Las emociones en las marcas han ido tomando posesión de un porcentaje significativo en la toma de decisiones y posterior elección de un producto. Estas emociones representan los sentimientos de consumidores reales y potenciales, pero también se perciben con la búsqueda continua de satisfacción de necesidades internas que el consumidor posee. La presente investigación busca explicar cómo los factores emocionales influyen la población de jóvenes millenials mayores de 18 hasta 30 años de niveles socioeconómicos A, B y C en Lima Metropolitana. El objetivo es conocer cómo se relacionan los factores emocionales en el consumidor de cerveza desde la influencia por motivaciones de consumo, percepciones y diferencias culturales que se transmiten en relación a construcciones sociales y estereotipos en el entorno. El mercado de cervezas ha ido presentado un amplio desarrollo dado que, la publicidad y posicionamiento de marca, tomó un enfoque más emocional resaltando valores como la amistad, el valor cultural, el entorno de consumo y la relación interpersonal con el entorno cercano. Por ello, es que se busca evaluar cómo influyen los factores emocionales en la elección de la cerveza. Por último, se determinó que los atributos más valorados por los jóvenes consumidores de cerveza son: entorno de consumo, posicionamiento y estatus que la marca denota. / The emotions in the brands have been taking possession of a significant percentage in decision-making and subsequent choice of a product. These emotions represent the feelings of real and potential consumers, but they are also perceived with the continuous search for satisfaction of internal needs that the consumer possesses. The present research seeks to explain how emotional factors influence the population of young millennials aged 18 to 30 years of socioeconomic levels A, B and C in Metropolitan Lima. The objective is to know how the emotional factors in the beer consumer are related from the influence of consumption motivations, perceptions and cultural differences that are transmitted in relation to social constructions and stereotypes in the environment. The beer market has undergone extensive development since advertising and brand positioning took a more emotional approach, highlighting values ​​such as friendship, cultural value, the consumption environment and the interpersonal relationship with the immediate environment. For this reason, it is sought to evaluate how emotional factors influence the choice of beer. Finally, it was determined that the attributes most valued by young beer consumers are: consumption environment, positioning and status that the brand denotes. / Trabajo de investigación

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar si existe una relación entre la conciencia del comportamiento sustentable y la decisión de compra de productos alimenticios sustentables en millennials universitarios de Lima en el 2020. Para ello, se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, no experimental y transeccional correlacional. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario dirigido a 73 millennials universitarios de programas de pregrado para personas que trabajan. Los resultados demuestran que el 89% de la muestra casi siempre mantiene comportamientos conscientemente sustentables y el 54.8% opinaron tener casi siempre una disposición de decisión de compra con respecto a los alimentos sustentables. Además, a través de la prueba de Chi Cuadrado, se precisa que existe una relación significativa entre la conducta pro ecológica y la decisión de compra de productos alimenticios sustentables. Sin embargo, no existe una relación significativa entre el altruismo, la equidad, frugalidad, orientación al futuro y la decisión de compra de productos alimenticios sustentables. En conclusión, se determina que no existe relación significativa entre la conciencia de comportamiento sustentable y la decisión de compra de alimentos sustentables en millennials universitarios de Lima en el año 2020; dado que se obtuvo un valor de Chi Cuadrado de 0.231. Asimismo, al realizar la prueba de Correlación de Spearman se obtiene un valor de 0.262, sin embargo, ello demostraría que tendrían una correlación positiva baja. / The objective that was achieved in this research consisted in determining the relationship that exists between awareness of sustainable behavior and the purchase decision of sustainable food products in university millennials students from Lima in 2020. For this it was used a quantitative, non experimental and transectional investigation. The instrument used was a questionnaire addressed to 73 university millennials from undergraduate programs for working people. The results show that 89% of the sample almost always maintain consciously sustainable behaviors and 54.8% said they almost always have a willingness to buy sustainable food.In addition, through the Chi Square test, it is pointed out that there is a significant relationship between pro-ecological behavior and the purchase decision of food products. However, there is no meaningful relationship between altruism, equity, frugality, future orientation and the purchase decision of sustainable food products. In conclusion, it is determined that there is no significant relationship between the awareness of sustainable behavior and the purchase decision to buy sustainable food in Lima’s university millennials in 2020; given that a Chi Square value of 0.231 was obtained. Likewise, when performing the Spearman Correlation test a value of 0.262 is obtained, however, this would demonstrate that they would have a low positive correlation. / Tesis

Influencer marketing is a new marketing strategy that has risen in popularity to be used by businesses during the last decade. Even though studies have been previously made on influencer marketing, little research has been made specifically on influencer marketing in combination with their discount codes being offered. The main purpose of this research paper is to examine the connection between the discount codes and the effect it might have on consumers' purchase intention, behavior and impulsive buying. Furthermore, the satisfactory levels after a purchase due to influencer marketing has been examined as it has not been seen in previous studies. The findings revealed that consumers are directly affected by influencer discount codes, causing impulsive buying to a certain level and affects the purchase intentions and decision-making in a faster manner. Furthermore, consumers who had purchased products due to influencer marketing obtained a high satisfactory level post-purchase. The same result could be seen both with and without discount codes. These results contribute to a positive insight of influencer marketing for businesses as the majority of the consumers were satisfied with their purchases. The research paper is written in english.

Digitaliseringen och dess teknologiska utveckling har gett upphov till nya digitala lösningar, däribland AR (Augmented Reality) är ett av de digitala verktyg som under de senaste åren fått en ökad uppmärksamhet bland både chefer och forskare. Augmented reality är ett virtuellt verktyg vars innehåll integreras i en användares uppfattning om den verkliga världen. Tidigare forskning har riktat en stor del av sitt fokus på AR och dess implementering som marknadsföringsstrategi, inom främst möbel- och accessoarindustrin, där modebranschen däremot inte givits samma typ av uppmärksamhet. Detta påpekar även forskarna själva, och som menar att det på grund av detta kan medföra en stor risk då konsumenters möjlighet att prova och interagera med produkten innan köp, därmed begränsas. Forskning kring att undersöka och förklara den psykologiska mekanismen bakom konsumenters mentala process gentemot virtuell provning, är även det begränsat inom modebranschen. Denna studie syftar därav till att utveckla en vidare förståelse kring vilken typ av effekt, AR genom virtuell klädprovning kan ha, dels på konsumentens upplevelse dels på dess köpbeslutsprocess.  För denna studie har en kvalitativ metod implementerats där datainsamlingen skett genom tolv utförda semistrukturerade intervjuer, på informanter i åldrarna 18-30 år. Det studien kom fram till var att AR implementerat på virtuell klädprovning, visat sig ge en positiv effekt på majoriteten av informanternas upplevelse och köpbeslutsprocess. / Digitization and its technological development have given rise to new digital solutions, among which AR (Augmented Reality) is one of the digital tools that in recent years has received increased attention among both managers and researchers. Augmented reality is a virtual tool whose content is integrated into a user's perception of the real world. Previous research has directed a large part of its focus on AR and its implementation as a marketing strategy, mainly within the furniture and accessories industry, where the fashion industry, on the other hand, has not been given the same kind of attention. This is also pointed out by the researchers themselves, who believe that because of this, it can entail a great risk as consumers' opportunity to try and interact with the product before purchase is thus limited. Research into investigating and explaining the psychological mechanism behind consumers' mental process towards virtual fitting is also limited within the fashion industry. This study therefore aims to develop a wider understanding of what kind of effect AR through virtual clothing fitting can have, partly on the consumer's experience and partly on their purchase decision process. For this study, a qualitative method has been implemented where the data collection took place through twelve conducted semi-structured interviews, on participants between the ages of 18-30 years. What the study concluded was that AR implemented on virtual clothing fitting, proved to have a positive effect on the majority of the participants' experience and purchase decision process.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how Generation X perceive that their purchase decisions are influenced by their use of social media. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research strategy. A semi structured interview was applied. The semi structured interview was conducted with ten respondents who were aged between 40–60 years and utilizes social media.  Theory: This study contains the following theories: The purchase decision process and eWOM.   Empirics/analysis:  The result incorporates a summary of the processed data that forms the basis for the ongoing analysis. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the intricate process of purchase decision-making among Generation X consumers on social media. In the realm of needs identification, the majority of participants discovered new needs through social media advertisements, while a smaller fraction did not associate need discovery with ads. The significance of information search on social media emerged, with participants perceiving it as a tool to gather relevant information for planned purchases. External information-seeking involved personal, commercial, and public sources.   The study uncovered that respondents react to both positive and negative reviews on social media, influencing their product and service evaluations. Nevertheless, varying levels of trust exist for social media reviews, with some participants dismissing them due to perceived bias and unreliability. Positive electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM), especially from reviewers with substantial followers, enhances the likelihood of purchase decisions for half of the respondents. Conversely, negative reviews, particularly those highlighting issues like shipping costs or customer service, can negatively impact purchase decisions. The credibility of eWOM influences respondents' willingness to adopt or dismiss information in their purchasing process. Negative consumer confidence may lead some respondents to refrain from making purchases. Credibility is attributed to reviewers with a significant following, while anonymous reviewers are perceived as less credible. Comprehensive and detailed reviews, offering nuanced insights and solutions, enhance credibility. Respondents' prior experiences and internet literacy affect their trust in online reviews, and those encountering fake reviews may exhibit more skepticism. In the evaluation of alternatives, consumers emphasize the importance of both price and quality, with social media significantly impacting pricing and product comparisons. Within the category of purchase decisions, the study found that even after consumers make a decision, unexpected situations can lead to changes, such as negative reviews, social factors, and unforeseen circumstances like price changes or sudden shifts in needs. This underlines the dynamic nature of Generation X's purchase decision-making, demonstrating the continued influence of external factors even post-decision

I dagens samhälle är det svårt att undvika den negativa påverkan som resande har på miljön.Fossila bränslen dominerar fortfarande det globala energisystemet, och turistindustrins bidragtill klimatförändringarna är betydande. Trots detta finns det möjligheter för resenärer attminska sin miljöpåverkan genom att reducera sina egna utsläpp. Tidigare studier har visat atten positiv attityd gentemot miljö och hållbarhet inte alltid leder till ansvarsfullt beteendebland konsumenter, särskilt under semesterresor, vilket skapar ett attityd-beteendegap.Genom att använda puffar kan man förändra beslutsfattarens miljö, informera om olikaalternativ och främja mer hållbara val, vilket hjälper konsumenter att fatta mer ansvarsfullabeslut. Denna studie tillämpade teorier om attityd-beteendegap och puffar för att undersökaom ett sådant gap förekommer hos svenskar som reser inom Sverige, och vilka puffar somkan användas för att främja ansvarsfull turism. En kombination av kvantitativa ochkvalitativa metoder användes för att initialt undersöka attityder och beteenden genom enenkätundersökning, som sedan kompletterades med djupgående insikter från kvalitativaintervjuer. Resultatet visade på ett attityd-beteendegap bland svenska resenärer därmajoriteten hade en positiv inställning till hållbarhet och agerade ansvarsfullt i sin vardag,men att samma attityd och beteende inte applicerades på deras beslut av resa. Studienidentifierade att svenska resenärer främst efterfrågar självgynnande puffar för att kunna göramer ansvarsfulla val under sina resor. Dessa puffar kan inkludera ekonomiskt fördelaktigaerbjudanden, lättillgänglig information och fler hållbara alternativ som inte kompromissarmed resenärens bekvämlighet, smidighet eller tidsmässiga fördelar. / In today's society, it's hard to ignore the negative impact travel has on the environment. Fossilfuels currently dominate the global energy system, and the tourism industry's contribution toclimate change is significant. However, travelers have opportunities to reduce their ownenvironmental impact by lowering their emissions. Studies have shown that even whenpeople have positive attitudes towards the environment and sustainability, this doesn't alwayslead to responsible behavior, especially during vacations. This disconnect is known as theattitude-behavior gap. Using nudges can help change the decision-making environment,informing people about different options and promoting more sustainable choices. This studyexplored whether an attitude-behavior gap exists among Swedes traveling within Sweden andwhich nudges that could encourage more responsible tourism. A mix of quantitative surveysand qualitative interviews was used to examine attitudes and behaviors in detail. The findingsrevealed that while most Swedish travelers have a positive attitude towards sustainability andmake responsible choices at home, they often abandon these behaviors when traveling. It wasfound that Swedish travelers are most responsive to nudges that benefit them personally, suchas cost-saving offers, more accessible information, and sustainable options that do notcompromise their comfort, convenience, or time.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka konsumenters förtroende för modevarumärken och hur deras köpbeslut påverkas av varumärken som tillämpar virtuella influencers (VIs) i sin marknadsföring på sociala medier i Sverige. En kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats har tillämpats, där en webbenkät distribuerades till svenska studenter vid Textilhögskolan i Borås i åldrarna 20–35 år och användes för att samla in data. Den virtuella influencern Lil Miquela användes som en fallstudie i enkäten med syfte att fördjupa sig i fenomenet och bedöma dess påverkan på konsumentbeteende och förtroende. Studien visar att VIs har en påverkan på konsumenters förtroende för varumärken. Viktiga fynd tyder på att VIs, särskilt exemplifierat av Lil Miquela, påverkar konsumenters förtroende när upplevd autenticitet, mänskliga egenskaper och känslomässig koppling ökar. Varumärken bör därför fokusera på att göra sina VIs mer mänskliga för att öka förtroendet och potentiellt lojaliteten. Studien visar även att VIs påverkar konsumenters köpbeslut, men för en positiv påverkan krävs en känslomässig koppling, mänskliga attribut, samt varumärkesförtroende hos VIs. Dessa insikter betonar potentialen hos VIs att påverka konsumenters uppfattningar och förtroende, vilket ger värdefulla implikationer för marknadsföringsstrategier som involverar VIs. / The purpose of the study is to investigate consumers’ trust in fashion brands and how their purchase decisions are influenced by brands that apply virtual influencers (VI) in their marketing on social media in Sweden. A quantitative method with a deductive approach has been applied, where an online survey was distributed to Swedish students at the University of Textiles in Borås aged 20-35 and used to collect data. The VI Lil Miquela was used as a case study in the survey with the aim of delving into the phenomenon and assessing its impact on consumer behavior and trust. The study shows that VIs has an impact on consumers’ trust in brands. Key findings suggest that VIs, particularly exemplified by Lil Miquela, influence consumer trust as perceived authenticity, human characteristics, and emotional connection increase. Brands should therefore focus on making their VIs more human to increase trust and potentially loyalty. The study also shows that VIs influence consumers’ purchase decisions, however for a positive influence an emotional connection, human attributes, and brand trust with VIs is required. These insights emphasize the potential of virtual influencers to influence consumer perceptions and trust, providing valuable implications for marketing strategies involving VIs.

Title: How does the buying decision process really function within e-commerce? - A qualitative study of consumer behavior when they consume on Internet. Institution: School of Economics, Linnaeus University, Växjö. Course code: 2FE16E. <img src="file:///page3image2784" />Authors: Sara Hjärne, Mathilda Perem, Ewelina Wallin. Tutor: Dan Halvarsson. Examiner: Åsa Devine. Key words: Buying decision process, purchase decision process need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision, postpurchase behavior, consumer decision making, E-commerce, E- commerce channels, online shopping, online purchase, e-retail, internet shopping, electronic shopping, consumer behavior, online appereal shopping, social media, decision making, online retailing, website design, customer satisfaction, webshopping, perceived risk, convinience, price, online consumption behavior. Background: Buying decision process is a model that marketers use to get a better understanding of their customers and their behavior when purchasing a product. This process consists of five different steps; need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and evaluation. Buying decision process has for a long time been an accepted model but scientists argue that the introduction of Internet as a channel for consumption has changed this process. The Internet has also led to a change of power in which customers today have greater influence, which greatly affects the buying decision process in e-commerce Purpose: The purpose is to explore how consumers perceive their behavior when they consume through e-commerce. Research questions:How do consumers perceive the buying decision process they experience when they consume through e-commerce?How do consumers perceive different factors that are important to them when they consume through e-commerce? Methodology: Qualitative study, cross-sectional design, semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: This thesis shows that the traditional model of the buying decision process is not consistent with consumers' perception of how they are undergoing the process when applied to an e-commerce context. This process is influenced by different factors, which is influence, convenience, webpage's atmosphere, risk, price, supply, consumption occasions, expectations, delivery and return. / Titel: Hur fungerar egentligen köpbeslutsprocessen inom e-handel?- En kvalitativ studie om konsumenternas beteende vid konsumtion på Internet. Institution: Ekonomihögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö. Kurskod: 2FE16E. Författare: Sara Hjärne, Mathilda Perem, Ewelina Wallin.<img src="file:///page5image4008" /> Handledare: Dan Halvarsson. Examinator: Åsa Devine. Nyckelord: Buying decision process, purchase decision process need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision, postpurchase behavior, consumer decision making, E-commerce, E- commerce channels, online shopping, online purchase, e-retail, internet shopping, electronic shopping, consumer behavior, online appereal shopping, social media, decision making, online retailing, website design, customer satisfaction, webshopping, perceived risk, convinience, price, online consumption behavior. Bakgrund: Köpbeslutsprocessen är en modell som marknadsförare använder för att få en bättre förståelse för sina kunder och deras beteende vid köp av en produkt. Denna process består av fem olika steg; behov, informationssökning, värdering av alternativ, köpbeslut och utvärdering. Köpbeslutsprocessen har länge varit en accepterad modell men forskare menar att introduktionen av Internet som en kanal för konsumtion har även förändrat denna process. Internet har även lett till ett maktskifte där kunderna idag har större inflytande, vilket i hög grad påverkar köpbeslutsprocessen inom e-handel Syfte: Syftet är att utforska hur konsumenterna uppfattar sitt beteende när de konsumerar genom e-handel. Forskningsfrågor: Hur uppfattar konsumenter den köpbeslutsprocess de går igenom när de konsumerar genom e-handel?Hur uppfattar konsumenterna olika faktorer som är betydelsefulla för dem när de konsumerar genom e-handel? Metod: Kvalitativ studie, Tvärsnittsdesign, Semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Studien visar att den traditionella modellen för köpbeslutsprocessen inte stämmer överens med konsumenternas uppfattning om hur de genomgår processen i en e-handel kontext. Denna process påverkas av faktorerna inflytande, bekvämlighet, webbsidans atmosfär, risk, pris, utbud, konsumtionstillfällen, förväntningar, leverans och retur.

Abstract Authors: Mikael Forsberg and Sara-Maria Löfvenberg Tutor: Susanne Åberg Title: Socially Desirable Fast Moving Consumer Goods – A Literature Review on How To Decrease the Gap Between Intention &amp; Purchase Behavior Through Marketing Keywords Branding, Consumer Behavior, Consumer Value Creation, Decision-making, Differentiation, Eco, Ecological, Environmentally Conscious Behavior, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Green Consumer, Green Marketing, In-store marketing, Marketing, Organic, Purchase decision, Socially Desirable, Value Creation. Background and Problem Consumers today are more environmentally conscious than ever. However, it has been found that there is a gap between the consumer’s intention and actual purchase when it comes to products that there is a social pressure to buy for environmental reasons. The potential for the socially desirable segment is estimated to have potential, but growth seems to be slow. It has been stated that until now, there is not enough research done that take a holistic perspective including several fields of marketing. There is a need to review and combine existing literature in various fields of marketing to investigate how the gap can be decreased and sales increased. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to review and combine existing literature in the fields of consumer value creation, decision-making and in-store marketing. By doing so the authors of this thesis aim to present a theoretical model on how producers of socially desirable FMCG can decrease the gap between the consumers’ intention and actual purchase through marketing. Decreasing the gap refers to more fully exploit the potential size of the segment and generate more sales.   Method A completely theoretical method was chosen for this thesis. To the authors’ knowledge there has not been done enough specific research to match the purpose of this thesis. A literature review has therefore been conducted within three separate fields of marketing to get a broader understanding of how the gap between intention and actual purchase can be decreased. Based on the extensive literature review, the authors developed ten propositions that formed a model that can be used as the backbone for future theoretical and empirical research.   Final Discussion Some highlights of the theoretical discussions earlier in this thesis are presented in the final discussion. The authors suggest that purchase decisions of socially desirable FMCG initially are high-involvement decisions that often are formed outside the in-store-setting. This suggests that more long-term marketing efforts such as brand building in some cases can be more important than in-store marketing when it comes to FMCG that are socially desirable. Symbolic values should be highlighted in branding of socially desirable FMCG because the instrumental differences between FMCG and socially desirable FMCG is limited. It is therefore likely that it is more efficient to focus on consumers’ self-identity to convince them to purchase socially desirable FMCG. It is also important that producers of socially desirable FMCG provide consumers with clear product information in-store and that the products are easy to find. Based on the extensive literature review, the authors have developed eight propositions that form the model presented in this chapter.

隨著經濟成長，高度競爭的生活環境造成人們睡眠品質不佳或失眠，多半是深受入睡困難、淺眠和早醒等困擾。因此，對於現代人逐漸願意投資在寢具和床墊產品只求一夜好眠。 床墊是為耐久財，生命週期長且消費者感知風險高，因此大多消費者在購買前會先進行相關資訊蒐集。網路的普及使得商品資訊在網路上公開，使得網路成為消費者購物前蒐集資訊的主要管道。而隨著web2.0的興起，消費者在網路上分享產品資訊的網路口碑有了爆炸性的增加，產生了讓廠商無法忽視的網路口碑效應。透過網路口碑的分析可以了解消費者與市場需求，提供廠商未來修正整體經營策略。 本研究透過網路蒐集網路口碑進行內容分析法，瞭解消費者選購床墊的決策流程以及對國內外高價品牌床墊的評價。從研究結果可以發現，近四成的消費者是為了改善睡眠品質而產生購買床墊的需求。實體通路及網路是消費者主要蒐集資訊的管道。在評估床墊時，消費者重視床墊品質、價格以及軟硬度，他們在意床墊和彈簧的設計以及床墊軟硬度。而有近五成五的消費者是偏好較硬床墊。近九成九的購買管道為品牌床墊專賣店和一般床墊經銷通路居多。約1%的消費者由於網路購物的七天鑑賞期而選擇在網路購物平台購買。近七成五的消費者購買後表示滿意，近二成五的消費者購後仍不滿意床墊與彈簧的設計與材質，以及依舊腰酸背痛等。 消費者對於國內外床墊品牌的正面口碑多於負面口碑，其中消費者對席伊麗品牌形象最佳，負面評論少。而消費者對本土床墊品牌，如：德泰彈簧床、老K牌彈簧床和10 Days的品質也有正面的評價，但對於品牌形象與經營則保持負面的態度，建議未來應針對加強品牌權益的目標，調整行銷策略。 / With economic growth, a highly competitive environment results people in poor quality sleep or insomnia. Most of them suffer from difficulty in falling asleep, light sleep and wake early. Therefore, people are more and more willing to invest in bedding, pillow and matress just for a good quality sleep. Due to the mattresses are durable goods with long product life cycle and perceived risk, consumers usually spend a lot of time to study the mattresses before purchasing. On the other hand, with the universal of the Internet and the growth of web2.0, the blooming e word-of-mouths (eWOM) makes consumer tend to uderstand products in advance by reading comments. That indeed cause a serious effect on eWOM for firms who should not ignore. Through analyzing the eWOM, firms could understand the trend on the demand side then modify their strategies. This study collected eWOM from the Internet and use content analysis to understand consumer purchase decision process as well as the consumers’ insights into upscale mattresses. From the results, we could know that almost 40% of consumers buy a new mattress for improving sleeping quality. They usually collect the necessary information by visiting physical channels and surfing on the Internet. They evaluate the mattresses quality, price, softness and firmness. They care about mattresses and springs’ design and matieral. Almost 55% of consumers prefer to buy a firm mattress. Almost 99% of consumers buy mattresses at the physical channels. Rest of consumers buy mattresses on e-commerce due to the 7-days return warranty. Almost 75% of consumers feel satisfied after purchasing. Rest of them are not satisfied at the mattresses and springs’ design and material and uncomfortableness. Consumers gave more positive comments than negative comments on the selected mattresses brands. Sealy had a reputation on its brand image and quality; King Koil, The-Tai Mattress, Kingbed, Tempur and 10 Days are all well-know for their quality as well, but still had some negative comments on the brand image and price. After the eWOM studies on each selected brand, this study gave suggestions to each brand for its future marketing strategy.