本研究以數位相框為例，透過Cronbach’s α信度檢定、Pearson相關分析與單因子變異數分析等統計方法，探討「產品設計」、「消費者購買行為」與「顧客滿意度」、「顧客忠誠度」間之關聯性及影響因素，以期提供未來數位相框業者在產品設計與行銷策略之建議。 　　研究發現，產品設計的三個構面「外觀設計」、「基本功能」及「操作介面」，與消費行為的三個構面「消費動機」、「使用情境」與「未被滿足的需求」呈現顯著正相關，顯示數位相框的產品設計確實會對消費行為產生一定程度之影響。而研究亦發現，產品設計與滿意度及忠誠度呈現顯著正相關，且消費行為與滿意度及忠誠度亦呈現正相關。 / This research takes example of digital photo frame, to explore the relationship and factors that affect product design, consumer behavior, customer satisfaction and customer royalty. It expects to set recommendations of product design and marketing strategy for the digital photo frame makers in the future. The research found, that the three dimensions in Product Design, including appearance design, basic functions, and operational interface are positively relevant to the three dimensions in Consumer Behavior, which are motivation, user scenario, and unsatisfied demand. This means the product design has certain level of affect on the consumer behavior. The research also found that, the product design has significant positive relevance with customer satisfaction and royalty, and the consumer behavior also shows positive relevance with satisfaction and royalty.

Dans les sphères du développement durable, des modèles d’affaires et du design de produit, certains leviers rendent le croisement de ces trois sphères de plus en plus pertinent. Au croisement de ces trois sphères se trouve une opportunité de comprendre les relations existantes entre le design de produit et les modèles d’affaires afin d’aider les décideurs à développer des solutions davantage durables. L’approche méthodologique de cette recherche utilise un système complexe et est basée sur un paradigme pragmatique. En vue de répondre à la question « Dans quelle mesure des modèles d’affaires et le design de produit sont liés dans un contexte de développement durable? », cette recherche a soigneusement analysé trois cas: Better Place, une compagnie californienne ayant développé une infrastructure permettant le chargement des voitures électriques; Interface Inc., un manufacturier mondial de tuiles de tapis commerciales établi à Atlanta; et Métacycle, un concept d’entreprise développé par une équipe de chercheurs en design à Montréal. Chaque cas a été analysé en corrélant des aspects du design de produit à des éléments de leur modèle d’affaires. Les résultats montrent que dans le contexte du développement durable, le design de produit et les modèles d’affaires sont interdépendants. Les résultats peuvent être résumés en six points: il existe des relations applicables universellement; les innovations de design substantielles jouent un rôle important dans le développement durable; la « durabilité » peut être une qualité émergente d’un modèle d’affaires; les partenariats peuvent être vitaux pour l’intégration des systèmes; un modèle de services a des bénéfices et des limitations considérables; le design peut agir comme levier à l’utilisation d’énergies renouvelables. Pratiquer simultanément l’innovation du modèle d’affaires et du produit peut apporter une valeur ajoutée, susciter des opportunités et augmenter l’efficience sur plusieurs facettes. Toutefois, les risques et les coûts de tels procédés sont souvent très élevés. En aidant à comprendre et définir comment les trois sphères mentionnées plus tôt sont interdépendantes, cette recherche pourrait idéalement inspirer des recherches supplémentaires sur le sujet. L’application par des organisations de la méthodologie et des apprentissages résultant de cette recherche peut permettre à d’autres d’utiliser le croisement entre l’innovation de produit et l’innovation du modèle d’affaires afin de résoudre des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux complexes. / Certain drivers in the fields of sustainability, business models, and product design are making the intersection between these three fields increasingly relevant. At this intersection is the opportunity to understand the relationships that exist between product design and business models to help decision makers develop more sustainable solutions. The methodology of this research uses a complex systems approach and is grounded in a pragmatist paradigm. To answer the question “In the context of sustainability, in what way are business models and product design related?”, this research has carefully analysed three cases: Better Place, a US based company that has developed a charging infrastructure for electric cars; Interface Inc., a global commercial carpet tile manufacturer based in Atlanta, Georgia; and Metacycle, a company concept developed by a team of design researchers in Montréal, Québec. Each case is analysed by correlating aspects of product design to elements of the business model and assessing how these relationships affect the sustainability of the company. The results show that product design, business models, and sustainability are inextricably connected. The results can be summarized in six key insights: there are universally applicable relationships; discontinuous design innovation can play a vital role in sustainability; sustainability is an emergent quality of a business model; key partnerships support systems level integration; a service revenue model has significant benefits and limitations; design innovation can help drive the shift to renewable energy. Conducting business model innovation and product innovation simultaneously can have large payouts in the form of creating new value, uncovering opportunities, and increasing efficiencies many fold, however the risks and costs of such a process are often very high. Applying the methodology and lessons of this research to one’s own organization could help to uncover new opportunities for innovation and help create more sustainable solutions. This research, by helping to understand and define how these areas are inextricably related and interdependent, will hopefully inspire further research on the subject and help others to use the intersection between product design and business model innovation to solve complex problems, be they social, environmental or otherwise.

To date, several disciplines have broached the systems view of service and the engineering of service systems. Operations research applied to services began with a rather simplistic, macro view of resource integration in the form of data envelopment analysis (DEA), introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes in 1978 (Banker et al., 1984; Charnes et al., 1994). Micro models of service systems have tended to study the systems’ IT components (Hsu, 2009; Qiu 2009). Engineering, which has always been associated with ‘assembling pieces that work in specific ways’ (Ottino, 2004) and ‘a process of precise composition to achieve a predictable purpose and function’ (Fromm, 2010: 2), has contributed to greater scalability and purposeful control in service systems. However, the agents of the system are usually people whose activities may not easily be controlled by predictable processes and yet are critical aspects of the value-creating system (Ng et al., 2011b). There is need for a new combinative paradigm, such as third-generation activity theory, in which two or more activity systems come into contact, to explore dialogue, exchanging perspectives of multiple actors, resulting in networks or groups of activity systems that are constantly interacting (Marken, 2006; Nardi, 1996, Oliveros et al., 2010). While various systems approaches, such as general systems theory (von Bertalanffy, 1962); open systems theory (Boulding, 1956; Katz and Kahn, 1978); and viable systems approach (Barile, 2008; Beer, 1972; Golinelli, 2010), will not be reviewed here (see Ng et al., 2011a for a systems approach to service science), they share common tenets: boundaries, interfaces, hierarchy, feedback and adaptation to which most systems writers would add emergence, input, output and transformation (Kast and Rosenzweig, 1972). These terms may be used as a basis for a research agenda for the consideration of a service system.

This report is the result of the master thesis project in Industrial Design engineering (IDE), performed at Luleå University of Technology, by Erik Vesterlund. The task was to produce a conceptual belly boat design that enables individuals paralyzed in the lower extremities to use, propel, maneuver, assemble and use a belly boat. The initial stage included a pre-study of identifying and clarifying what the most common causes of paralyzation of the lower extremities originates from as well as finding the correct terms and what challenges they may include. It was discovered that there are many different causes and effects. Paraplegic are individuals who are unable to move, control or feel their legs depending on the severity of the injury. Quadriplegic individuals are unable to move, control or feel the entire of their body below their shoulders, depending on the severity of the injury. After the causes and effects were mapped, the challenges had to be identified. This was done through tests, interviews, literature studies and participant observations with individuals that are living with these types of injuries. Different problems and needs were mapped, and the most crucial to the usage of a belly boat was identified as the propelling and maneuvering of the craft. Safety aspects were also looked into and documented in order to ensure that the concept was safe for the users. Thereafter, a variety of methods were used in order to generate multiple ideas of how the identified problems and needs could be solved. The generated ideas were formulated and composed into complete solutions in the concept generating phase. The less good solutions were filtered out with the help of an evaluation matrix, and the good solutions were framed into different over-all concepts. Those were graded in a concept scoring matrix and composed into the final concept. The final concept fulfills the overall objectives and aims of the project, and also exceeds some of them, like allowing fully functional individuals to share the craft with Para- and quadriplegics, and without looking as equipment for individuals with disabilities. This broadens the market potential and increases the realization possibilities of a production, hence making the dream of assistance free wilderness adventures for Para- and quadriplegics all over the world, a reality. / Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete i Teknisk design, utfört vid Luleå tekniska universitet av Erik Vesterlund. Uppgiften var att ta fram en konceptuell båt design, som gör det möjligt för individer som är förlamade i de nedre extremiteterna att använda, driva, manöverera och använda en båt. I inledningsskedet genomfördes en förstudie för att identifiera och tydliggöra vad de vanligaste orsakerna till förlamning i de nedre extremiteterna, samt att ta reda på vilka utmaningar det omfattar. Det upptäcktes att det finns många olika orsaker och effekter. Paraplegi är individer som inte kan röra sig, kontrollera eller känna sina ben, beroende på hur allvarlig skadan är. Tetraplegi är individer som inte kan röra sig, styra eller känna hela sin kropp under sina axlar, beroende på hur allvarlig skadan är. Efter det att orsaker och effekter kartlagts, hade utmaningarna identifierats. Detta gjordes även genom tester, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och deltagande observationer med personer som lever med dessa typer av skador. Olika problem och behov kartlades, och den mest avgörande för användningen av en båt identifierades som framdrivning och manövrering av båten. Säkerhetsaspekter undersöktes och dokumenteras i syfte att säkerställa att konceptet var säkert för användarna. Därefter användes en mängd olika metoder för att generera flera idéer om hur de identifierade problemen och behoven skulle kunna lösas. De genererade idéer gestaltades i form av olika lösningar. De mindre bra lösningarna filtrerades bort, med hjälp av en utvärderingsmatris, och de goda lösningarna gestaltades i olika helhetskoncept. De graderades sedan i en konceptmatris och resulterade i det slutliga konceptet. Det slutgiltiga konceptet uppfyller det övergripande syftet och målen för projektet, och överträffar också några av dem, som att tillåta att fungerande individer delar båten med para- och quadriplegics, samt att konceptet inte ser ut som utrustning för personer med funktionshinder. Detta vidgar den potentiella marknaden och ökar realiseringsmöjligheterna, och bidrar därför till att drömmen om ett vildmarksäventyr för Para- och quadriplegics över hela världen, kan bli verklighet.

We often see anthropomorphic designs in movies as highly intelligent robots, created to make our lives easier, but anthropomorphic is far more common than that. From cameras that look like eyes to face and voice recognition technology and avatars used by companies to support their brands. Despite this, relatively little research has been made about anthropomorphism in smart everyday products, and how that affects the anticipated user experience. Two provocative studies were conducted, where the participants provided their first impressions to picture prototypes. This generated an understanding of the general opinion of anthropomorphic designs, and when added a smart daily product. These studies showed that people are open to the idea of anthropomorphic designs, but the practicality and functionality are crucial. Through identification of multiple themes and thorough analysis, this study can serve as a blueprint to aid future studies about the anticipated user experience of smart daily products with anthropomorphic elements.

“Förlossningsvården behöver i ännu större utsträckning än idag även bestå av känslomässigt stöd och trygghetsskapande omvårdnad.” Citatet ovan finns i boken Trygg förlossning (2017) och är vägledande i mitt examensarbete. Idag är det säkert att föda i Sverige och mödra- och barnadödligheten är bland den lägsta i världen. Trots detta lider många av förlossningsrädsla. Studier, bland annat från Socialstyrelsen, visar att platt ryggläge är den förlossningsställning som är mest ofördelaktig, för både föderska och barn. När föderskan rör på sig och om hen dessutom har en upprätt förlossningsställning kan den upplevda smärtan minska, eftersom utsöndringen av endorfiner ökar. Trots detta har de flesta en liggande ställning under förlossningen. Det finns uppenbarligen glapp mellan den medicinska kunskapen och förlossningspraktiken. Därför undersökte jag befintliga hjälpmedel och produkter inom förlossningsvården, som dessutom inte är utvecklade för ett förlossningsarbete, utan inlån från andra sjukvårdsavdelningar. Jag har utvecklat ett designförslag som ska uppmana till upprätta förlossningsställningar för en tryggare förlossning. / “Maternity care needs to be comprised of emotional support and reassuring nursing practices, even more so than it does today.” This quotation, from the book Trygg förlossning (2017), has been a big influence in my degree project. Today, it is regarded as safe to give birth in Sweden with maternal and child mortality being amongst the lowest in the world. Despite this, many suffer from a fear of childbirth. Studies from Socialstyrelsen, amongst others, show that a back-lying position during childbirth is disadvantageous for the mother and child. If the mother moves and has an upright position, the perceived pain may decrease as the release of endorphins increases. Despite this, most people continue use a back-lying position during childbirth. There is obviously a gap between medical knowledge and childbirth practice. Therefore, I have investigated existing aids in maternity care, many of which are not developed for childbirth, but borrowed from other healthcare departments. I have developed a design proposal that will encourage an upright childbirth position for a safer delivery.

A partir da constatação do limitado investimento no design de produtos de auxílio à visão subnormal no Brasil e de sua crescente demanda, esta tese teve por objetivo analisar o estado da arte dos produtos existentes no mundo, particularmente dos que oferecem ampliação eletrônica da imagem, propor um projeto de equipamento inovador que agrega videomagnificação a uma prancha de leitura, e analisar alguns casos pioneiros de design para a saúde no Brasil, inclusive oftalmológico. Como método foram realizadas entrevistas, pesquisas bibliográficas, por internet e observação de pacientes para embasar a proposta de projeto de prancha de leitura acoplada a câmera de videomagnificação para deficientes visuais. A proposta resultante tem como base comum o produto prancha de leitura acoplada a lupa já disponível no mercado em que no lugar da lupa será colocada uma câmera de vídeomagnificação para leitura de perto. Nesta prancha de base o usuário poderá ler de modo estável comandando por sua mão o movimento do anel em volta da câmera que por sua vez excursionará horizontalmente num trilho para manter a linha e o foco de leitura constantes. Evidenciam-se os elementos indicadores de que o design inovador deste equipamento apresenta vantagens em relação aos equipamentos atualmente existentes e que poderão contribuir para facilitar a leitura dos portadores de baixa visão. Por meio do design com responsabilidade social, este trabalho pretende dar uma contribuição para a inclusão do deficiente visual no Brasil. / Low investment in design for low vision and growing demand for low vision products in Brazil were the reason for proposing the goals of this thesis: analysis of the state of the art of low vision products in the world, particularly those with video magnification; proposal of a product that aggregates video-magnification to a reading stand in an innovative product; analysis of representative cases of design for health in Brazil, including ophthalmic design. As method, interviews, bibliographic and internet search along with patient observation were performed in order to support the project of a reading stand with a sliding video-magnification camera for low vision people. The resulting project has as common platform the commercially available product: a reading stand with a sliding magnifier in which the magnifier is replaced by a near reading video-magnification camera. This reading stand allows the user to read on a steady basis as the hand moves the ring around the camera to the right or to the left on a rail, maintaining the reading line and focus constant. Indicative elements are shown that the innovative design of this equipment presents advantages which may contribute favorably for the reading of low vision people, comparing with the equipment currently in the market. Through the socially responsible design, this thesis is meant to contribute to social inclusion of low vision people in Brazil.

Com a crescente oferta de cursos superiores de design no Brasil, considerou-se que parte dos egressos destes cursos não seguem atuando nesta área. Notou-se que, com o advento de publicações sobre o tema do design thinking e sobre o ensino de elementos do design na educação geral, há valorização dos atributos da formação do designer para resolver problemas em outras áreas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a possibilidade de aspectos da formação em design permearem a atuação de ex-alunos deste curso no desempenho de outras atividades profissionais. Metodologia de projeto, antecipação construtiva, capacidade criativa, uso de linguagem visual, pensamento abstrato, análise crítica, noções de gestalt e de semiótica, entre outros elementos, fazem parte da formação do designer e interferem em sua forma de pensar e de resolver problemas. Esta pesquisa se baseou em métodos qualitativos de investigação, empregando, sobretudo, entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade com diversas categorias de respondentes afetas à temática. / With the growing offer of higher education courses in design in Brazil, some that graduate from these courses end up not working in this area. The advent of publications on the subject of design thinking and on the teaching of design elements in general education, the attributes of designer\'s academic background for solving problems in other areas are being valued. The object of this research was to check for the possibility that aspects of their background in design might permeate the actions of former students of this course when carrying out other professional activities. Project methodology, constructive anticipation, creative capacity, the use of visual language, abstract thinking, critical analysis, notions of Gestalt and semiotics and other elements form part of the designer\'s education and interfere in his/her way of thinking and solving problems. This research is based on qualitative methods of investigation and uses, in particular, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with many different categories of respondents who are devoted to this subject.

Esta pesquisa se propôs a construir uma breve cronologia da evolução do desenho industrial no estado do Rio de Janeiro, tendo como fio condutor três linhas de atuação do design: prática profissional (profissionais, escritórios, empresas, produtos e projetos), ensino e promoção/divulgação (eventos, conferências, exposições, premiações e concursos). Estas informações hoje se encontram dispersas ou são de todo desconhecidas do grande público. A pesquisa então procurou levantar, organizar e analisar criticamente esse volume de dados e informações, de modo a documentar e resgatar o desenvolvimento do design industrial no Rio de Janeiro. Este trabalho concentrou o foco do estudo histórico no design de produto, visto que uma série de trabalhos recentemente publicados já iniciou o processo de prospecção histórica do design gráfico no Brasil. Em que pese, além disso, que um estudo regionalizado do design de produto, centrado no Rio de Janeiro, ser uma contribuição relevante à historiografia do design brasileiro. A pesquisa fez uso de técnicas qualitativas de obtenção e tratamento de dados, destacando-se a pesquisa bibliográfica (sempre que possível fazendo uso de fontes primárias); o contato (via cartas, entrevistas e/ou acesso a websites) com as personalidades envolvidas nos eventos citados no texto; e, finalmente, a consulta a arquivos (públicos e privados). Ao se concluir a pesquisa, foram organizadas três cronologias independentes relativas a cada um dos subproblemas propostos a partir da questão central. Essas cronologias identificaram e contextualizaram as diferentes áreas de atuação do design de produto, descreveram o processo de implantação e desenvolvimento do ensino do design e documentaram as iniciativas no âmbito da divulgação e promoção do design de produto no Rio de Janeiro. O capítulo cinco apresenta as conclusões da análise da pesquisa. / This research intends to build up a brief chronology of product design development process in the state of Rio de Janeiro, following its three main areas of influence: professional practice (designers, offices, companies, products and projects), design promotion (events, conferences, exhibitions, awards and competitions) and design tuition (the formative path of product design college education). As today this information is either dispersed or unknown to the public, this work intends to uncover, organize and eventually analyse this amount of data in order to provide documentation and also rescue the development of industrial design in Rio de Janeiro from its oblivion. This work focused on the historical development of product design, as long as previous works have already started out the research on the history of graphic design in Brazil. Qualitative techniques were mainly used to obtain and process data such as the search into the actual bibliography (recurring to primary sources whenever possible), the contact (by letter, interviews and/or access to websites) with professionals involved in the events mentioned in the text and the search into public or private files. The research outcome was organized into three independent chronologies which identified and related the different areas of influence of product design that were documentary in the design college tuition evolutionary process. This brought evidence to initiatives in the scope of design diffusion in Rio de Janeiro. The last chapter presents conclusions pertaining to the analysis of the main line of design evolutionary process. Being a regional oriented research, concentrated in Rio de Janeiro, it may turn out to be a relevant contribution to Brazilian design historiography.

En raison de la compétitivité dans le marché des produits chimiques et la demande croissante pour les produits de qualité, l'industrie et l'académie sont à la recherche de nouvelles méthodes pour la conception des produits chimiques. Par conséquent, cette étude propose une approche méthodologique pour faciliter la prise de décisions dans la conception de produits de type émulsion. Les caractéristiques de la méthodologie proposée sont les suivantes: elle propose des méthodes pour l’analyse des besoins de consommateurs, la génération d'idées pour la conception du produit et la sélection du meilleur produit, en prenant en compte la nature multi-variée du problème de conception avec l'intégration de la notion de durabilité dans le processus de conception. La méthodologie comporte trois étapes de conception: Étape de besoins, étape de génération d'idées et étape de sélection d'idées. Dans la première étape, les besoins sont analysés et classifiés en fonction de leur impact sur la satisfaction du client. Ensuite, ils sont traduits aux spécifications du produit avec l’aide des experts et des clients. Les informations de saisie correspondent aux besoins des clients et celles de sortie correspondent aux spécifications du produit, c'est-à-dire des caractéristiques du produit qui peuvent être évaluées. Également, deux méthodes sont utilisées: le modèle de kano et la méthode QFD (Déploiement des Fonctions Qualités). Dans la seconde étape, les produits répondant aux spécifications sont conçus en suivant une démarche en trois phases: 1) le problème de conception est divisé selon un groupe défini de sous-problèmes généraux. 2) Chaque sous-problème est connecté à un groupe de stratégies de solution selon une première matrice de décision prédéfinie. 3) Les stratégies de solution sont connectées avec des ingrédients et des conditions opératoires selon une deuxième matrice de décision. Cette démarche est faite en utilisant deux matrices de décision développées dans cette recherche sur la base de la connaissance de science d'émulsion, ainsi que sur des connaissances des experts. Dans la troisième étape, les alternatives de produit sont évaluées selon le cahier de spécifications définis dans la première étape et les indicateurs de durabilité appropriés. Ces indicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer et classer les alternatives de produit selon un indice de développement durable global. Pour développer cette étape un ensemble d'indicateurs évaluant la dimension économique, environnementale et sociale de produits est choisi et ils sont intégrés par la mise en oeuvre d’une méthode d'analyse de multi-critère. Finalement, afin d’illustrer la méthodologie, une étude de cas est développée: la conception d'une crème hydratante / Emulsion based chemical products, which belong to the category of micro-structured chemical products, have a broad range of commercial applications. Despite their importance, there is not a general methodology for their design. With the aim to contribute to the progress on this matter, this research presents a product design methodology focused on emulsion design with the following characteristics: it proposes methods for customer needs analysis, product ideas generation and selection of the best product alternative. It considers the multivariate nature of emulsion design by taking into account the multiple effects of design variables into product properties. It integrates sustainability concepts into the product design process. The methodology comprises three design stages: needs stage, ideas generation stage and ideas selection stage. In the needs stage, customer needs are first analyzed and classified according to their effect on customer satisfaction and second translated into product specifications with the aid of experts and customers. The input is customer needs, i.e., statements expressing customers’ desires about the product, and the output corresponds to product specifications, i.e., product characteristics that can be measured. To perform this stage two methods are used: Kano model and Quality Functional Deployment. In ideas generation stage, product concepts accomplishing product specifications are generated in three sub-steps: First, problem specifications are classified into a predefined group of design sub-problems. Second, each sub-problem is connected with one or more pre-defined solution strategies through a prefilled relational matrix. Third, compatible solution strategies are selected and connected to ingredients and processing conditions through a second relational matrix. As result, a set of product concepts is generated. Thisprocedure is developed by the implementation of two relational matrices proposed in this research based on emulsion science and expert knowledge. The first connects sub-problems with solution strategies and the second connects solution strategies with ingredients and processing conditions. In the selection stage, generated product concepts are evaluated according to product specifications. In addition, appropriated sustainability indicators are included to assess and rank product alternatives according to a global sustainability index. To perform this stage, a set of indicators are selected and integrated by the implementation of multi-criteria analysis methods. The application of the methodology is exposed with a case study: the design of a moisturizing cream