Orientador: Maria Cristina Volpato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T06:11:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Branco_FilipePolese_D.pdf: 1567364 bytes, checksum: 49e978a109d02d28d81bb848765787cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O uso do pulp tester ainda não está padronizado na literatura. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as condições ideais para determinação do limiar basal de resposta pulpar a estímulo elétrico. Duzentos e cinqüenta e seis voluntários sadios e com dentes responsíveis a estímulo elétrico foram selecionados e divididos em 7 estudos. Estímulo elétrico foi aplicado aos dentes em testes sucessivos, com intervalo de 2 minutos entre eles. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de medidas e de voluntários, necessidade de secagem do dente, influência da solução condutora, do operador, do período do dia e da temperatura ambiente, do grupo étnico-racial do voluntário, e do uso de ácido mefenâmico e nimesulida. Foi também avaliada a sensibilidade dolorosa dos voluntários por meio da escala analógica visual (EAV). Os resultados de limiar basal de resposta pulpar foram submetidos aos testes t e de Tukey e os de EAV aos testes de Wilcoxon e Friedman (a=0,05). A média obtida com 3 medidas não diferiu das obtidas com número maior de medidas; a secagem prévia do dente e o uso de gel de flúor neutro levaram a menores valores de limiar pulpar; voluntários de ambos os gêneros apresentam maiores valores de limiar pulpar quando avaliados por operador do gênero feminino. Não houve diferença no limiar pulpar entre os horários 8h, 11h, 14h e 17h, entre as sessões com temperatura ambiente inferior a 15oC ou superior a 25oC, bem como entre as raças amarela, branca e preta, e após administração de dose única de ácido mefenâmico ou de nimesulida quando comparados a placebo. Concluiu-se que para a determinação do limiar basal pulpar após aplicação de estímulo elétrico deve-se fazer a média de pelo menos 3 medidas consecutivas e utilizar no mínimo 20 voluntários; a secagem prévia do dente pode levar à melhor condução do impulso; o gel de flúor neutro deve ser a substância condutora de escolha; o gênero do operador pode exercer influência nos voluntários; o limiar basal pulpar não apresenta ritmo circadiano e não sofre interferência da temperatura ambiente, da etnia do voluntário ou da nimesulida e ácido mefenâmico, administrados em dose única / Abstract: There are some unclear aspects about electrical pulpal threshold measure. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal conditions for pulpal threshold measure. Two hundred and fifty six healthy volunteers with teeth able to respond to electrical stimulus were selected and divided in 7 studies. Pulpal threshold was evaluated by means of an electric pulp tester, with a 2min interval between tests. The variables studied were: number of measures and volunteers, and the influence of moisture, conductive media, gender of the operator, room temperature, period of the day, volunteers¿ ethnicity, and administration of mefenamic acid and nimesulide. Pain sensibility was evaluated by Analogue Visual Scale (VAS). Pulpal threshold data were evaluated by ANOVA and t and Tukey tests; VAS results were submitted to Wilcoxon and Friedman tests. Results: the mean obtained with 3 measures was not dfferent than the obtained with higher number of measures; lower pulpal threshold means were obtained with previous dryness of teeth and neutral fluoride gel as conductive media; male and female volunteers presented higher pulpal threshold mean when evaluated by female operator; no difference in pulpal threshold were observed among ethnic Brazilian groups, yellow, white, and black, among periods of the day (8h, 11h, 14h and 17h), between room temperature bellow 15oC and above 25oC and with the administration of mefenamic acid and nimesulid when compared to placebo. It was concluded that at least 20 volunteers must be measured and 3 measures must be performed to determine electrical pulpal threshold; dryness of teeth can improve electrical conductance; operator gender can influence the volunteers¿ pulpal threshold; pulpal threshold is not influenced by room temperature, volunteer ethnicity, and single dose dministration of mefenamic acid and nimesulide. No circadian pattern was observed for pulpal threshold / Doutorado / Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica / Doutor em Odontologia

Den 25e maj 2018 ersätts personuppgiftslagen (PuL) med den nya dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR) som skärper till och stramar åt kraven som ställs på företag och organisationer som behandlar personuppgifter. Det finns dock flera saker som är densamma mellan PuL och GDPR. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att försöka ta reda på hur förberedda organisationer är inför GDPR genom att undersöka vilka tekniska förändringar de har behövt införa för att uppfylla de nya kraven. Genom att utföra en kvalitativ intervjustudie på organisationer som behandlar personuppgifter i enlighet med PuL och GDPR. De utvalda företagen är sådana som har möjlighet att kartlägga konsumtionsvanor kopplat till konsumenten genom t.ex. en kundklubb. För att uppfylla syftet och svara på forskningsfrågan används två delfrågor, vad de har för tekniska lösningar under PuL och vad de har behövt förändra inför GDPR. Baserat på dessa och den bakomliggande teorin har ett intervjuunderlag tagits fram för att försöka få svar på dessa frågor. Utöver intervjuerna analyseras även samtyckesavtal för att se om det går att dra några slutsatser baserat på dessa om de har tekniska lösningar för att uppfylla GDPR. Det förväntade resultatet som fanns vid undersöknings start var att organisationer inte har det som krävs för PuL och ännu mindre det som krävdes för GDPR, de bör alltså ha varit tvungna att införa nya tekniska lösningar. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att det är en väldig skillnad på hur organisationerna har jobbat med PuL, och att enbart enstaka har använt sig av kryptering för att skydda uppgifterna medans näst intill alla har jobbat med anonymisering. Inför GDPR går organisationerna lite åt samma håll då de flesta uppger att de jobbar med kryptering, åtkomstkontroller och anonymisering. Samma sak gäller dataportabilitet och säkerhetskopieringssystem för att undvika att bortglömda konsumenter återställs från säkerhetskopior, då majoriteten av organisationerna uppger att de inte kommer ha stöd för det. Något som även alla organisationer uppgav var att de inte kommer att vara färdiga med anpassningen och att en stor del av arbetet innebär processer och rutiner. / May 25th, 2018, the Personal Data Act (PuL) will be replaced by the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which will tighten the requirements placed on companies and organizations that are processing personal data. However, many things will remain the same between PuL and GDPR. The purpose of this study is trying to find out how prepared the organizations in question are facing the GDPR, by investigating which technical changes they should introduce to meet the new requirements. By performing a qualitative interview study on organizations that are processing personal data in accordance with PuL and GDPR. The chosen companies have the possibility to map consumption habits linked to the consumer, for example by a loyalty club. To satisfy the purpose of this study and answer the research question, two sub questions are used, what technical solutions they have used for PuL and what changes they have introduced for GDPR. Based on these two sub questions and the background theory, an interview background has been developed trying to answer these questions. In addition to the interviews the consent agreement will be analyzed, to see if any conclusions about what technical solutions they have implemented to fulfill GDPR can be drawn. The hypotheses which was at the start of the survey were that the organizations don’t have what is required to fulfill PuL and even less of what is required to fulfill GDPR, they should have had to introduce new technical solutions. The result from the survey shows a big difference in how organizations have worked with PuL, and only a few of them have used encryption to protect the data and with almost all of them have worked with anonymization. When working with GDPR, the organizations are working in the same direction where all of them says that they are working with encryption, access controls and anonymization. The same applies to data portability and backup systems to avoid that forgotten consumers are recovered from backups. One thing that all organizations say is that they will not be ready with the adjustments and that a large proportion of the work involves processes and routines.

Abstrakt Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur GDPR kan påverka Sverige ochorganisationer som är verksamma här. GDPR är den nya stora förordningen som kommerträda i kraft den 25:e maj och alla organisationer är mitt uppe i, eller i slutskedet av arbetetmed anpassningarna. Då det inte tidigare finns mycket forskning eller uppsatser kringämnet kommer denna uppsats fokusera på utmaningarna inom implementeringen medGDPR samt att den kommer försöka besvara hur GDPR kan påverka Sverige. Det utkom 16propositioner på lagändringar som alla på sitt sätt kommer påverka privatpersoner ochorganisationer som befinner sig i Sverige.För att göra det möjligt att besvara dessa frågor kommer denna uppsats delvis utförasgenom en analys av lagtext och propositionerna. Den stora delen i denna rapport handlarom utmaningarna och för att få en bredare bild har fyra olika företag från olika delar avnäringslivet intervjuats. McDonalds, Högskolan i Halmstad, Halmstad Studentkår och DHSolutions har alla bidragit och utgör en stor del av resultatet.För att då gå vidare till resultatet och även slutsatsen har denna uppsats kommit fram tillatt GDPR’s påverkan på Sverige kommer att till en början inte vara positiv, mycketoklarheter finns och många utmaningar. De största utmaningarna som identifierats ärinventering, kommunikation till anställda och partners och till sist fullständig anpassninginom tidsramen. GDPR är en stor omställning och en omfattande lag men uppfattningen äratt i det långa loppet kommer den få en positiv påverkan på Sverige och speciellt föruppgiftslämnare. Det är tydligt att regeringen är redo och tar de steg som krävs för att, medkompletterande lagar, göra övergången. / Abstract The purpose of this paper was to find out how GDPR can affect Sweden and organizations that operate here. GDPR is the new major regulation that will come into force on 25th of May and all organizations are in the process of, or at the final stage of the adjustments. As there is no such research or essay on the subject before, this paper will focus on the challenges of implementation with GDPR and will try to answer how GDPR can affect Sweden. There were 16 government bills of legislative changes that all will affect private individuals and organizations located in Sweden. In order to make it possible to answer these questions, this essay will be partly done through an analysis of the legal texts and the government bills. The major part of this report is about the challenges and in order to get as wide a aspect as possible, four different companies from different parts of the business community have been interviewed. McDonalds, Halmstad University, Halmstad Student Union and DH Solutions have all contributed and form a major part of the result. In order to move on to the result and also to the conclusion, this paper has revealed that the effect GDPR will have on Sweden will initially not be so positive, there are many ambiguities and many challenges. The biggest challenges identified are inventory, communication to employees and partners and finally complete adjustment within the timeframe. GDPR is a major adaptation and extensive law but the perception is that in the long run it will have a positive impact on Sweden and especially for personal record providers. It is clear that the government is ready and takes the necessary steps required to, with complementary laws, make the transition as smooth as possible.

GDPR och dess intåg på den europeiska marknaden år 2018 var ett stort ämne för diskussion för företag som i någon mån hanterar personuppgifter. När privatpersoner nu har tillgång till mer makt i frågan så ställer det krav på företag att uppfylla dem. Ett tydligt exempel på detta är rätten att bli bortglömd. För att fullt ut möta detta krav så innebär det att företag fått ta ställning till vad man gör med sina säkerhetskopior. Dessa är utmanande eftersom syftet med dem är att vara intakta kopior av information, och inte avsedda för att redigeras. De tekniska metoder som finns föreslagna är oftast svåra att avgöra huruvida de tillåter full efterlevnad. I denna studie har fyra svenska företag intervjuats, där de fått berätta om hur de hanterat omställningen från Personuppgiftslagen till GDPR, hur deras rutiner ser ut och hur det i praktiken har fungerat att möta kraven i och med rätten att bli bortglömd när det kommer till deras säkerhetskopior. / GDPR and its entry to the European market in the year of 2018 was a major point of discussion for companies which to some extent handles personal data. Now that private persons have access to more power in the area, more demands are put on companies to comply. A clear example of this is the right to be forgotten. To fully comply with these demands, companies have had to consider what to do with their backups. These are challenging, as the purpose for them is to be intact copies of information, and not intended for editing. The technical measures that are proposed are most often difficult to determine whether they allow for full compliance. In this study, four Swedish companies are interviewed, where they have told about how they have handled the transition from Personuppgiftslagen to GDPR, what their routines look like, and how their compliance in practice has worked out with the right to be forgotten considering their backups.

Den ökande användningen av personuppgifter, bland annat för att ”profilera” de registreradeutan deras vetskap, kan innebära en kränkning av den personliga integriteten. De rådande reglerna räcker inte till för att garantera att de registrerade ger ett fritt, aktivt och informerat samtycke till varje tilltänkt behandling av personuppgifter. I detta hänseende förväntasdataskyddsförordningen förstärka skyddet för den registrerades personliga integritet, genom attställa högre krav för att samtycke till personuppgiftsbehandling ska vara giltigt.När det gäller tillämpningen av reglerna angående inhämtning av samtycke till användning avkakor, visar en empirisk studie av svenska och franska webbsidor att, förutom i undantagsfall,tillämpar varken företag eller myndigheter de nu gällande reglerna. Detta innebär dels en riskför kränkning av de registrerades personliga integritet, dels en risk för hårda sanktioner för de personuppgiftsansvariga när dataskyddsförordningen träder i kraft.De registrerade börjar uttrycka oro över den omfattande personuppgiftsbehandling som sker utan deras vetskap och, i brist på öppen och ärlig information från de personuppgiftsansvarigas sida, börjar använda sig av reklamblockerare. Steget är inte långt till att de också börjar användasig av andra verktyg som helt utesluter användning av kakor. En sådan användning fyller dockviktiga statistiska, ekonomiska och praktiska funktioner, både för den personuppgiftsansvarigeoch för den registrerade. Genom att nöja sig med att ge generell information såsom ”vi använderkakor för att ge dig en bättre användarupplevelse” utan att närmare förklara på vilket sätt eller under vilka villkor, förstärker de personuppgiftsansvariga den rådande misstron hos de registrerade. Enligt öppenhetsprincipen som fastställs i dataskyddsförordningen, bör de personuppgiftsansvariga istället tydligt informera de registrerade om vilkapersonuppgiftsbehandlingar som utförs och i vilket syfte. Annars är risken, dels att de personuppgiftsansvariga straffas hårt när dataskyddsförordningen träder i kraft, dels att de registrerade helt vägrar personuppgiftsbehandlingen. Företagen har förklarat att de inte följer reglerna på grund av bristande kunskap, vilket bekräftas av en undersökning som har beställts av DELL. För att förklara hur reglerna ska tillämpas gerdärför denna uppsats ett enkelt exempel som visar att det endast krävs några få ändringar för attreglerna ska följas. Det ligger i företagens intresse att tillämpa dessa regler innan dataskyddsförordningen träder i kraft och, med denna, mycket hårdare sanktioner som även gäller vid behandling av icke-känsliga personuppgifter i strid med bestämmelser om samtycke. Detsamma gäller i större utsträckning för myndigheter, som underkastas ännu hårdare krav på grund av den registrerades underlägsna ställning och brist på fritt val. Ett förslag på hur inhämtning av samtycke bör se ut för att respektera dataskyddsförordningens minimikrav ges under rubriken 7.3.2. DELL-exemplet. Viktigast är att den registrerade först får detaljerad information angående varje tilltänkt personuppgiftsbehandling och dess syfte, och sedan har möjlighet att enkelt ge, vägra eller ta tillbaka sitt samtycke till varje tilltänkt personuppgiftbehandling. Utöver dessa minimikrav föreslås i uppsatsen att de personuppgiftsansvariga som befarar att de registrerade vägrar ge sitt samtycke till personuppgiftsbehandling skapar incitament genom att tydligt visa på vilket sätt personuppgiftsbehandlingen innebär en konkret förbättring av de registrerades användarupplevelse. För att motivera de registrerade att ge sitt samtycke till användning av särskilt integritetskränkande kakor, såsom tredjepartskakor som används i reklamsyfte, kan det behövas starkare incitament i form av en ekonomisk kompensation.

<p>Title:Comparison of databases – Is the law an obstacle?</p><p>Authors:Alexander Ankarberg, Applied Information Science.</p><p>Tutors:Lars- Eric Ljung</p><p>Problem: Cross running databases is getting more and more significant during the development of the information flow. There are huge benefits if we start to use the technique that already exists. The law is today an obstacle, so what would happen if the law wasn’t so stern. My question is:” why don’t we cross run databases more efficient between parts of institutions”</p><p>Aim:The purpose of this essay is to evaluate why institutions does not cross run databases and start a discussion. There are possibilities that we today does not use. One aim is also to find solutions so that we can start to use the techniques. The essay will explain the fundamentals and discuss both the advantages and the disadvantages in depth.</p><p>Method:The author has approached the problem from two ways. From induction and deduction which combined is abduction. The author hopes that this results in as many points of angles as possible. And the answers will be as complete as possible. The essay also includes an inquiry which is based on interview with ordinary people.</p><p>Conclusions:The law is not up to date nor made for today’s technique. It is in some ways an obstacle for a more efficient system and it could save enormous amounts of money for both the government and common man. There is hope though, and small revolutions happen every day. There is also ways to go around the law and make things possible and make the system more efficient. That is with agreement from the person that the information is about. There is also one possibility with safety classes, to put a number on information.</p>

Vår studie granskar personuppgiftshanteringen i Uppsala kommun och undersöker hur internationella dataskyddsriktlinjer påverkar deras arbete. Vår forskningsmetod är fallstudie och som datainsamlingsmetod utförde vi semistrukturerade intervjuer med personuppgiftsombudet på Uppsala kommun. Vi har sedan analyserat och diskuterat resultaten kvalitativt. De internationella riktlinjer vi studerat mest ingående är EU:s dataskyddsdirektiv, EU:s kommande dataskyddsförordning, OECD:s ”Privacy Framework” och FN:s ”Guidelines Concerning Computerized Personal Data Files”. Vi har även undersökt vilka svenska lagar som påverkar kommunens arbete, främst Personuppgiftslagen. Resultatet av studien är att Uppsala kommuns arbete påverkas i hög grad av EU: direktivet, och i framtiden kommer de påverkas ännu mer av EU: förordningen. Det är dock inte på eget bevåg de valt att följa EU:s riktlinjer, utan det är på grund av att den svenska lagstiftningen är baserad på EU:s regleringar. Personuppgiftslagen är Sveriges tolkning av EU: direktivet. På grund av detta är Uppsala kommun tvungen att anpassa sig efter EU:s riktlinjer.

Orientador: Alexandre Augusto Zaia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T06:09:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_JoseFlavioAffonsode_D.pdf: 2803790 bytes, checksum: 523bf1872c348721161eafd32bb6f736 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar por técnica de imunohistoquímica linfócitos T4, linfócitos T8, linfócitos B, macrófagos e mastócitos em tecidos pulpares normais e inflamados de dentes humanos e correlacionar a presença dessas células com os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes e aspectos clínicos dos dentes. Após a determinação do diagnóstico clínico das condições pulpares, 24 polpas normais e 18 polpas inflamadas foram coletadas de dentes extraídos clivados ou por extirpação em dentes que foram submetidos à endodontia. As polpas foram processadas histologicamente, sendo que uma secção tecidual de cada amostra foi corada por hematoxilina e eosina e as demais foram utilizadas para a imunohistoquímica. As lâminas foram analisadas em microscopia de luz. Cinco campos com maior intensidade de marcação foram capturados, tiveram suas áreas mensuradas e o número de células contado. Em polpas normais, os linfócitos T8 apresentaram maior número de células marcadas, seguidos pelos linfócitos T4, macrófagos, linfócitos B e mastócitos. Diferenças significantes foram encontradas, com maior número de linfócitos T8 quando comparados aos linfócitos B e mastócitos (Kruskal-Wallis - p< 0,05). Em polpas inflamadas, os macrófagos apresentaram maior número de células positivas seguidos dos linfócitos T8, T4, B e mastócitos. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre as densidades das células estudadas em polpas inflamadas (Kruskal-Wallis - p> 0,05). Dessa forma, concluiu-se que os linfócitos T4, T8 e B, macrófagos e mastócitos podem ser identificados em diferentes proporções nos tecidos pulpares normais e inflamados. Entretanto, não houve correlação entre a sintomatologia apresentada pelos pacientes e o aumento do número dessas células em todos os tecidos pulpares classificados clinicamente como inflamados / Abstract:The aim of this study was to identify by immunohistochemical technique T4 lymphocytes, T8 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells in normal and inflamed human dental pulps and to correlate the presence of these cells to the signals and symptoms presented by the patients and the teeth clinical aspects. After the clinical diagnoses, 24 normal dental pulps and 18 inflamed dental pulps were collected from extracted teeth or by extirpation during endodontic procedures. After dental pulp histological procedures, one tissue section from each specimen was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the other sections were used to immunohistochemical analyses. The slides were analyzed by light microscopy. Five fields with more intensive immunostaining were captured, measured and the positive cells were counted. In normal pulps, T8 lymphocytes presented more positive cells followed by T4 lymphocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes and mast cells. Statistical significance was founded with more T8 lymphocytes than B lymphocytes and mast cells (Kruskal-Wallis ¿ p< 0.05). In inflamed dental pulps, macrophages presented more positive cells, followed by T8, T4, B lymphocytes and mast cells. These data were not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis ¿ p> 0.05). It was concluded that T4, T8 and B lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells could be identified with different rates in normal and inflamed dental pulps. However, no correlation was detected between the patient¿s symptomatology and these cells increase in all inflamed dental pulps / Doutorado / Endodontia / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mattietto_RafaelladeAndrade_D.pdf: 2687662 bytes, checksum: c6837d14fb3ace204f6377a3e8f9dccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Atualmente, observa-se uma nova tendência no consumo alimentar, com uma demanda cada vez maior por alimentos devido às suas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais. Os sucos de frutas são fontes importantes de vitaminas, sais minerais, ácidos orgânicos e fibras, cujo efeito na saúde é fundamental. Pelo crescente interesse em produtos saudáveis, houve uma grande expansão na agroindústria de frutas, principalmente aquelas com características sensoriais bastante exóticas, provenientes na sua grande maioria da região Norte e Nordeste do país. Mesmo com todo esse crescente interesse, inúmeras espécies frutíferas de excelentes propriedades nutricionais e sensoriais, com grande potencial de industrialização, continuam sem um destaque maior. Entre elas, pode-se citar o umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Câmara) e o cajá (Spondias lutea L.), ambas espécies pertencentes à família Anacardiaceae. Apesar de terem sido alvo de algumas recentes pesquisas quanto à sua composição e aproveitamento tecnológico, estes frutos ainda apresentam uma grande escassez de dados científicos. Considerados como de alta perecibilidade, o estudo sobre o seu aproveitamento torna-se ainda mais importante, pois assim um grande desperdício pode ser evitado. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver um néctar misto, à base dos frutos de umbu e cajá, que atendesse não só ao requerimento nutricional, como também ao sensorial. A pesquisa também se propôs a verificar como os processos tecnológicos envolvidos afetaram as características de ambos os frutos. O umbu e o cajá foram escolhidos para este projeto de pesquisa não somente devido ao seu apelo exótico e pela necessidade de um melhor aproveitamento tecnológico dessas matérias-primas, mas também por suas propriedades funcionais. Estes frutos são ricos em taninos e, além disso, o cajá apresenta teores elevados de carotenóides. Estes compostos vêm sendo estudados pelas suas atividades antioxidantes, o que faz do néctar proposto um produto com características funcionais, além das suas propriedades nutricionais / Abstract: Currently a new tendency in food consumption can be observed, with an increasing demand for foods based on the nutritional and functional properties. Fruit juices are important sources of vitamins, minerals, organic acids and fibres, with fundamental effects on health. Due to this increasing interest in health foods there has been considerable expansion in the fruit agro-industry, mainly with respect to those fruits with highly exotic sensory characteristics, coming mostly from the Northern and North eastern regions of the country. Despite this increasing interest, numerous fruit species with excellent nutritional and sensory properties and considerable potential for industrialisation continue little known. These include umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Câmara) and cajá (Spondias lutea L.), both members of the Anacardiaceae family. Although these fruits have been targets of recent research, scientific data about them is scarce. Studies on their industrialisation are highly important to avoid losses, due to their high perishability. Thus the main objective of this study was to develop a mixed nectar based on umbu and caja, satisfying both nutritional and sensory requirements. The effect of the technological processes involved on the initial characteristics of both fruits was also studied. Umbu and caja were not chosen merely for their exotic appeal and to improve the technological exploitation of these raw materials, but also for their functional properties. Both are rich in tannins and caja also shows high carotenoid contents. These compounds are under study for anti-oxidant activity, making the proposed nectar a product with functional characteristics in addition to its nutritional ones / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:18:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AlessandraSantos_D.pdf: 3488044 bytes, checksum: f87fb3e276cf6bc8933b4387bcc1c4bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) é um fruto nativo das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, e muito pouco investigado cientificamente. Graças às suas qualidades vitamínicas e sensoriais, a pitanga foi o principal objeto de estudo deste trabalho de tese. A acerola, excelente fonte de vitamina C, também foi abordada neste trabalho. O estudo da acerola consistiu basicamente na avaliação da polpa como matéria-prima para a indústria de néctares mistos, objetivando o enriquecimento em vitamina C do néctar de pitanga. Em relação aos processos tecnológicos aplicados às polpas e néctares, foram estudados os processos de extração de polpa e os métodos de conservação tradicionais: congelamento e pasteurização térmica. Como conseqüência lógica, também foi avaliada a estabilidade dos produtos processados com o intuito de determinar a ocorrência de alterações físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais. O estudo do processo de extração de polpa (Capítulo 2) foi realizado em dois diferentes tipos de despolpadores: despolpador de escovas inclinado e despolpador de pás horizontal. Para os frutos de pitanga, os equipamentos de escovas e pás apresentaram rendimentos de polpa de 58,47±3,92% e 46,61±1,80%, respectivamente. A polpa obtida no despolpador de pás apresentou uma diferença total de cor (.E*) em relação aos parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* dos frutos in natura, significativamente superior (p¡Ü0,05) a polpa processada no despolpador de escovas. Por isso, o despolpador de escovas se mostrou mais eficiente que o despolpador de pás para obtenção de polpa de pitanga, devido ao maior rendimento e menor .E*. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de pitanga preservada por congelamento (Capítulo 3) durante 90 dias, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a reação cinética da degradação dos parâmetros de cor a* e diferença total de cor (.E*) se ajustaram aos modelos cinéticos de 1a ordem e zero ordem, respectivamente. Ao mesmo tempo, houve uma forte queda na aceitabilidade sensorial e na atitude positiva de compra do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga armazenada por 90 dias a ¿18oC, devido às significativas mudanças na qualidade física do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga congelada. No estudo de pasteurização térmica da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 4) foi empregado um planejamento composto central (22), onde as variáveis independentes foram os parâmetros tempo e temperatura de processamento, e as variáveis dependentes foram cor instrumental (a*, b* e .E*) e atividade enzimática. O binômio tempo-temperatura de pasteurização térmica mais adequado para a conservação da polpa de pitanga foi de 59 a 68s a 90oC, considerando as mínimas alterações de cor instrumental e a inativação das enzimas presentes. O estudo do comportamento reológico da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 5) na faixa de temperatura de pasteurização de 83 a 97oC determinou que a polpa de pitanga apresentou comportamento pseudoplástico e o modelo de Herschel-Bulkley foi considerado o mais adequado. Os índices de comportamento de fluido (n), variaram na faixa de 0,448 a 0,627. O efeito da temperatura sobre a viscosidade aparente pôde ser descrito pela equação análoga à de Arrenhius, observando-se a diminuição da viscosidade aparente com o aumento da temperatura. A energia de ativação do escoamento viscoso da polpa de pitanga, para a taxa de deformação de 100s-1, foi de 2,947 Kcal.gmol-1. No estudo de avaliação dos processos de despolpamento e estabilidade da polpa de acerola (Capítulo 6) preservada por congelamento durante 180 dias, foi determinado que o despolpador mais adequado para a extração da polpa de acerola foi o extrator de escovas, pois apresentou um maior rendimento (62,83%) e menor alteração da cor instrumental. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de acerola, obtida no extrator de escovas, foi verificado que a mesma apresentou ótima estabilidade física, físico-química e sensorial até o final do experimento, exceto para o parâmetro de cor instrumental .E* (diferença total de cor), que variou significativamente (p¡Ü0,05) durante o período de estocagem da polpa de acerola. Paralelamente, foi observado um decréscimo significativo estatisticamente (p¡Ü0,05) no teor de antocianinas totais (16,23%). De acordo com a análise sensorial do atributo cor, a variação no teor de antocianinas totais não comprometeu significativamente (p>0,05) a aceitabilidade da polpa de acerola estocada por 180 dias a ¿18oC. No estudo de formulação e pasteurização térmica de néctar misto através da metodologia de superfície de resposta (Capítulo 7), foi verificada a maior aceitabilidade das formulações com maiores proporções de polpa de pitanga (26,4% a 32,9%). Na etapa de pasteurização do néctar misto foi determinada que na faixa de tempo entre 39s a 60s em temperaturas que variam de 83oC a 85oC, os néctares mistos pasteurizados de acerola e pitanga apresentaram as menores alterações sensoriais, e conseqüentemente maior a aceitabilidade / Abstract: Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a native fruit of the southern and south-eastern regions of Brazil, little studied scientifically. Pitanga was the main objective of this thesis due to its vitamin content and sensory qualities. West Indian cherry, an excellent vitamin C source, was also included in the study. The research on West Indian cherry was basically the evaluation of its pulp as a raw material for the mixed nectar industry, aiming to enrich the pitanga nectar with respect to vitamin C. The technological processes applied to the pulps were the extraction processes and the traditional methods of preservation: freezing and heat pasteurisation. As a logical sequence, the stability of the processed pulps was also evaluated, checking for physical, physicochemical and sensory alterations. The extraction process (Chapter 2) was carried out with two types of pulper: an inclined brush pulper and a horizontal blade pulper. For pitanga, the brush and blade pulpers gave pulp yields of 58.47±3.92% and 46.61±1.80% respectively and the pulp obtained using the blade pulper presented a significantly greater (p¡Ü0.05) total difference in colour (.E*) with respect to the colour parameters L*, a* and b* as compared to the in nature fruits, than that obtained using the brush pulper. Thus the brush pulper was shown to be more efficient due to a greater yield and smaller .E*. The study of pitanga pulp stability during 90 days of frozen storage (Chapter 3) showed that the degradation kinetics of the parameters a* and .E* fitted the 1st and zero order kinetic models respectively. At the same time there was a distinct loss in sensory acceptance and in the positive attitude to buying the nectar formulated with the pitanga pulp stored for 90 days at ¿18ºC, due to significant changes in the nectar formulated with this pulp. A 2² central composite experimental design was used in the study of the heat pasteurisation of pitanga pulp (Chapter 4), the independent variables being the process parameters of time and temperature and the dependent variables, the instrumental colour (a*, b* and .E*) and enzyme activity. The most adequate time-temperature binomial for the preservation of pitanga pulp by heat pasteurisation was from 59 to 68s at 90ºC, when considering minimal alterations in instrumental colour and inactivation of the enzymes. A study of the rheological behaviour of the pitanga pulp (Chapter 5) in the pasteurisation temperature range (83 to 97ºC) showed that it presented pseudoplastic behaviour, adjusting best to the Herschel-Bulkley model. The fluid behaviour index (ç) varied from 0.448 to 0.627. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity could be described by the Arrenhius analogical equation, the apparent viscosity decreasing with increase in temperature. The activation energy for viscous flow of the pitanga pulp was 1.947 Kcal.gmol-1 for a deformation rate of 100s-1. In the study on extraction procedures and stability of West Indian cherry pulp (Chapter 6) stored frozen for 180 days, the brush pulper was shown to be more adequate, giving a higher yield (62.83%) and lower alteration in instrumental colour. The West Indian cherry pulp extracted with the brush pulper showed excellent physical, physicochemical and sensory stability up to the end of the experiment, with the exception of the parameter .E*, which varied significantly during frozen storage. In parallel, a statistically significant (p¡Ü0.05) decrease in total anthocyanins was observed. According to the sensory analysis of the attribute colour, the variation in anthocyanin content did not significantly compromise the acceptability of the West Indian cherry pulp after 180 days of storage at ¿18ºC. In the study on the formulation and heat pasteurisation of the mixed nectar using response surface methodology (Chapter 7), a greater acceptance of the formulations containing higher proportions of pitanga pulp (26.4% and 32.9%) was observed. With respect to heat pasteurisation, temperatures between 83 and 85ºC for 39 to 60s presented the smallest sensory alterations and consequently the greatest acceptability of the mixed pitanga and West Indian cherry nectars / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos