Fastighetsmarknaden har visat på ett växande behov av ett hjälpmedel för fastighetsvärderare som underlättar implementeringen av byggnaders gröna egenskaper i värderingsprocessen, samt för att investerare ska kunna se specifika gröna egenskapers effekt på fastighetsvärdet. Användningen av ett flertal olika miljöklassningssystem på marknaden skapar svårigheter vid jämförelse. RICS har tagit fram ett utkast på en hållbarhetschecklista för att komplettera värderingsutlåtandet med en utökad beskrivning av fastigheterna med en systematisk redovisning av egenskaper relevanta ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Dess syfte är att tydliggöra skillnader och öka utbudet av tillgänglig transaktionsdata med en påföljande ökad transparens på fastighetsmarknaden. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en hållbarhetschecklista kan tas fram, se ut och fungera, samt om den kan implementeras i ett projekt för en samhällsfastighet. Genom att använda mig av utkastet från RICS och intervjua aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden har en lista tagits fram som jämförts med miljöklassningssystemen och implementerats på ett specifikt projekt. Utfallet har sedan analyserats och legat till grund för de slutsatser som dragits. Resultatet av studien visar att den lista som utgår från RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” med relevanta hållbarhetsaspekter kan implementeras även på samhällsfastigheter då dessa innehar liknande egenskaper som de kommersiella fastigheterna, med vissa skillnader, som övergripande beror av: budgetrestriktioner, lokala förhållanden samt regleringar från kommunen och övriga parter. Även val av miljöklassningssystem har en viss påverkan på utfallet i fallstudien, då ett nära samband finns mellan parametrarna i hållbarhetschecklistan och miljöcertifieringssystemen, och där de kommersiella fastighetsutvecklarna i högre grad har valt att certifiera sina byggnader med de internationella systemen som är mer komplexa och innehar ett högre antal parametrar. Emellertid bygger en framgångsrik implementering av listan på att värderarens roll ändras till mer informerande, vilket också ställer krav på kunskapsnivå och utbudet av utbildning och vägledning för professionella värderare, en uppgift som ska upptas av professionella värderingsorgan. Slutligen fastställs att listan bör bearbetas ytterligare, med utveckling och förtydligande av vissa aspekter för att underlätta insamling av information samt underlätta för värderare att i praktiken kunna använda den som ett komplement i värderingsarbetet. / The real estate market has shown an increased demand among real estate appraisers for a tool to facilitate the implementation of green building features into the valuation process, and for investors to discern a specific green feature’s impact upon value. The wide range of green building rating systems used on the real estate market today causes difficulties in comparison. To supplement the valuation report with an extended description of the properties including a systematic presentation of relevant features from a sustainability perspective, RICS (2012) has formed a draft of a ”sustainability checklist”, which purpose is to highlight differences, increase the supply of information and enhance transparency in the property market. The study aims to investigate the development, design and function of a sustainability checklist, and whether it can be implemented on public properties. A list was created based on the draft from RICS ”Sustainability Checklist”, and interviewed players in the real estate market, which were implemented on a specific project consisting of a public building. The result of the study was analysed and has formed the basis of the conclusions drawn. The result of the study conducted within this thesis shows that the list based on RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” with sustainability aspects included can be implemented also on public buildings, as these buildings possess similar features as the commercial buildings. Some main differences can be seen, overall resulting from: budget constraints, local conditions and regulations from the municipality and other parties. Also, the choice of a certain green building rating system influence the effect on the outcome, whereas a close relationship can be find between certain aspects within the sustainability checklist and green building rating systems, and the commercial real estate developers increasingly chose to certify their buildings with the international systems, which are more complex and contain a higher number of aspects. However, in order to achieve a successful implementation of the list among appraisers within the real estate market, the role of the valuer must change to more informative, which also make demands on the level of knowledge and the provision of training and guidance for professional appraisers, a task to be undertaken by professional valuators. Furthermore, it is also established within this study that the list should be further processed and modified in order to facilitate the gathering of information and to simplify for the appraiser to use it as a supplement within the valuation process.

För byggnader har drift- och underhållskostnader ofta större ekonomiska konsekvenser än den initiala investeringen och livscykelkostnader (LCC) har i upphandlingslagstiftningen lyfts fram som ett sätt att verka för hållbar upphandling. Med tanke på dessa omständigheter bör det vara intressant för offentliga fastighetsägare att tillämpa arbetssätt där de tidigt i projekten kan överskåda de långsiktiga ekonomiska konsekvenserna av deras val genom att analyser LCC. Genom att analysera textinnehållet i upphandlingsdokument har målet med det här examensarbetet varit att söka svar på frågan om hur offentliga fastighetsägare formulerar sina krav, jämförelse mellan anbud respektive uppdragsbeskrivning vad gäller LCC när de upphandlar projekterande konsulter. Undersökningen visade att det fanns ett antal upphandlingar där LCC-relaterade formuleringar fanns men omfattningen är begränsad och detaljerna kring varför och hur LCC-analyserna skulle göras är få. Det var också ett fåtal av de undersökta organisationerna som hade sådana formuleringar. Vidare visade undersökningen att krav på kompetens och arbetssätt kopplat till LCC helt saknades och att jämförelse mellan anbud endast i ett fall vägde in livscykelaspekter. Detta får till följd att anbudsgivarna saknar incitament att utveckla sina tjänster vad gäller LCC eftersom att det inte skulle ge dem några konkurrensfördelar när offentliga fastighetsägare genomför upphandlingar. Undersökningen visar dock på att en ambition fanns om att uppdragen skulle resultera i kostnadseffektiva och hållbara byggnader men det fanns i många fall ingen beskrivning om hur detta skulle uppnås. Slutsatsen som drogs av undersökningen är att den ekonomiska hållbarheten och den långsiktiga ekonomiska förutsägbarheten inte prioriterades högt men att det finns flera sätt som detta kan utvecklas på. Detta antingen genom att de offentliga fastighetsägarna bestämmer sig för när, varför och hur LCC-analyser ska genomföras under fastighetsprojektens tidiga skeden så att projekteringen kan styras av dessa analyser. Alternativt kan de implementera arbetssätt där de upphandlar fastighetsprojekt i ett tidigare skede och utvärdera vilket anbud som är de mest fördelaktiga genom att jämföra de olika förslagens LCC. Båda dessa förändringar skulle bidra till mer hållbara upphandlingar. / The running and maintenance costs of buildings often have a larger economic impact than the initial investment and Life-cycle costs (LCC) has been highlighted as a means of achieving sustainable procurement. Because of these circumstances it should be of interest to public property owners to adopt procedures where they can foresee the long-term economic impact of choices in the early stages of their projects by analyzing LCC. By analyzing the textual content of procurement documents, this degree project tried answering the question of how public property owners phrased their requirements, comparison between tenders and assignment conditions with regards to LCC when procuring design consultants. The survey showed that a number of the procurements had LCC related texts in the procurement documents but the extent of this was limited and the details about why and how the LCC analysis are supposed to be conducted were scarce. The number of organizations which had these texts where few. The survey also showed that there were no requirements regarding competence and procedures relating to LCC and that a comparison of tenders relating to life-cycle aspects only was applied in one procurement procedure. This leads to a lack of incentive for the tendering consultants to develop their services in regards to LCC because that would not give them any advantage in the competition for public property owner contracts. In contrast, there was an apparent ambition of designing cost effective and sustainable buildings in these contracts but there were in many of the cases no description of how this was to be achieved. The conclusion that was drawn from the survey was that the economic sustainability and the long-term economic predictability was not highly prioritized but there are a number of ways in which this can be developed. This can be achieved by the public property owners either by deciding when, why and how LCC analysis are to be conducted in the early stages of property projects so that the design is guided by these analysis. Another option is to implement early stage project procurement where the most advantageous tender is decided by comparing LCC. Both of these changes would contribute to more sustainable procurements.

Souvent présentée non seulement comme une notion fondamentale du droit, mais encore comme une notion fondatrice du droit public moderne, la personnalité morale est une oeuvre collective des juristes. Ce sont eux qui l’ont créée et qui continuent de la façonner. Elle s’impose aussi à eux en les orientant, en leur fournissant une palette de ressources dans lesquelles ils peuvent puiser. Le recours à cette technique d’individualisation d’un collectif est ainsi susceptible d’affecter la structure du droit public. Au travers d’une étude sémantique de la notion de personnalité morale, l’analyse des discours juridiques aura permis de montrer dans quelle mesure la signification retenue par les acteurs juridiques a pu être à l’origine tant de son développement que de sa stérilisation. En effet, plus la doctrine s’efforcera d’établir le sens proprement juridique de la personnalité morale, plus elle la réduira à rien ou presque. En tant que concept, elle est un point d’imputation qui ne fournit aucune indication sur les prérogatives juridiques des collectifs qui bénéficient de cette qualification. Quant à leurs différences de régime juridique, elles sont rattachées à la notion d’organisation. En revanche, en tant que procédé rhétorique, elle vise à assurer le succès d’une argumentation qu’elle contribue à mettre en forme. Cette métaphore assumerait ainsi une fonction heuristique dans la construction d’un droit des collectifs ou encore une fonction herméneutique dans la définition de leurs prérogatives. En définitive, la personnalité morale est une figure du discours juridique qui contribue à inscrire dans un même dispositif de rationalité les différents phénomènes qu’elle recouvre. / Often presented not only as a fundamental legal concept, but also as a founding notion of modern public law, corporate personality is the result of the collective work of jurists. They are the ones who created it and continue to shape it. While being bound by it, corporate personality also constitutes a tool which provides them with a range of resources from which they can draw. Defined more precisely as a form of individualization of a group, resort to this technique is likely to affect the structure of public law. Through a semantic study of the notion of corporate personality, an analysis of legal discourse contributes to showing how the meaning determined by legal actors is at the origin of both its development and its sterilization. Indeed, the more legal doctrine endeavors to establish its strictly legal sense, the more it will be reduced to nothing or almost nothing. As a concept, it is a point of imputation which does not provide any indication on the legal prerogatives attached to corporate bodies that benefit from this qualification. As for the differences in their legal status, they are attached to the notion of organization. As a rhetorical device however, corporate personality aims at ensuring the success of an argument which it contributed to shaping. This metaphor would thus assume a heuristic function in the construction of corporation law as well as a hermeneutical function in the definition of their prerogatives. Ultimately, corporate personality is a device of legal discourse that contributes to the inclusion within a single rationality system of the different phenomena which it covers.

Comme la propriété privée, la propriété publique a été confondue avec les biens qui n’en sont que les objets. En droit privé, comme en droit public, il est possible, pourtant, de considérer que la propriété n’est pas un bien. Droit subjectif, la propriété est la puissance que le sujet exerce sur les biens. Formellement, elle est le droit de jouir et de disposer des choses conformément au droit objectif. Matériellement, elle variera en fonction du statut de droit objectif qui habilite le sujet de la propriété, le propriétaire. Les personnes publiques, sujets de l’action publique, sont propriétaires sur le fondement d’une compétence que leur assigne immédiatement l’obligation d’agir dans l’intérêt public. La compétence attribue aux personnes publiques un droit de propriété public, affecté au service du seul intérêt public. Envisager les personnes publiques propriétaires au lieu de la propriété des personnes publiques, aura permis de contribuer à la théorie des ordres juridiques partiels comme représentation de la distinction du droit public et du droit privé. Cela conduit à proposer une définition juridique de l’action publique : l’ensemble d’activités mises en œuvre à partir de l’exercice, par les personnes publiques, de leurs droits subjectifs publics, de puissance et de propriété. / As it is the case for private property, the public property was long time confused with the goods that are its objects. However, in public law as in private law, we should consider that property right is not a good. Being an individual right, the property stands for the power exerted by a subject over goods. Formally, it is the right to enjoy and dispose of goods according to law. Materially, it will vary depending on the applicable law which empowers the owner, subject of the property. Public entities, subjects of public action, are owners based on a competency immediately assigned to them by their duty to act in the public interest. This competency grants to public entities a right to public property only affected to the public interest. Focusing on the public persons as owners instead of considering only their property helps contributing to the theory of partial legal orders (“théorie des ordres juridiques partiels”) as a representation of the distinction between public and private law. This finally leads to suggest a legal definition of the public action as a set of activities implemented by the public persons in the exercise of their subjective rights of property.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PABLO DIEGO E SOUZA DOS REIS COSTA.pdf: 14105972 bytes, checksum: 59b55ac1ef184a611b800e4928a4c633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / The rail spaces Campinas have complex relations to the city, putting the issue on a priority when discussing the urban planning. If at first moment the railroad brought progress, the rail beds and their spaces have become misunderstood in society after the abandonment and decay of the system, allowing agents to undertake its linearity and its cohesion as well as compromising the success of government's proposals for future urban renewal. This research aims to present the problems and possibilities of residual and waste by rail within the contemporary city. / Os espa?os ferrovi?rios de Campinas possuem rela??es complexas com a cidade, colocando o assunto em prioridade ao se discutir o planejamento urbano. Se em um primeiro momento a ferrovia trouxe o progresso, os leitos e estruturas ferrovi?rias se tornaram espa?os incompreendidos dentro da sociedade ap?s o abandono e a decad?ncia do sistema, permitindo a??es de agentes que comprometem sua linearidade e sua coes?o, assim como comprometendo o sucesso das propostas do poder p?blico para uma futura requalifica??o urbana. Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de apresentar os problemas e as possibilidades desses remanescentes e res?duos ferrovi?rios dentro da cidade contempor?nea.

In this thesis, the loss of land totality and loss of sight of establishment purposes of a unique application AO&Ccedil / which is a very vital open green area for Ankara is discussed since it was established. The importance of AO&Ccedil / for the city of Ankara, loosing its land totality and diverging from its establishment purposes was of interest to public opinion for long years. This study aims to analyze the location of AO&Ccedil / in the city, the role of AO&Ccedil / within Ankara Metropolitan area, its qualities and the future objectives of the State Farm which were deviated from its establishment purposes by means of inefficient planning regulations. It is obvious that as a public property, the establishment purposes and the ideology behind AO&Ccedil / must be reevaluated considering the opportunities of the State Farm as a huge open green area for the city. Moreover, some future principles for the fragmented farmlands must be determined according to the development area of the city. v With this aim, the location of AO&Ccedil / in the city and the roles given to AO&Ccedil / by the Ankara city plans is analyzed since its establishment and the reevaluation of establishment purposes and the basic objectives necessary for the future development of AO&Ccedil / and design principles necessary to preserve the totality of AO&Ccedil / and open farmlands back to public use is argued in this thesis.

Le pouvoir de gestion du domaine public est un objet juridique atypique. Au cœur de la dialectique opposant puissance publique et propriété, et confronté aux nouveaux enjeux, patrimoniaux, économiques et concurrentiels, qui traversent la domanialité publique, ses contours et son fondement doivent être redéfinis, sur le socle de sa généalogie. Pouvoir sur une chose, la puissance publique gestionnaire doit aussi être définie dans le cadre des ses interactions avec les administrés, dans une perspective subjectiviste. Le pouvoir de gestion est une puissance publique propriétaire en interaction avec les droits des usagers. / The power to manage state administered property is an atypical legal object. At the core of the dialectic between public authority and property, and facing new property, economic and competitive issues related to state owned public domains, its outline and its foundation must be redefined based on its genealogy. A power upon a thing, the managing public authority must also be defined from a subjectivist approach, within the framework of its interactions with citizens. Management power is a public owner power interacting with the users’ rights.

In this article, the author analyzes the property legal system has to achieve efficient and useful results. In addition, he points out the reasons for the existence of private property and public property, then he explains the costs and benefits of private property, and he states the difference between real and personal property is the registry system. He concludes by stating the courts believe that a property agreement is obligatory if it is economically efficient. / En este artículo, el autor analiza que el sistema de reglas de la propiedad tiene que lograr resultados eficientes y útiles. También, señala las razones de la existencia de la propiedad privada y propiedad pública, luego, explica los costos y beneficios de la propiedad privada, y establece que la diferencia entre la propiedad inmueble y mueble es el sistema de registros. Concluye, afirmando que las cortes creen que un pacto de propiedad es vinculante si es económicamente eficiente.

L’entrée en vigueur du code général de la propriété des personnes publiques le 26 avril 2006 a profondément modifié la perception du patrimoine des collectivités territoriales. Le code permet, d’une part, de consacrer le statut de propriétaire de l’ensemble des collectivités territoriales et, d’autre part, de resserrer le périmètre de leur patrimoine relevant du régime de la domanialité publique. Les critères d’identification du domaine public immobilier tendent à limiter les possibilités d’extension de son champ d’application tandis que la création d’une nouvelle définition du domaine public mobilier vise à restreindre l’application des règles de la domanialité publique aux seuls biens présentant un intérêt public culturel. L’identification du patrimoine local souffre cependant toujours d’imperfections. En raison de la technique de codification à droit non constant, les modifications apportées par le code doivent désormais s’analyser à travers une jurisprudence souvent hésitante dans son application des nouveaux critères. Les règles relatives à l’application temporelle du code reportent pour l’instant sa mise en œuvre et le juge tente parfois maladroitement de combler le vide. Et si la codification a réussi à consacrer le statut de propriétaire des collectivités territoriales, la maîtrise in fine de leur patrimoine relève toujours de l’Etat, propriétaire éminent. / The perception of local authorities assets has been significantly changed by the entry into force of the general Code on public property on 26 April 2006. The code sanctions the local ownership status and tighten the criteria of the public domain. The possibilities of extending the scope of the public domain tend to be tighten by those criteria, while a new definition of movable property limits the application of public domain's law to cultural interest goods. However, the identification of local heritage continues suffering from several defects. The specificities of this “non-constant” codification means that all the code's innovations have to be analysed through the jurispridence which is still hesitant with the new criteria. The rules relating to the temporary application of the code postpone his setting-up.and the judge often makes incovenient decisions. Lastly, even if the codification succed in sanctioning the ownership status of local authorities, the general control of territorial authorities ownership is still coming within the competency of the State.

Orientador: Silvana Barbosa Rubino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zambello_MarcoHenrique_D.pdf: 4127486 bytes, checksum: ce33dd23d7e745aba23ab1f9a661a411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A pesquisa estudou o declínio ferroviário paulista, cujo progresso se baseou na relação econômica da monocultura cafeeira. As ferrovias paulistas do interior dependeram da ferrovia inglesa SPR, que se desenvolveu tecnologicamente pela pressão dos cafeicultores paulistas. Estes, por sua vez, visavam o escoamento do café. A partir da década de 1950, houve o favorecimento ao transporte rodoviário, quando trilhos foram substituídos por asfaltos. As imagens produzidas no passado serviam para apresentar os investimentos aos acionistas das ferrovias, cuja natureza é seu desgaste progressivo. Porém, pelo seu caráter efêmero, as estradas de ferro logo foram classificadas como elemento de memória, mas pouco esforço voltou-se para a preservação do passado ferroviário. As obras do passado declinam simbolicamente, pois a memória não encontra resposta social, tendo em vista a característica naturalizada da ferrovia como um transporte do passado. Hoje, o abandono domina os cenários ferroviários das cidades do interior, que não recebeu os mesmos investimentos que as ferrovias concentradas na capital. O abandono resulta de um planejamento racional, de grupos que percebem o lucro na apropriação dos terrenos das antigas estradas de ferro. Como estratégia, a ferrovia sai da condição de transporte útil e necessário e passa a ser visto pela opinião pública (imprensa e governantes), como violento e que precisa ser removido das cidades. Os projetos voltados à memória ferroviária, raramente consideram o valor do trabalho presente nas obras, que resultaram da atividade caracterizada pelo amor do ferroviário em relação ao seu trabalho e à "família ferroviária". Esta dimensão aparece em alguns projetos de preservação na Itália, cujo principal investidor é a lucrativa ferrovia estatal / Abstract: The research studied the railroad downfall in São Paulo State, which progress was based on the economic relation with the coffee plantation. The São Paulo State country railroads depended on the British railroad SPR that was technically developed under the coffee farmers¿ pressure. Those farmers aimed the coffee flow. Since 1950s, the road transport has been favored and the rails were substituted by paved highways. Images produced in the past where used to present investments to the railroad shareholders, whose nature is its progressive wastage. However, due to its ephemeral character, the railroad were soon classified as memorial element, and little effort was directed towards the railroad past preservation. The past works decline symbolically, as the memories do not find social responses, considering the neutralized characterization of the railroad as transport of the past. Nowadays, abandonment dominates the railroad scape in the country cities, which have not received the same investments as the railroads located on the capital of the state. This abandonment results from a rational planning of groups that realized the large profit in the appropriation of old railroad lots. As a strategy, the railway leaves the condition of utile and necessary transport and starts to be seen by the public opinion (media and government) as something violent that needs to be removed from the cities. The projects that look in to the railroad memory rarely consider the value of the work within the structures that resulted from an activity characterized by the love of the railroad worker towards its work and the "railroad family". This dimension appears in some preservation projects in Italy, where the main investor is the profitable state railroad / Doutorado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Doutor em História