The new Welfare Reform in Norway consists of the establishment of a new welfare office; NAV office. The NAV office will open in all municipalities within 2010 as local partnerships between the state and the municipals as equal partners. The central government will keep responsibility for the national services and the local governments will keep responsibility for the locally provided welfare services. As such the NAV office will consist of two separate public servcelines, with the accountabilities for their individual services intact. The Government wished to keep the separation between the national and local governmental services but needed to ensure the provision of a more holistic, integrated and effective service delivery, more in tune with the public need. The aim was to provide a more joined-up welfare service and to put more effect behind the efforts to achieve the reform goals: increased work participation, more user-friendly services and more effective public administration. The NAV office as such becomes a local one-stop-shop. The challenge of this partnership is that two separate, traditionally hierarchic public structures embark on a partnership venture where the more relational and both vertical and horizontal communicational skills are required, true to the spirit of the joined-up government model. Our aim with this study was to investigate how a few early onset NAV offices cope with this partnership stunt. We particularly wished to examine how the partners establish and use the important vertical and horizontal dimensions, and how the partnership manager operate to facilitate the partnership activities. We mean that the focus of 4 partnership actors rather than two governmental partners is more correct with respect to depicting the situation in the local NAV partnerships and how the central partnership managerial duties are shared. We have developed a new model of how they divide the partnership responsibilities between them and the operations of an emergent essential partnership driving force. We have also due to the nature of the NAV partnership actors and the way they operate in the partnership, developed a new partnership model. This dialogue model is a more accurate picture of the NAV partnership than the original partnership model. The early attempts to provide integrated services has not reached the potential we have hoped for, partially due to the allowance of the two partners to continue service production in the old way while the reform structure and following administrative challenges are ironed out. We believe that an understanding of the particularities of partnership management and the adherence of the relational qualities to the partnership structure is a prerequisite in successfully managing the NAV partnership and thus the reform goals. This needs to be the imminent focus of the reform participants.

Den här uppsatsen har syftat till att redogöra vilka teorier som presenteras i studielitteraturen för direkt ledarskap i Försvarsmakten och U.S. Army. Uppsatsen har vidare syftat till att redogöra för skillnader och likheter i hur dessa teorier presenteras. Slutligen har syftet varit att visa hur detta påverkar ledare och soldater i praktiken. För att genomföra arbetet har litteraturstudier med kvalitativ metod använts. För att visa på ovan nämnda likheter och skillnader har komparation använts. Först har fem mätpunkter ställts upp och redogjorts för. Därefter har dessa jämförts och ett resultat har påvisats. Resultatet som påvisats är att den jämförda litteraturen har samma ambition med vilken ledarstil som förespråkas samt hur denna beskrivs. Emellertid skiljer sig böckerna åt på ett flertal punkter såsom språkbruk, pedagogisk utformning, vetenskaplighet och användarvänlighet. Vidare har konstaterats att ovanstående skillnader troligen påverkar hur ledaren tänker och agerar kring sitt ledarskap vilket förmodligen också påverkar underställda. / The purpose of this study is firstly, to describe the differences and similarities between theories presented in literature on leadership used by the Swedish Armed Forces and the U.S. Army. Secondly, to describe differences and similarities regarding how those theories have been presented in the literature. The final purpose is to find out how this can affect leaders and soldiers in real life. To achieve the purposes described above, both a Swedish and an American book have been studied and then compared. The comparison is based on five criteria which have been described and then compared and then conclusions have been drawn. The result of this study shows that both the Swedish and the American literature focus on Transformational Leadership Style. This style is described in the same way in both books. However differences have been found between the books, which are the use of language, a pedagogical design, a scientific starting point and a user friendliness. Finally, the result of the study indicates that the differences mentioned above affect the way a leader acts and looks upon his/her leadership (style) which in its turn influences the relationship between a leader and his/her subordinates.

The growth of private motor vehicle grows rapidly each year have negative impact not only forthe extra contribution of air pollution but also to time wasting. That impact can lead todecreasing of people quality life. Public transportation is one of the solutions for the problem.Therefore, the shift from private motor vehicle user to public transportation, in other wordincreasing market share of public transportation, is necessary. One of the public transportationthat can attract more market share is railways. It has large capacity, high safety level, and freefrom traffic jam. Those characteristic makes railway as primary public transportation.Indonesian railways nowadays have lot of problems and receive many complaints from thepassenger. Train travel is still colored with the delay, limited well-condition vehicle, and uncleartrain travel information that often disadvantage passengers, and many of services offered werefailed to attract passengers. These conditions result in decreasing quality of services andinsufficient railways operation. This will be a barrier to Indonesian railways accomplishment inmaking it to be a reliable and sustainable transport mode. Therefore, to improve market shareand to improve the railway condition, it necessary to have contractual governance withstandard that can lead to costumer satisfaction and making the process improve therelationship between the stakeholders. This lead to the problem of what is the customersatisfaction factors in using railway as their transport, what service quality item that satisfiedthe passenger, and how contract can maintain the relationship between the stakeholders.Finding in this thesis consist of several point. First, from the customer satisfaction index, thecustomers of Jabodetabek commuter train are not satisfied with the service. Second, theanalysis discovered that there are four factors that have high correlation with overallsatisfaction. The four factors are equipment and facility, assurance, competency, and traveltime and appearance. The attributes is grouping into five SERVQUAL dimension. Fromregression analysis of SERVQUAL dimensions there are two service items that influence thecustomer satisfaction; assurances and tangibles. Third, from gap analysis there are gaps inservice process that need to be closed in order to deliver service quality which lead tocustomer satisfaction in railway operational. Fourth, from contract analysis can be concludedthat present condition PT.KAI as the operator cannot perform as it is stated in contract. Thiscan be influenced by many factors such as; the lack of infrastructure, the lack of vehicle,customer misbehavior, staff misbehavior and external factors. In delivering service qualitywhich can lead to customer satisfaction, it is recommended to improve the service that relatedto assurances and tangible items and to involves passengers in controlling and improvingrailway operational. The result expected from the improvement is the increase of overallperformance of railway operation which can lead to the increase customer satisfaction andmarket share. From side of contractual governance, the research discovered that there areproblem in contract clausal and relationship between DGR, PT. KAI and people as customer ofrailway service. The recommendation is to include customer complains in setting contractclausal that can make DGR, PT. KAI and people as customer in mutualism developingrelationship.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Konsumtionen  av sötsaker, läsk, energidryck och snacks kan vara relaterad till olika slags sjukdomar  på grund av  energi-  och fettmängden  samt tillgången till dessa livsmedel.  Kunskap om  konsumtionsmönster  och konsumtionsplatser  för  dessa  livsmedel saknas för gymnasieelever. Syfte: Målet med denna studie var att kartlägga gymnasieelevers konsumtion av sötsaker, läsk, energidryck och snacks. Metod:  En tvärsnittsstudie med tio enkätfrågor om konsumtionsmönster och konsumtionsplatser för  sötsaker, läsk, energidryck och snacks genomfördes på 74  gymnasieelever i årskurs två under två dagar.  Resultat:  I resultaten kom det fram att det vanligaste stället att köpa sötsaker och läsk som konsumerades på skoltid var vid elevfiket. Det som konsumerades på fritiden var vanligast köpt i affärer. Det framgick också signifikanta skillnader i hög- och totalkonsumtionen mellan könen och mellan praktiska och teoretiska program. Diskussion: Mer forskning behövs  för att säkerhetsställa studiens fynd och  för  att  statistiskt säkert kunna generalisera studiens fynd  till  övriga gymnasieskolor runtom i Sverige.  Slutsats:  Det kan finnas signifikanta skillnader i konsumtionen av sötsaker,  läsk, energidryck och snacks mellan könen och mellan praktiska och teoretiska program.

Grundtanken med individuell lönesättning är att bidra till att göra arbetsplatsen attraktiv och effektiv. Tidigare forskning visar dock att individuella löner under lång tid varit mycket kontroversiella och på flera håll mötts av ointresse eller motstånd. Flera menar att individuell lönesättning kan motverka sitt eget syfte. Utifrån denna bakgrund är syftet med studien att få ökad kunskap och förståelse om vilka konsekvenser individuella löner fört med sig genom att dels undersöka anställdas personliga upplevelser och dels studera lönestatistik. Studiens första del har undersökt brandmäns åsikter på en räddningstjänst där motståndet mot individuell lönesättning är synnerligen starkt. Resultaten visar att brandmännen menar att individuell lönesättning inte fungerar på deras arbetsplats och de ser stora risker med att behöva införa det. Studiens andra del har undersökt löneutvecklingen på en teknisk förvaltning inom samma kommun som räddningstjänsten. Resultaten visar att lönespridningen har ökat inom samtliga undersökta yrkesgrupper sedan införandet av individuella löner. Dock handlar det inte om så ”stora” summor och framförallt är det ingen individ som höjer sig långt ovanför de andras löneläge. Slutligen diskuteras att individuell lönesättning har gett upphov till starka känslor men inte några ”större” löneskillnader.

This thesis presents an implementation study on the handling of electronic identification in three public authorities in Sweden. Electronic identification is a complex but very topical policy domain, largely tied to the general policy aspirations of e-government development. Theories on policy action, logic of appropriateness, garbage cans, and the dialectics of institutions and technology are used. The result highlights that the policy process of electronic identification in the three studied authorities could not be adequately explained from a traditional policy-implementation dichotomy. The action imperative to develop e-services is very strong and explains why and how electronic identification has been developed within the three authorities. The three authorities have very different institutional capacity to implement e-services with electronic identification. The available technology on electronic identification is inscribed with certain logics of appropriateness, that doesn’t sit equally easy with the administrative logics of appropriateness in all three authorities.

Abstract Our purpose was to understand how social workers experience the possible complexities that working with economical aid can entail. As an example we chose to focus on long-term economical aid work. We aimed to address the question of which factors could affect their work. In a prior study, done by Dellgran & Höjer (2003) the conclusion was drawn  that  the combination of economical aid, healthcare and schools makeup a third of  practical social work in the terms of the proportion of the amount of social workers, but only 8 percent of the research is done in those areas. Other studies (Stranz, 2007) demonstrate that the research that is done on working with economical aid is deficient. We interviewed six social workers in two smaller municipalities in the southern of Sweden. Our result indicated that the social workers felt pressured by their work-load and the fact that the amount of new cases had increased. They thought that a possible reason for this could be the weak economic climate and changes in the labour market policies. They also felt that alterations and long office turnaround times at other administrative authorities also contributed. The results showed that the majority of the social workers in our study used a motivational approach in their meetings with clients and they also had the best interest in mind for each and every client. We chose to use the theoretical perspectives of Human service organizations by Yeheskel Hasenfeld (1983) and Demokratins väktare (our translation: the guardians of democracy) by Lennart Lundquist (1998) when we analyzed our results.   Keywords: Economical aid, social workers, long-termed economical aid, human service organizations.

<p>Militär och polis har vid en hastig överblick en gemensam nämnare, nämligen legal våldsanvändning som en väg att lösa sina respektive uppgifter. Vad ställer detta för krav i fråga om etik och moral på respektive yrkesgrupp? Finns det fler likheter och vad finns det för skillnader, ur ett etiskt och moraliskt perspektiv? Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera vilka likheter och skillnader i krav på etik och moral det finns mellan officerare och poliser. Detta sker genom att beskriva vilka krav som ställs på en officer för att sedan beskriva vilka krav som ställs på en polis. Därefter sker en jämförelse och en analys i syfte att tydliggöra de likheter och skillnader som identifierats.</p><p> Uppsatsen visar att likheter förekommer i fråga om krav på att behålla sin etik i perioder då den inte sätts på prov och efter långa tider av passivitet i verksamheten. Likheter har även identifierats i respektive myndighets värdegrund då dessa ställer tydliga krav på sina anställda i fråga om människosyn och normer. Skillnaderna som har identifierats handlar bland annat om agerandet innan vapenanvändning. En officer har i uppgift att leda underställda i strid och blir tagen i anspråk när inga andra metoder har fungerat. En polis däremot, förväntas kunna ta till mindre våldsamma metoder för att lösa sin uppgift, innan han använder sitt vapen. Detta ställer högre krav på en polis. Ytterligare en skillnad som identifierats är förhållandet mellan befäl och underställd personal. Resultatet i detta fall visar att det ställs högre krav på en officer då dennes underställda har en lägre ålder, kortare utbildning och mindre livserfarenhet än polisbefälets underställda.</p> / <p>A quick overview tells us that legal use of force is the lowest common denominator between military officers and police officers. Which demands does this legal use of force make on the two categories, in terms of ethics and moral? Are there more similarities and what differences in an ethical perspective are there? The purpose of this essay is to identify the similarities and differences between military officers and police officers in terms of demands in an ethical and moral perspective. This is made by describing the demands on a military officer followed by a description of the demands on a police officer. Thereafter, a comparison and an analysis is made in purpose to clarify the similarities and differences which have been identified.</p><p>The essay shows that similarities occur in question of keeping your ethics in times when it is not tested and after long periods of passivity in the daily activities. Similarities have also been identified in each authority’s declaration of values. The declarations of values are making demands in terms of human value and norms. The differences that have been identified are mainly about the behavior before use of violence. A police officer is expected to use other methods, in order to solve his assignment, before he uses his weapon. A military officer, on the other hand, is trained to lead subordinates in combat and is assigned when all other methods has failed. The demands on a police officer are therefore considered higher, in that very case. Another difference that has been identified is the relation between the commander and his subordinates. The result in this case shows that the demands on a military officer are higher due to the subordinates’ younger age, shorter training and lesser life experience, compared to the police officers subordinates.</p>

In this dissertation I study corruption in the public sector in Sweden, a country which the literature regards as having few corruption problems. Sweden is therefore classified as a “least corrupt” case, and such countries are seldom studied in corruption research. My work is thus an effort to fill a gap in the literature. This research is also motivated by a conviction that such a case provides a fertile ground for studying danger zones for corruption. For example, this work allows me to explore how institutional and contextual changes impact on corruption and danger zones. Though the main focus of this work is on Sweden, I also have comparative ambitions. First, I locate Sweden in a cross-national context. I then study corruption in Sweden using a comparative methodology and with an eye to international comparisons. I apply a combined theoretical approach and a multi-method investigation based on several empirical sources and both quantitative and qualitative techniques. This research strategy enables me to capture a phenomenon (corruption) that is more difficult to identify in countries with relatively few obvious corruption scandals than it is in countries in which the phenomenon has traditionally been studied. Regarding danger zones for corruption, the results show that some of the zones identified in the international literature, such as public procurement, are also important in Sweden. For the Swedish case, my empirical research also identifies the types of corruption that occur, perceptions of danger zones and corruption, how corruption changes over time, and how corruption is fought. With regard to the latter, one conclusion is that ingrained (male) sub-cultures can be problematic and may need to be opened up using a combination of measures like promoting a more heterogeneous group of politicians, creating more transparent proceedings in decision groups and conducting more effective audits. The research also highlights the importance of adapting control measures to existing structures of delegation. For example, if delegation arrangements are changed to improve efficiency and cut costs, new accountability measures may be necessary. In general, delegation and control structures should be structured in such a way as to make the cost of shirking quite high. Finally, based on the results of this multi-method investigation, I conclude that one avenue for further corruption research is to connect our knowledge of danger zones to what we know about mechanisms effecting corrupt behaviour, and then to apply this to discussions of new models of the politics of management in multi-level governance.