repères de la justice classique qu'elle ne lui apporte des solutions jusqu'alors inexplorées. Par un recoupement de leurs caractéristiques, l'arbitrage fait ainsi écho au commerce électronique. En d'autres termes la gestion de la procédure arbitrale se fera à distance. Une attention toute particulière doit être accordée aux spécificités d'Internet et à l'impact que ce contexte particulier peut avoir sur le cadre traditionnel de l'arbitrage. La transition vers le monde virtuel ne se fait donc pas sans heurts. Si l'arbitrage en ligne est techniquement praticable, juridiquement il soulève nombre de questions. L'arbitrage classique exige de nombreuses conditions de fonds et de v fonnes que l'arbitrage en ligne par sa nature même ne peut totalement satisfaire. Malgré cette évidence, le droit, dans un souci de perfection et de maniabilité toujours plus poussé, tend peu à peu à passer outre cet écueil. Voilà ce à quoi nous essaierons de répondre modestement au travers cet exposé. / E-Commerce is no longer a channel in support of the standard fonu of trading consumption goods. It has become an alternative trading market for those consumption goods. However, whether trade takes place through e-trading or more traditional ways, human relationships are likely to entail conflicts. As a new fonu of trading, e-commerce fostered and strengthened the relationships between individuals, inc1uding lawsuits. Nonetheless, the types of lawsuits related to e-commerce differ from those related to the standard trade in several ways. For example, lawsuits related to etrading often involve relatively limited amounts of money because of the particular context in which trade takes place through the internet or some technical aspects of it. In addition, the international dimension of the trade further complicates the settlement of litigation since it implies sensitive deliberations about the place ofjurisdiction and the applicable law. In this case, the difficulty in conducting the legal practice is exacerbated by the fact that parties are far apart. Consequently, online arbitration has the noble goal of eluding the legal process, especially abroad. The World Wide Web, through its numerous possibilities, raises questions on the references of the c1assical justice and proposes solutions in ways that so far were unexplored. Since they share many of the same characteristics, on-line arbitration is similar to e-trading-that is, the on-line arbitration process is made from distance. Overall, a very particular attention must be paid to the specificities of the Internet and to its possible effects on the traditional arbitration framework. For the arbitration, the transition of trade toward the electronic world has created lots of vii difficulties. While online arbitration is technically practicable, it raises many legal issues. Online arbitration cannot totally fulfill the numerous conditions of content and fonn that standard arbitration requires. Nevertheless, the Law, with its growing concern for perfection and adaptability, is progressively overcoming this difficulty. Those are the issue that we will try to address in this study.

Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die Haftungsbelastung des Arbeitnehmers, wenn dieser im Rahmen seiner Arbeitstätigkeit einen Dritten schädigt. Es handelt sich um eine rechtsvergleichende Betrachtung, die sich die Erstellung eines europäischen Regelungsentwurfes zum Ziel gemacht hat. Rechtsvergleichend konnte festgestellt werden, dass im europäischen Rechtsraum teils gravierende Unterschiede bei der Haftungsinanspruchnahme des Arbeitnehmers zu verzeichnen sind. Diese Unterschiede beruhen auf divergierenden Wertungen der Frage ob eine Haftungsaufteilung zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer geboten ist. Von den untersuchten Argumenten für und wider einer Haftungsentlastung des Arbeitnehmers haben sich die Fürsorgepflicht des Arbeitgebers und das Betriebsrisiko als tragende Argumente für eine Haftungsverlagerung erwiesen. Es wird daher die Haftung des Arbeitnehmers nur für vorsätzliches Verhalten vorgeschlagen. Im übrigen wird das Haftungsrisiko dem Arbeitgeber zugewiesen. Für den europäischen Rechtsraum wird eine Versicherungspflicht empfohlen. Die Pflichtversicherung tritt hierbei für den entstehenden Schaden ein. Nur im Falle der Vorsatzhandlung durch den Arbeitnehmer kann diesem gegenüber Regress genommen werden. Die Versicherung wird nach diesem Modell durch den Arbeitgeber abgeschlossen. Eine Mindestversicherungssumme soll festgelegt werden. Im Einzelfall wird bei hinreichend nachgewiesener Liquidität eine Befreiung von der Versicherungspflicht ermöglicht. Die Beitragsgestaltung richtet sich nach der Gefahrgeneigtheit der im Betrieb durchgeführten Arbeiten sowie nach der Häufigkeit von Haftungsfällen, so dass das individuelle Schadensrisiko des Unternehmens berücksichtigt wird. Eine zuverlässige Kontrolle des Versicherungsabschlusses soll von staatlicher Seite aus gewährleistet werden. Eine Vereinheitlichung dieser Haftungsfrage im europäischen Rechtsraum sollte nur im Rahmen eines europäischen Zivilrechtsbuches erfolgen. Es wurden die bestehenden Harmonisierungsmöglichkeiten untersucht. Eine Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung kann nach Autorenauffassung am besten über den Weg eines Modellgesetzes umgesetzt werden. / The present dissertation deals with the liability an employee bears in case he injures a third person in course of employment. It’s a comparative study which aims to draft an outline for a unified European rule. There were apparent differences between the compared European laws regarding the topic of vicarious liability. The variations in how liability is shared between employee and employer are created by dissimilar morals and values. Of the studied arguments for or against the principle of vicarious liability have two persuaded in favour of a shared liability between the parties of employment. The first is the employers obligation to care for the welfare of his employees and the second the inherent risk of the business itself which puts an obligation on the employer to share the liability for damage done to third parties in course of employment. In detail this study suggests to keep the employee liable for intended acts only. Apart the liability is to be carried by the employer. The concept proposes further a compulsory insurance which is to be paid for by the employer. The insurance however is obliged to step in for all the damage done in course of the employment by the employee. Only in case of intention there is the right of the insurance to take regress at the employee. Part of the concept is a minimum sum to be insured. State enterprises and comparable solvent companies shall have the opportunity to apply for an exception of the requirement to insure. Insurance rate should connect to the individual risk of the business, considering the risk-level in course of the operation of the particular business and the quantity of actual damages done. A reliable control by officials is necessary to ensure that the employer cared for the insurance. A unification of the matter should only take place in a European context of a unified civil law. A study of the existing possibilities to harmonise private law in Europe led to the conclusion that the subject of vicarious liability within a new European civil code should be drawn in the shape of a model law.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-14T23:15:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 04c.pdf: 1608089 bytes, checksum: 3eb4df279ca45e581077dfe7ecde18f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-14T23:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04c.pdf: 1608089 bytes, checksum: 3eb4df279ca45e581077dfe7ecde18f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-06 / Nenhuma / Com o desfecho do período submetido ao Direito Natural e o consequente surgimento do modelo de conformação estatal, aparecem com ele a segmentação entre o público e o privado e entre nacionais e estrangeiros. Sendo o território questão de interesse nacional, toca a cada Estado soberano decidir sobre como tratar a aquisição de imóveis por estrangeiros. Embora seja relevante uma análise comparativa sobre a condução do tema em outros países, a temática será desenvolvida sob a perspectiva do Direito brasileiro. Trata-se de tema que, de forma inerente, envolve Direito Privado e Direito Público. Afinal, a propriedade encontra respaldo tanto na Constituição Federal quanto no Código Civil, o que demanda uma análise da Constitucionalização do Direito (Privado), logo, do movimento dicotômico vislumbrado entre estas ramificações do Direito ao longo do tempo. Em uma sociedade transnacional de complexidade extrema, como a hoje experimentada, verificam-se significativas mudanças na concepção de ser humano, enquanto indivíduo, enquanto integrante da sociedade e enquanto partícipe da figura do Estado. Nesse cenário, aparece o específico e conturbado tratamento dado à pessoa jurídica brasileira equiparada a estrangeira, no tocante à imposição das restrições. A sua viabilidade passa pela inarredável leitura hermenêutica da influência da garantia fundamental da função social da propriedade, pautada no fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana, na nova visão de propriedade inaugurada no século XXI. Ao pretender sejam impostas às pessoas jurídicas brasileiras as restrições típicas de aquisição de imóvel rural por estrangeiros, uma série de medidas precisam ser planejadas e implementadas. / With the outcome of the period referred to the Natural Law and the consequent emergence of the state conformation model, appear with him the segmentation between the public and private and between nationals and foreigners. Being the territory issue of national interest, touches every sovereign state to decide how to treat the acquisition of real estate by foreigners. Although relevant a comparative analysis on the driving theme in other countries, the theme will be developed from the perspective of Brazilian law. It is a topic that inherently involves private law and public law. After all, the property is supported by both the Federal Constitution and the Civil Code, which requires an analysis of the Constitutionalization of (Private) Law, so thus dichotomous glimpsed movement between these branches of the law over time. In a transnational society of extreme complexity, as experienced today, are reported to be significant changes in the conception of human being as an individual, as a member of society and as a participant in the figure of the State. In this scenario, appears the particular and troubled treatment given to Brazilian entity treated as foreign, concerning the imposition of restrictions. Its viability passes by the unmoved hermeneutic reading of the influence of the fundamental guarantee of the social function of property, based on the grounding of the dignity of the human person, in the new view of property opened in the XXI century. When you want the typical restrictions acquisition of rural property by foreigners are imposed on the Brazilian legal entities, a number of measures need to be planned and implemented.

公私協力與自主規制在現代國家中，作為國家整體管制架構與管制行政之一環，有輔助國家行政機關之功能，減輕國家財力與人力之負擔，其有委託私人行使公權力者，則應有法律保留原則之適用，具公共目的存在與實現之關聯性與合比例性，方符合憲性之要件。若以組織法之規定，或無法律授權基礎之職權命令，均有違法治國之法律保留原則。在勞動契約上，政府透過法規範，對私法自治關係之勞動契約，以核備、備查或核定等之事前審查；在勞工保護上，課雇主以應作為與不作為之強制義務，及勞動三權之自主運作規範，協力與政府部門共同達成行政任務目標。 綜合本文研究，公私協力與自主規制在勞動法之實踐，係以公法規制私法，及容認私經濟主體在勞動關係之自主規制，連結公私部門關係，協力達成國家行政任務目標。這種公法介入私法關係，使私法形成之行政處分，作為保護勞工權益之行政處分，在勞動法上以勞基法第八十四條之一，有關勞雇約定書送地方主管機關核備之准駁行政處分。此行政處分導致勞雇間之私法關係變化，或與主管機關間之爭訟，其爭訟救濟之審判管轄權互有不同。 本研究有關建議摘要如下： 一、對勞動關係具成效之私經濟主體，毋寧採取自主規制方式，減少國家管制成本、降低資源耗費。 二、因法條文義不明致生重大爭議，主管機關之處理仍應具法律正當性。 三、公私協力與自主規制在勞動法之實踐，大抵以公法規制私法為基礎規範，主管機關執行上，仍須依循法律授權及法律明確性原則。 四、地方主管機關之行政裁量，不宜各自為政導致差異過大；且私法形成之行政處分，更應符合行政原則。

This thesis explores the use of domicilium as a criterion in choice of law and jurisdiction in South African law with special reference to private-law status. In this area of the law adherence to the status theory has, in the recent past, resulted in the use of domicile as an exclusive ratio jurisdictionis. This has impacted negatively on choice of law issues in status matters: since domicile constituted the sole jurisdictional criterion, little attention was devoted to choice of law. Even though the lex domicilii was, in actual fact, applied to choice of law issues concerning private-law status, it happened only as a result of the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum domicilii. With the emergence of alternative jurisdictional criteria, such as ordinary residence, choice of law issues will have to be addressed from a conflict of laws perspective, since the jurisdictional criteria will no longer ensure the application of the appropriate lex causae. In this regard recognition of the functional diversification of jurisdictional and conflicts connecting factors is crucial: different principles and policies underlie the fields of jurisdiction and choice of law and this must be borne in mind when a connecting factor is selected. In view of the prominence of domicilium as a connecting factor, problem areas in regard to the interpretation and ascertainment of domicile, especially the domicile of choice, is investigated within the context of the Domicile Act 3 of 1992 and with a view to future reform. It is submitted that the subjective animus requirement for the acquisition of a domicile of choice remains uncertain and undefined. Since domicile constitutes such an important connecting factor in issues pertaining to private-law status, as well as other non-status matters, it is essential that it should be readily and easily ascertainable. In this regard certain concrete proposals for future reform are advanced. Ultimately the domicile of an individual should indicate the community to which he/she truly belongs: only then will domicile constitute a conflicts connecting factor which satisfies the demands of conflicts justice. / Private Law / LL. D. (Law)

Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African courts seem to be adopting a new approach to the problem of building encroachments. For pragmatic and policy reasons courts are now inclined to exercise its discretion in favour of leaving building encroachments in place, against compensation, despite the common law right to demand removal. It has been widely accepted that courts indeed have the discretion to award damages instead of removal of the building encroachment. However, the circumstances involved and the consequences of these orders are uncertain and hence these orders result in confusion. It is unclear how this discretion is exercised. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether this discretion includes the power to order transfer of the encroached-upon land to the encroacher. There are doctrinal and constitutional implications that may be triggered by these court orders that leave building encroachments in place. The doctrinal issues centre on what happens when an encroachment is not removed and nothing is said about the rights of the respective parties after the order is made. Possible solutions are investigated to provide a doctrinally sound outcome in encroachment disputes. It is clear that the encroacher is allowed to continue occupying the portion of property on which the encroachment is erected. It seems as though a use right is indirectly created when the encroachment remains in place. The constitutional difficulty lies in the fact that the court orders may result in infringements that conflict with section 25 of the Constitution. The focus is specifically to determine whether these orders result in the compulsory loss of property or property rights. With reference to Germany, the Netherlands and Australia, a comparative perspective is provided in order to support the doctrinal and policy arguments. The comparative law provides a source of guidelines for what may work effectively and informs the ultimate suggestion of this project, namely the need for legislation to regulate building encroachments in South Africa. The legislation envisaged would have to prescribe with at least some sort of certainty how and in which circumstances the discretion should be exercised. It should also provide clarity with regard to the right that is created when the encroachment is not removed and how the compensation that is awarded in exchange for removal, should be determined. The unnecessary confusion and uncertainty that result from court orders made in the context of building encroachments may be cleared up by legislation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrikaanse howe begin al hoe meer om ‘n nuwe benadering te volg ten opsigte van oorskrydende bouwerke. Dit lyk asof howe meer geneig is om hul diskresie uit te oefen ten gunste daarvan om die oorskryding vir pragmatiese en beleidsredes teen vergoeding in stand te hou, ten spyte van die gemeenregtelike reg om verwydering te eis. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat howe wel die diskresie het om in die konteks van oorskrydende bouwerke skadevergoeding toe te ken in plaas van verwydering. Die omstandighede betrokke by en die nagevolge van hierdie beslissings is egter onseker en daarom lei dit tot verwarring. Dit is nie altyd duidelik hoe hierdie diskresie uitgeoefen word nie. Daarbenewens is daar ook onsekerheid oor of die diskresie die bevoegdheid insluit om oordrag van die grond waarop die oorsrkryding staan, te gelas. Die beslissings kan ook doktrinêre en grondwetlike implikasies hê. In terme van die doktrinêre probleem is daar vrae oor wat gebeur as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en niks word gesê oor die regte van beide partye in die dispuut nie. Oplossings word ondersoek om die beste moontlike doktrinêre verduideliking te probeer vasstel. Die eienaar van die oorskrydende bouwerk mag voortgaan om die grond waarop die oorskryding staan te okkupeer. Dit lyk asof ‘n gebruiksreg indirek geskep word ten gunste van die oorskryder wanneer die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie. ‘n Grondwetlike probleem mag veroorsaak word deur die moontlike oortreding van artikel 25 van die Grondwet. Die beslissings mag lei tot die gedwonge verlies van grond of regte, wat aan die vereistes van artikel 25 moet voldoen. ‘n Vergelykende perspektief met verwysing na Duitsland, Nederland en Australië word verskaf om die doktrinêre en beleidsargumente te ondersteun. Die vergelykende reg bied ‘n bron van riglyne vir wat effektief kan werk en het dus die wetgewing wat in hierdie proefskrif voorgestel word geïnspireer. Die wetgewing wat beoog word sal moet voorskryf hoe en onder watter omstanghede die diskresie uitgeoefen moet word. Dit moet ook sekerheid gee ten opsigte van die reg wat geskep word as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en hoe die skadevergoeding bepaal moet word. Die onnodige verwaring en onsekerheid wat veroorsaak word deur hierdie hofbeslissings kan opgeklaar word deur die promulgering van wetgewing om oorskrydende bouwerke te reguleer.

Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 1998. / 490 leaves double sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-469. Includes bibliography. Digitised using a HP Scanjet 8250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The thesis investigates the effect of the recognition of the rights of the child on the parent-child relationship in private law. Rights of the child seem, on the face of it, to undermine parental authority and family values. The impression is created that the state is abdicating its role as protector of the child in favour of unfettered freedom of the child. The delicate balance between individual freedom and family autonomy may in the result also be under threat. It was, therefore, necessary to extend the investigation to include the role of parents and that of the state. The study is divided into three parts. The first contains a theoretical analysis of the concept rights of the child. It is clear that the concept is a manifestation of fundamental human rights. The rights of the child are unique in nature and accommodate the changing phases of dependence and developing abilities of the child. Theoretical analysis negates the perception that the recognition of the rights of the child contributes to erosion of the family: the importance of the commitment of parents and of the state is apparent. The second part consists of a comprehensive review of the parent-child relationship in the South African private law, and an analysis of the public law dimension of the concept rights of the child. This part of the investigation demonstrates that parental authority is firmly rooted in legal history and that substantive private law does not recognise the child as bearer of rights within the context of the family. However, the Bill of Rights and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child unequivocally give public law status to the child as bearer of rights. The study shows that the private and public law status of a child cannot be isolated from one another and that adaptations will have to be made to implement the rights of the child. In the third part of the study an attempt is made to identify the kind of adaptation that must be made. The impact of the idea of the rights of the child upon the parent-child relationship in private law is investigated. Australian and Scottish law are examples of legal systems which endeavour to implement fully the concept of the rights of the child. Indigenous law places a high value on human dignity. The interaction between rights and duties in indigenous systems reflect values which are inherent in the idea of the rights of the child. The study shows that the impact of the rights of the child on the parent-child relationship is such that change and adaptation of private law is necessary. Change and adaptation are required at both theoretical and practical level. A number of obstacles which may inhibit the process of change are identified. Finally, the kind of change and adaptation required is illustrated by a number of practical examples of the impact ofchange on the parent-child relationship. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word in hierdie proefskrif gepoog om te bepaal wat die effek van die erkenning van kinderregte op die ouer-kind verhouding in die privaatreg is. Kinderregte skep op die oog af die persepsie dat ouerlike gesag en gesinswaardes onderrnyn word en dat die staat sy rol as beskerrner van 'n kind abdikeer ten gunste van onbeperkte vryhede aan 'n kind. Die delikate balans tussen individuele vryhede en gesinsoutonomie is in gedrang en op hierdie wyse word die rol van ouers en die staat ook by die ondersoek betrek. Die studie behels 'n drieledige ondersoek. In die eerste plek vind 'n teoretiese ontleding van die begrip kinderregte plaas. Hierdie ondersoek toon aan dat kinderregte 'n verskyningsvorrn van fundamentele menseregte is. Kinderregte het 'n eiesoortige aard en akkommodeer die wisselende fases van afhanklikheid en ontwikkelende verrnoens van 'n kind. Die betrokkenheid van ouers en die staat word beklemtoon en die teoretiese uitgangspunt besweer gevolglik negatiewe persepsies dat die erkenning van kinderregte tot gesinsverbrokkeling sal meewerk. Die tweede deel van die ondersoek bestaan uit 'n volledige uiteensetting van die ouerkind verhouding in die Suid-Afrikaanse privaatreg en 'n ontleding van die publiekregtelike dimensie van die begrip kinderregte. Hierdie deel van die ondersoek bewys dat ouerlike gesag regshistories sterk fundeer is en dat die substantiewe privaatreg nie die kind as draer van regte binne gesinsverband erken nie. Daarteenoor verleen die Handves van Regte en die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie op die Regte van die kind 1989 'n duidelike publiekregtelike status aan die kind as draer van regte. Die ondersoek toon aan dat die privaatregtelike en publiekregtelike status van 'n kind nie van mekaar gelsoleer kan word nie en dat aanpassings sal moet plaasvind ten einde kinderregte te implementeer. Die tipe aanpassings wat gemaak sal moet word, vloei voort uit die derde element van hierdie studie. Hierdie deeI van die studie behels 'n toepassing van die idee van kinderregte op die ouer-kind verhouding in die privaatreg. 'n Regsvergelykende element word betrek en die Australiese en Skotse reg word as modelle van 'n regstelsel voorgehou wat poog om kinderregte tot sy volle konsekwensies te implementeer. Vir doeleindes van interne regsvergelyking word daar ook na die inheemse reg verwys. Die hoe premie wat laasgenoemde regstelsel op menswaardigheid plaas en die wisselwerking tussen regte en verpligtinge verteenwoordig waardes wat eie aan die idee van kinderregte is. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die effek van kinderregte op die ouer-kind verhouding van sodanige omvang is dat aanpassings in die privaatreg sal moet plaasvind. Veranderings in regsdenke en formele aanpassings word vereis en 'n aantal struikelblokke wat deel van hierdie proses is, word uitgelig. Sekere praktiese implikasies vir die ouer-kind verhouding word ook voorgehou ten einde te illustreer wat die aard van die aanpassings is wat vereis word.

Les « dispositions successorales spéciales » de la lex situs apportent une exception particulière au système unitaire de la loi applicable à la succession. Leur reconnaissance dans le récent Règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif à la compétence, la loi applicable, la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions, et l'acceptation et l'exécution des actes authentiques en matière de successions et à la création d'un certificat successoral européen du 4 juillet 2012 témoigne de l’importance et de l’actualité de cette prévision normative. L’exception trouve sa source dans l’article 15 de la Convention du 1er août 1989 sur la loi applicable aux successions à cause de mort, formule qui fut suivi par l’article 3099 al. 2 du Code civil du Québec. La conception originaire de la règle se situe à l’article 28 de la Loi d’introduction au Code civil allemand de 1896. Ces législations reconnaissent la nécessité de respecter certaines dérogations aux règles successorales ordinaires dont le contenu matériel justifie une rupture exceptionnelle de l’unité de la succession internationale. Ainsi, l’opposition traditionnelle entre le système scissionniste qui divise la loi applicable à la succession en fonction de la nature mobilière ou immobilière des biens et celui qui postule l’unité législative trouve dans le respect des « dispositions spéciales » de la lex rei sitae régissant certains biens de la succession un facteur conciliateur. Il s’agit de respecter un minimum normatif de la loi de l’État où sont situés certains biens de la succession malgré la compétence générale d’une lex successionis étrangère. Ce bloc normatif irréductible se présente comme un pont qui relie les deux solutions extrêmes dans une position intermédiaire où il n’y a plus de scission au sens classique du terme mais où l’unité est néanmoins brisée en raison de certaines considérations substantielles tirées de la destination des biens. / The « special inheritance rules » of the lex situs introduce a particular exception to the unitary system of the law applicable to succession. Its recognition by the recent Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession demonstrates the importance and the current relevance of this legal provision. We find the immediate precedent of the rule in Article 15 of the Convention of 1 August 1989 on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons, which also inspired Article 3099 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Quebec. The original conception of the rule comes from Article 28 of the Introductory Act of the German Civil Code of 1896. These legislations acknowledged the necessity of giving effect to some special provisions on succession whose material content legitimates an exceptional breach of the unity in international successions. Therefore, the traditional conflict between the scission and the unitary system of the law applicable to succession finds a conciliatory factor in the observation of the “special provisions” of the lex rei sitae over some particular assets of the estate notwithstanding the conflict rule. The intention is to preserve a minimal content of the State’s law where certain assets are located against the threat that a foreign lex successionis brings about. This uncompromising set of rules presents itself as a bridge to close the gap between these two extreme solutions. It does not contemplate the classic meaning of scission based on the movable or immovable nature of the property (territorial scission), but it breaks nonetheless the principle of unity, in favor of certain substantial considerations derived from the economic, family or social function of some specific assets, by means of a special connection to the lex situs.